Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-vdxz6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T04:59:43.796Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Split-beam sonar observations of targets as an aid in the interpretation of anomalies encountered while monitoring migrating adult salmon in rivers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 March 2004

George M.W. Cronkite ,
Hermann J. Enzenhofer  and
Andrew P. Gray
George M.W. Cronkite*
Affiliation:
Pacific Biological Station, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
Hermann J. Enzenhofer
Affiliation:
Cultus Lake Research Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 4222 Columbia Valley Highway, Cultus Lake, BC V2R 5B6, Canada
Andrew P. Gray
Affiliation:
Pacific Salmon Commission, 600-1155 Robson Street, Vancouver, BC V6E 1B5, Canada
*
[email protected]
Get access

Abstract

The experiments described in this paper relate known target configurations under controlled conditions to acoustic characteristics of multiple moving fish. We wanted to further our understanding of the interactions between targets and the effects these interactions have on the measurement of the number of salmon migrating in rivers. Multiple targets in various configurations were passed through a horizontally oriented 4° × 10° beam from a split-beam echo sounder. The effects on measurements of target strength, detection probability and target location in the beam are presented. The observed target strength was not dependent on target velocity. There was a reduction in target detection due to the single-target selection criteria implemented by the hydroacoustic system. We mimicked the conditions in a river where a close range fish target may modify the beam geometry allowing detection of previously undetected targets. We demonstrated some of the effects resulting from moving targets into radial alignment and we demonstrated shadowing conditions that can cause extinction of target echoes.

Keywords

Split-beamMultiple targetsShadowingInterferenceTarget strength
Type
Research Article
Information
Aquatic Living Resources , Volume 17 , Issue 1 , January 2004 , pp. 1 - 12
Copyright
© EDP Sciences, IFREMER, IRD, 2004

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Chambers J.M., Cleveland W.S., Kleiner B., Tukey P.A., 1983, Graphical Methods for Data Analysis. Wadsworth, Belmont, California.
Clay C.S., Medwin H., 1977, Acoustical Oceanography: principles and applications. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Cronkite, G.M.W., Enzenhofer, H.J., 2002, Observations of controlled moving targets with split-beam sonar and implications for detection of migrating adult salmon in rivers. Aquat. Living Resour. 15, 1-11. CrossRef
Dawson, J.J., Wiggins, D., Degan, D., Geiger, H., Hart, D., Adams, B., 2000, Point-source violations: split-beam tracking of fish at close range. Aquat. Living Resour. 13, 291-295. CrossRef
Efron B., Tibshirani R.J., 1993, An Introduction to the Bootstrap. Chapman and Hall, New York.
Enzenhofer, H.J., Cronkite, G., 2000, Fixed location hydroacoustic estimation of fish migration in the riverine environment: an operational manual. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2312, 46.
Fleischman, S.J., Burwen, D.L., 2000, Correcting for position-related bias in estimates of the acoustic backscattering cross-section. Aquat. Living Resour. 13, 283-290. CrossRef
Foote, K.G., 1987, Fish target strengths for use in echo integrator surveys. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 82, 981-987. CrossRef
Hydroacoustic Technology Inc., 2000, Model 241/243/244 split-beam digital echo sounder system operator's manual, version 1.8. Hydroacoustic Technology Inc., Seattle, Washington.
Kieser, R., Mulligan, T., Ehrenberg, J., 2000, Observation and explanation of systematic split-beam angle measurement errors. Aquat. Living Resour. 13, 275-281. CrossRef
MacLennan D.N., Simmonds E.J., 1992, Fisheries acoustics. Chapman and Hall, London.
Soule, M.A., Barange, M., Hampton, I., 1995, Evidence of bias in estimates of target strength obtained with a split-beam echo-sounder. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 52, 139-144. CrossRef
S-PLUS 2000, 1999, Guide to statistics, volume 1. Data Analysis Products Division. MathSoft, Seattle WA, pp. 57-57.
Xie Y., 1999, A tracking and editing software package for split-beam fish sonar data: PSC split-beam fish tracker user's guide, Pacific Salmon Comm. User's Guide, p. 26.
Xie, Y., 2000, A range-dependent echo-association algorithm and its application in split-beam sonar tracking of migratory salmon in the Fraser River watershed, IEEE, J. Ocean. Eng. 25, 387-398. CrossRef