Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-08T00:32:11.621Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Assessment of impacts from human activities on ecosystem components in the Bay of Biscay in the early 1990s

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 February 2010

Pascal Lorance ,
Jacques A. Bertrand ,
Anik Brind'Amour ,
Marie-Joëlle Rochet  and
Verena M. Trenkel
Pascal Lorance
Affiliation:
Ifremer, Département EMH, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex, France
Jacques A. Bertrand
Affiliation:
Ifremer, Département EMH, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex, France
Anik Brind'Amour
Affiliation:
Ifremer, Département EMH, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex, France
Marie-Joëlle Rochet
Affiliation:
Ifremer, Département EMH, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex, France
Verena M. Trenkel
Affiliation:
Ifremer, Département EMH, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex, France
Get access

Abstract

The ecosystem-based approach to fisheries management and, more specifically, the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive require the assessment of the state and dynamics of an ecosystem in order to determine suitable management strategies. This paper takes an analytical approach to assess the state of the Bay of Biscay ecosystem in the early 1990s, chosen as a period of reference because key monitoring data series have been collected since then. To assess the state of the ecosystem, the pressures exerted by six broad categories of human activities were examined. A literature review of the ecosystem components was made and a component tree was tailored according to data availability. Data rich components were subdivided into subcomponents for their assessment while data poor components were assessed at an aggregated level. The component tree of the ecosystem comprised six main branches, four of which further divided into sub-components. In total, assessments were carried out at the level of 19 components. For four of these (fished species, sensitive fish species, marine mammals and turtles) the overall assessments were made combining the status of individual species. Impact from human activities were categorised as (i) “widespread” over the whole Bay of Biscay or “local” and (ii) “possible” when they could be logically expected or “documented” when they were reported in the literature. Fishing appeared to be the only activity exerting widespread documented impacts on several ecosystem components. Terrestrial activities had some possible and documented widespread impacts. With the exception of marine transport impacting seabirds at the regional scale through oil pollution, other activities had only local impacts, mostly nearshore. The reference state in the early 1990s, suggests that continuation of monitoring of vertebrates as well as estuarine and coastal habitats must be central to the monitoring programme and management strategies to be set in the context of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive. Additional monitoring is also required for benthos, substrate and micro-organisms.

Keywords

Reference stateEcosystem-based managementHuman pressureInventoryAtlantic Ocean
Type
Research Article
Information
Aquatic Living Resources , Volume 22 , Issue 4 , October 2009 , pp. 409 - 431
Copyright
© EDP Sciences, IFREMER, IRD, 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbes R., 1991, Atlas des pêches françaises dans les eaux européennes. Rennes, IFREMER - Editions Ouest-France.
Abril, G., Etcheber, H., Le Hir, P., Bassoullet, P., Boutier, B., Frankignoulle, M., 1999, Oxic/anoxic oscillations and organic carbon mineralization in an estuarine maximum turbidity zone (The Gironde, France). Limnol. Oceanogr. 44, 1304–1315. CrossRef
Abril, G., Etcheber, H., Delille, B., Frankignoulle, M., Borges, A.V., 2003, Carbonate dissolution in the turbid and eutrophic Loire estuary. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 259, 129–138. CrossRef
Altuna, A., 2007, Bathymetric distribution patterns and biodiversity of benthic Medusozoa (Cnidaria) in the Bay of Biscay (north-eastern Atlantic). J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 87, 681–694. CrossRef
Alzieu, C., 1998, Tributyltin: case study of a chronic contaminant in the coastal environment. Ocean Coast. Manage. 40, 23–36. CrossRef
Alzieu C., 1999, Dragage et environnement marin, état des connaissances. Ifremer, Brest.
Alzieu, C., 2000, Environmental impact of TBT: the French experience. Sci. Total Environ. 258, 99–102. CrossRef
Antoine, L., 1990, Des dauphins, des thons et des pêcheurs, le filet maillant en Atlantique Nord. Equinoxe 33, 11–14.
Arleny, I., Tabouret, H., Rodriguez-Gonzalez, P., Bareille, G., Donard, O.F.X., Amouroux, D., 2007, Methylmercury bioconcentration in muscle tissue of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) from the Adour estuary (Bay of Biscay, France). Mar. Pollut. Bull. 54, 1031–1036. CrossRef
Arzel P., 1998, Les laminaires sur les côtes bretonnes, évolution de l'exploitation et de la flottille de pêche, état actuel et perspectives. Brest, Ifremer.
Auby I., Bachelet G., Labourg P.J., 1993, Biomass and species composition of macrophytes in Arcachon Bay and Prévost lagoon, with a compilation of data on primary production in Arcachon Bay. CLEAN (Coastal lagoon eutrophication and anaerobic processes). Progr. Rep. pp. 65–72.
Belleudy, P., 2000, Restoring flow capacity in the Loire River bed. Hydrol. Process. 14, 2331–2344. 3.0.CO;2-6>CrossRef
Beliaeff, B., Grouhel, A., Billen, A., Barnouin, B., 2005, Vingt cinq ans d'observations de la qualité des eaux littorales: tendances de dégradation et d'amélioration. La Houille Blanche 3, 69–80. CrossRef
Belin C., Raffin B., 1998, Les espèces phytoplanctoniques toxiques et nuisibles sur le littoral français de 1984 à 1995, résultats du REPHY (Réseau de surveillance du phytoplancton et des phycotoxines). RST.DEL/MP-AO 98-16, Ifremer.
Bergmann, M., Wieczorek, S.K., Moore, P.G., Atkinson, R.J.A., 2002, Utilisation of invertebrates discarded from the Nephrops fishery by variously selective benthic scavengers in the west of Scotland. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 233, 185–198. CrossRef
Beaugrand, G., 2005, Monitoring pelagic ecosystems using plankton indicators. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 62, 333–338. CrossRef
Binet D., 1999, Les pêches côtières de la baie du Mont-Saint-Michel à la baie de Bourgneuf au début du XIXe siècle. Ifremer, Brest.
Blanchard, F., 2001, Une approche de la dynamique des peuplements de poissons démersaux exploités: analyse comparée de la diversité spécifique dans le golfe de Gascogne (océan Atlantique) et dans le golfe du Lion (mer Méditerranée). Aquat. Living Resour. 14, 29–40. CrossRef
Blanchard, F., LeLoc' h F., Hily C., Boucher J., 2004, Fishing effects on diversity, size and community structure of the benthic invertebrate and fish megafauna on the Bay of Biscay coast of France. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 280, 249–260. CrossRef
Blanchard, F., Vandermeirsch, F., 2005, Warming and exponential abundance increase of the subtropical fish Capros aper in the Bay of Biscay (1973-2002). C. R. Biol. 328, 505–509. CrossRef
Borja, A., Fontan, A., Saenz, J., Valencia, V., 2008, Climate, oceanography, and recruitment: the case of the Bay of Biscay anchovy (Engraulis encrasicholus), Fish. Oceanogr. 17, 477–493.
Bourcereau E., Daurès F., Girard S., Guyader O., Kalaydjian R., Thébaud O., 2000, Données économiques maritimes françaises 1999. Ifremer, Brest.
Bourillet J.-F., Folliot B., Lesueur P., Goubert E., 2004, Architecture des sédiments holocènes de la plate- forme armoricaine et lien avec l'eustatisme. In: Les incisions et dépôts de la marge atlantique française depuis le néogène, états des lieux, Paris, 25-26 novembre 2004. SGF-ASF ed., Paris.
Bourillet J-F., Jouanneau J-M., Macher C., Le Hir P., Naughton F., 2006, “La Grande Vasière” mid-shelf mud belt: Holocene sedimentary structure, natural and anthropogenic impacts. Proc. 10th Int. Symp. Oceanography of the Bay of Biscay, Vigo, Spain, April 19-21, 2006, pp. 131-134. (http://www.ifremer.fr/docelec/).
Brind'Amour A., 2007, Functional diversity: a study on the Bay of Biscay nursery habitats. ICES Annual Science Conference. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Helsinki. Conf. Proc. ICES CM2007/E19.
Brind'Amour, A., Rouyer, A., Martin, J., 2009, Functional gains of including non-commercial epibenthic taxa in coastal beam trawl surveys: a Note. Cont. Shelf Res. 29, 1189–1194. CrossRef
Caddy, J.F., 2008, The importance of “cover” in the life histories of demersal and benthic marine resources: a neglected issue in fisheries assessment and management. Bull. Mar. Sci. 83, 7–52.
Cadiou B., 2002, Les oiseaux marins nicheurs de Bretagne. Cah. Nat. Bretagne.
Campillo A., 1979, Contribution à l'étude de la crevette rose Palaemon serratus (Pennant) Exploitation - Biologie - Elevage - Epidémiologie, Univ. Sci. Techn. Languedoc, Montpellier (http://www.ifremer.fr/docelec/).
Chapelle A., 1990, Modélisation d'un écosystème marin côtier soumis à l'eutrophisation: la baie de Vilaine (sud-Bretagne). Etude du phytoplancton et du bilan en oxygène. Thèse Univ. Paris VI.
Clynick, B.G., McKindsey, C.W., Archambault, P., 2008, Distribution and productivity of fish and macroinvertebrates in mussel aquaculture sites in the Magdalen Islands (Quebec, Canada). Aquaculture 283, 203–210. CrossRef
Courrat, A., Lobry, J., Nicolas, D., Laffargue, P., Amara, R., Lepage, M., Girardin, M., Le Pape, O., 2009, Anthropogenic disturbance on nursery function of estuarine areas for marine species. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 81, 179–190. CrossRef
Dardignac J., 1988, Les pêcheries du golfe de Gascogne. Bilan des connaissances. Rapp. Scient. Techn. 9, IFREMER Editions, Paris.
D'Elbée J., 2001, Distribution et diversité des copépodes planctoniques dans le golfe de Gascogne. In: D'Elbée J., Prouzet P. (Eds) Océanographie du golfe de Gascogne. VII $^{\text{\rm\`{e}me}}$ colloque international, Biarritz. pp. 147–156.
de Beaufort F., Lacaze J.-C., 1987, Livre rouge des espèces menacées en France, tome 2, Espèces marines et littorales menacées. Secrétariat de la faune et de la flore, MNHN, Paris.
Decamps P., Léauté, J.P., 1988, Flottilles et pêches maritimes du sud du golfe de Gascogne dans les quartiers de Noirmoutier à Bayonne en 1986. Rapp. Scient. Techn. 13, Brest, IFREMER.
de Montaudouin, X, Sauriau, P.-G., 2000, Contribution to a synopsis of marine species richness in the Pertuis charentais Sea with new insights in soft-bottom macrofauna of the Marennes-Oléron Bay. Cah. Biol. Mar. 41, 181–222.
de Madron, X.D., Ferre, B., Le Corre, G., Grenz, C., Conan, P., Pujo-Pay, M., Buscail, R., Bodiot, O., 2005, Trawling-induced resuspension and dispersal of muddy sediments and dissolved elements in the Gulf of Lion (NW Mediterranean). Cont. Shelf Res. 25, 19-20, 2387–2409.
Désaunay, Y., Pérodou, J.-B., Beillois, P., 1981, Etude des nurseries de poissons du littoral de la Loire Atlantique. Science Pêche 319, 1–23.
Désaunay Y., Martin J., Lobry J., Laffargue P., 2006, Restriction des habitats de nourriceries par les espèces invasives et/ou proliférantes: vasières à Haploops et fonds à crépidules. Rapp. interne Nantes, Ifremer.
Dubrulle, C., Jouanneau, J.M., Lesueur, P., Bourillet, J.F., Weber, O., 2007, Nature and rates of fine-sedimentation on a mid-shelf: “La Grande Vasière” (Bay of Biscay, France). Cont. Shelf Res. 27, 2099–2115. CrossRef
Duguy, R., Moriniere, P., Le Milinaire, C., 1998, Factors of mortality of marine turtles in the Bay of Biscay. Oceanol. Acta 21, 383-388. CrossRef
Dulvy, N.K., Jennings, S., Goodwin, N.B., Grant, A., Reynolds, J.D., 2005, Comparison of threat and exploitation status in North-East Atlantic marine populations. J. Appl. Ecol. 42, 883–891. CrossRef
Duron, M., Quéro, J.-C., Duron, P., 1983, Présence dans les eaux côtières de France et de Guyane fréquentées par Dermochelys coriacea L. de Remora remora L. et de Rhizostoma pulmo L. Ann. Soc. Sci. Nat. Charente-Marit. 7, 147–151.
European Union, 2008, Directive 2008/56/EC of the European parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008, establishing a framework for community action in the field of marine environmental policy (Marine Strategy Directive). Official Journal of the European Union, 25 June 2008, L164, 19–40.
European Commission, 2009, Green paper, reform of the common fisheries policy. Brussels 22 April 2009 com. 163 Final Rep.
Ferre, B., de Madron, X.D., Estournel, C., Ulses, C., Le Corre, G., 2008, Impact of natural (waves and currents) and anthropogenic (trawl) resuspension on the export of particulate matter to the open ocean Application to the Gulf of Lion (NW Mediterranean). Cont. Shelf Res. 28, 2071–2091. CrossRef
Fifas, S., Goujon, M., Antoine, L., 1998, Application of Leslie's model on a population of common dolphin (Delphinus delphis): sensitivity study. Aquat. Living Resour. 11, 359–369. CrossRef
Fletcher, W.J., 2005, The application of qualitative risk assessment methodology to prioritize issues for fisheries management. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 62, 1576–1587. CrossRef
Forest, A., 1975, Le céteau Dicologoglossa cuneata (Moreau), sa biologie et sa pêche dans le sud du golfe de Gasgogne. Rev. Trav. Inst. Pêches Marit. 39, 5–62.
Forest A., 2001, Ressources halieutiques hors quotas du Nord Est Atlantique: bilan des connaissances et analyse de scénarios d'évolution de la gestion. Plouzané, Ifremer, Dir. Ressources vivantes, Dép. Ressources halieutiques.
Flores-Hernandez D., 1990, Les pêcheries de congre (Conger conger L.) dans le Mor Braz, Bretagne sud (élements de la biologie et de gestion de la ressource). Thesis, Univ. Aix-Marseille II.
Galgani, F., Burgeot, T., Bocquéné, G., Vincent, F., Léauté, J.-P., Labastie, J., Forest, A., Guichet, R., 1995, Distribution and abundance of debris on the continental shelf of the Bay of Biscay and in Seine Bay. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 30, 58–62. CrossRef
Galgani, F., Léauté, J.-P., Moguedet, P., Souplet, A., Verin, Y., Carpentier, A., Goraguer, H., Latrouite, D., Andral, B., Cadiou, Y., Mahé, J.-C., Poulard, J.C., Nérisson, P., 2000, Litter on the sea floor along European coasts. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 40, 516–527. CrossRef
Gilliers, C., Le Pape, O., Desaunay, Y., Morin, J., Guérault, D., Amara, R., 2006, Are growth and density quantitative indicators of essential fish habitat quality? An application to the common sole Solea solea nursery grounds. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 69, 96–106. CrossRef
GIP Loire estuaire, 2007. Les dragages d'entretien dans l'estuaire, Cah. indicateurs 1, Nov. 2007.
Glémarec M., 1969, Les peuplements benthiques du plateau continental Nord-Gascogne. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Bretagne occidentale, Brest.
Glémarec, M., 1971, Benthic stocks of the continental shelf of North Gascogne (France). Thesis Fac. Sci., Paris (summary). Bull. Soc. Ecol. 2, 345–346.
Gohin, F., Lampert, L., Guillaud, J.F., Herbland, A., Nezan, E., 2003, Satellite and in situ observations of a late winter phytoplankton bloom, in the northern Bay of Biscay. Cont. Shelf Res. 23, 1117–1141. CrossRef
Gohin, F., Loyer, S., Lunven, M., Labry, C., Froidefond, J.M., Delmas, D., Huret, M., Herbland, A., 2005, Satellite-derived parameters for biological modelling in coastal waters: Illustration over the eastern continental shelf of the Bay of Biscay. Remote Sens. Environ. 95, 29–46. CrossRef
Grall J., 2003, Fiche de synthèse sur les biocénoses: les bancs de maërl. IUEM(UBO)/LEMAR (http://www.rebent.org/documents/)
Grall, J., Le Loc'h, F., Guyonnet, B., Riera, P., 2006, Community structure and food web based on stable isotopes (N and C) analysis of a North Eastern Atlantic maerl bed. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 338, 1–15. CrossRef
Gruet Y., 1989, Algues des côtes rocheuses de Loire-Atlantique et de Vendée: richesses naturelles du littoral. Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat. Ouest de la France.
Gruet, J., Héral, M., Robert, J.M., 1976, Premières observations sur l'introduction de la faune associée au naissain d'huîtres japonaises Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg), importé sur la côte atlantique française. Cah. Biol. Mar. 17, 173–184.
Guérault D., Dorel D., Désaunay Y., 1996, Cartographie des nourriceries littorales de poissons du golfe de Gascogne. Plouzané, Ifremer.
Guichet R., Moguedet P., Mesnil B., Battaglia A., 1998, Echantillonnage biologique des rejets de poissons et autres organismes dans le Golfe de Gascogne. Rapp. final Contrat BIO ECO 94 - 054 CEE DG XIV, Ifremer.
Hall S.J., 1999, The effects of fishing on marine ecosystems and communities. Blackwell Science.
Héral M., Berthomé J.-P., 1991, Water quality criteria and monitoring for marine mollusc culture: the French experience. In: De Pauw N., Joyce J. (Eds). Eur. Aquac. Soc. Spec. Publ. 16, Gent, Belgium, pp. 177–190 (http://www.ifremer.fr/docelec/)
Hily C., 2006, Fiche de synthèse sur les biocénoses: Les herbiers de zostères marines (Zostera marina et Zostera noltii), IUEM(UBO)/LEMAR, CNRS UMR 6539, Brest (http://www.rebent.org/documents/)
Hily, C., Le Loc'h, F., Grall, J., Glémarec, M., 2008, Soft bottom macrobenthic communities of North Biscay revisited: long-term evolution under fisheries-climate forcing. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 78, 413–425. CrossRef
Huret, M., Gohin, F., Delmas, D., Lunven, M., Garcon, V., 2007, Use of SeaWiFS data for light availability and parameter estimation of a phytoplankton production model of the Bay of Biscay. J. Mar. Syst. 65, 509–531. CrossRef
Huret M., Struski C., Léger F., Petitgas P., Lazure P., Sourisseau M., 2009, Modélisation couplée physique-biogéochimie du golfe de Gascogne sur la période 1971-2007. Ifremer.DOP/EMH/2009.01. (http://www.ifremer.fr/docelec/)
ICCAT, 2006, Report of the 2006 Atlantic Bluefin Tuna Stock Assessment Session, Madrid, 12-18 June 2006. SCRS /2006/013 (http://www.iccat.int/)
ICES, 1992, Reports of the ICES Advisory Committee on Fishery Management 1991. ICES Coop. Res. Rep. 179 (http://www.ices.dk)
ICES, 2001, Report of the ICES Working Group on the Effects of Extraction of Marine Sediments on the Marine Ecosystem. ICES Coop. Res. Rep. 247.
ICES, 2007, Report of the Working Group on Ecosystem Effects of Fishing Activities (WGECO). ICES CM 2007/ACE:4.
ICES, 2008, Report of the Working Group on Ecosystem Effects of Fishing Activities (WGECO). ICES CM 2008/ACOM:4.
IUCN, 2008, 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. (http://www.iucnredlist.org)
Johnson D., 2008. Environmental indicators: their utility in meeting the OSPAR Convention's regulatory needs. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 65, 1387–1391.
Jouanneau J.M., Weber O., Cremer M., Castaing P., 1999, Fine-grained sediment budget on the continental margin of the Bay of Biscay. Deep-Sea Res. II, 46, 2205–2220.
Joubin, M.L., 1922, Les coraux de mer profonde nuisibles aux chalutiers. Off. Scient. Techn. Pêches Marit. Notes et Mémoires 18, 5–16.
Kalaydjian R., Daurès F., Gaignon J.-L., Girard S., Guyader O., Matte I., Mongruel R., Pérez J., Thébaud O., 2006, Données économiques maritimes françaises 2005. Ifremer, Brest.
Kirk, R.S., 2003, The impact of Anguillicola crassus on European eel. Fish. Manage. Ecol. 10, 385–394. CrossRef
Koutsikopoulos, C., Beillois, P., Leroy, C., Taillefer, F., 1998, Temporal trends and spatial structures of the sea surface temperature in the Bay of Biscay. Oceanol. Acta 21, 335–344. CrossRef
Labry, C., Herbland, A., Delmas, D., 2002, The role of phosphorus on planktonic production of the Gironde plume waters in the Bay of Biscay. J. Plankton Res. 24, 97–117. CrossRef
Labry, C., Herbland, A., Delmas, D., Laborde, P., Lazure, P., Froidefond, J.M., Jegou, A.M., Sautour, B., 2001, Initiation of winter phytoplankton blooms within the Gironde plume waters in the Bay of Biscay. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 212, 117–130. CrossRef
Laffargue, P., Begout, M.L., Lagardère, F., 2006, Testing the potential effects of shellfish farming on swimming activity and spatial distribution of sole (Solea solea) in a mesocosm. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 63, 1014–1028.
Lampert, L., Quéguiner, B., Labasque, T., Pichon, A., Lebreton, N., 2002, Spatial variability of phytoplankton composition and biomass on the eastern continental shelf of the Bay of Biscay (North-east Atlantic Ocean). Evidence for a bloom of Emiliania huxleyi (Prymnesiophyceae) in spring 1998. Cont. Shelf Res. 22, 1225–1247. CrossRef
Landry M., 2001, Microbial loops. In: Steele J., Thorpe S., Turekian K., (Eds.) Encyclopedia of Ocean Science, Academic Press, pp. 1763–1770.
Lavin A., Valdés L., Sanchez F., Abaunza P., Forest A., Boucher J., Lazure P., Jégou A.-M., 2005, The Bay of Biscay: the encountering of the ocean and the shelf. In: Robinson A. R., Brink K.H. (Eds.). The global coastal ocean: Interdisciplinary regional studies and syntheses. The sea. Harvard Press, pp. 935–1002.
Le Bris, H., Glémarec, M., 1995, Macrozoobenthic communities of an oxygen under-saturated coastal ecosystem: the Bay of Vilaine (southern Brittany). Oceanol. Acta 18, 573–581.
Le Danois E., 1948, Les profondeurs de la mer: trente ans de recherches sur la faune sous-marine au large des côtes de France. Payot, Paris.
Le Loc'h, F., Hily, C., Grall, J., 2008, Benthic community and food web structure on the continental shelf of the Bay of Biscay (North Eastern Atlantic) revealed by stable isotopes analysis. J. Mar. Syst. 72, 17–34. CrossRef
Le Pape, O., Guérault, D., Desaunay, Y., 2004, Effect of an invasive mollusc, American slipper limpet Crepidula fornicata, on habitat suitability for juvenile common sole Solea solea in the Bay of Biscay. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 277, 107–115. CrossRef
Le Roux, A., 2008, Les espèces introduites dans le MorBihan. Penn Ar Bed 202, 26–36.
Lindeboom H., De Groote S.J., 1998, Environmental impact of bottom gears on benthic fauna in relation to natural resources management and protection of the North Sea. RIVO- DLO, NIOZ Rep. 11, 1994.
Martin J., 2009, Les invertébrés marins du golfe de Gascogne à La Manche orientale. Quae éditions, Versailles.
Massoud Z., Piboubès R., 1994, L'atlas du littoral de France. Paris, Jean-Pierre de Monza.
Maurin H., 1994, Inventaire de la faune menacée en France. MNHN, Nathan, Paris.
Mauvais J.-L., Goarnisson R., 1999, Etat de l'environnement sur la Façade Atlantique. Bilans et perspectives, Ifremer, Brest (http://www.ifremer.fr/docelec/).
Ménesguen A., Aminot A., Belin B., Chapelle A., Guillaud J.-F., Joanny M., Lefebvre A., Merceron M., Piriou J-.Y., Souchu P., 2001, L'eutrophisation des eaux marines et saumâtres en Europe, en particulier en France. IFREMER DEL/EC/01.02. (http://www.ifremer.fr/docelec/)
Ménesguen A., 2003, Les “marées vertes” en Bretagne, la responsabilité du nitrate. Ifremer, Direction de l'environnement et de l'aménagement littoral, Brest (http://www.ifremer.fr/docelec/).
Meuriot E., Grizel H., 1984, Note sur l'impact économique des maladies de l'huître plate en Bretagne. Rapp. Inst. Techn. Inst. Scient. Pêches Marit. 12 (http://www.ifremer.fr/docelec/).
Michel, S., Vandermeirsch, F, Lorance, P., 2009, Evolution of upper layer temperature in the Bay of Biscay during the last 40 years. Aquat. Living Resour. 22, 447–461. CrossRef
Molnar, J.L, Gamboa, R.L, Revenga, C., Spalding, M.D., 2008, Assessing the global threat of invasive species to marine biodiversity. Front. Ecol. Environ. 6, 485–492. CrossRef
Monperrus, M., Point, D., Grall, J., Chauvaud, L., Amouroux, D., Bareille, G., Donard, O., 2005, Determination of metal and organometal trophic bioaccumulation in the benthic macrofauna of the Adour estuary coastal zone (SW France, Bay of Biscay). J. Environ. Monitor. 7, 693–700. CrossRef
Morizur, Y., Berrow, S.D., Tregenza, N.J.C., Couperus, A.S., Pouvreau, S., 1999, Incidental catches of marine mammals in pelagic trawl fisheries of the Northeast Atlantic. Fish. Res. 41, 297–307. CrossRef
National Research Council, 2003, Oil in the sea. III. Inputs, fates, and effects. National Academy of Sciences, Washington DC.
Olaso, I., Velasco, F., Pérez, N., 1998, Importance of discarded blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) in the diet of lesser spotted dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula) in the Cantabrian Sea. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 55, 331–341. CrossRef
Oro, D., Martinez-Abrain, A., 2007, Deconstructing myths on large gulls and their impact on threatened sympatric water seabirds. Anim. Conserv. 10, 117–126. CrossRef
OSPAR Commission, 2006, Report on North Sea Pilot Project on ecological quality objectives. Biodiversity series 2006/239.
OSPAR Commission, 2000, Quality Status Report 2000: Region IV - Bay of Biscay and Iberian Coast. London, OSPAR Commission.
Pascual, A., Rodriguez-Lazaro, J., Martín-Rubio, M., Jouanneau, J.-M., Weber, O., 2008, A survey of the benthic microfauna (Foraminifera, Ostracoda) on the Basque shelf, southern Bay of Biscay. J. Mar. Syst. 72, 35–43. CrossRef
Péronnet I., 1991, Evaluation des rejets d'espèces commerciales; théorie et application aux pêcheries multispécifiques du golfe de Gascogne et de la mer Celtique. Final Report EC Contract, DG XIV/b/1:4930.
Pitois, S.G., Fox, C.J., 2006, Long-term changes in zooplankton biomass concentration and mean size over the Northwest European shelf inferred from continuous plankton recorder data. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 63, 785–798. CrossRef
Planque, B., Beillois, P., Jégou, A.-M., Lazure, P., Petitgas, P., Puillat, I., 2003, Large-scale hydroclimatic variability in the Bay of Biscay: the 1990s in the context of interdecadal changes. ICES Mar. Sci. Symp. 219, 61–70.
Pons, J-M., Migot, P., 1995, Life-history strategy of the herring gull: changes in survival and fecundity in a population subjected to various feeding conditions. J. Anim. Ecol. 64, 592–599. CrossRef
Poulard, J.C., Léauté, J.P., 2002, Interaction between marine populations and fishing activities: temporal patterns of landings of La Rochelle trawlers in the Bay of Biscay. Aquat. Living Resour. 15, 197–210. CrossRef
Poulard, J.C., Blanchard, F., 2005, The impact of climate change on the fish community structure of the eastern continental shelf of the Bay of Biscay. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 62, 1436–1443. CrossRef
Poulet, S.A., Laabir, M., Chaudron, Y., 1996, Characteristic features of zooplankton in the Bay of Biscay. Sci. Mar. 60, 79–95.
Quéro, J.-C., 1973, Remarques écologiques sur les balistes (Balistes carolinensis, Gmelin, 1789, Pisces, Plectognathi, Balistidae), débarqués à la Rochelle ou capturé aux environs de ce port, de 1959 à 1972. Ann. Soc. Sci. Nat. Charente-Marit. 5, 328–336.
Quéro, J.-C., Cendrero, O., 1996, Incidence de la pêche sur la biodiversité ichtyologique marine: le bassin d'Arcachon et le plateau continental Sud Gascogne. Cybium 20, 232–356.
Quéro J.C., Dardignac J., Vayne J.-J., 1989, Les poissons du golfe de Gascogne. IFREMER. (http://www.ifremer.fr/docelec/)
Quéro, J.C., Du Buit, M.H., Fonteneau, J., Laborde, J.L., Morandeau, G., Vayne, J.J., 1994, Catch data and new records for the year 1993 in the Atlantic French harbours. Ann. Soc. Sci. Nat. Charente-Marit. 8, 359–369.
Quéro, J.C., Du Buit, M.H., Vayne, J.J., 1998, The records of tropical fishes and the warming of the European Atlantic waters. Oceanol. Acta 21, 345–351. CrossRef
Quéro J.-C., Porché P., Vayne J.J., 2003, Guide des poissons de l'Atlantique européen, identifier 955 espèces. Les guides du naturaliste. Delachaux et Niestlé, Lonay, Paris.
RNO, 2000, Surveillance du milieu marin. Travaux du RNO. Edition 2000. Nantes, Ifremer et Ministère de l'Aménagement du Territoire et de l'Environnement.
RNO, 2006, Surveillance du milieu marin. Travaux du réseau national d'observation de la qualité du milieu marin. Edition 2006. Nantes, Ifremer et Ministère de l'Ecologie et du Développement durable.
Robin, J.P., 1992, The brown shrimp fishery of the Loire estuary - production and bycatch of juvenile fish. Fish. Res. 13, 153–172. CrossRef
Rochet, M.-J., Trenkel, V.M., Bellail, R., Coppin, F., Le Pape, O., Mahe, J.C., Morin, J., Poulard, J.C., Schlaich, I., Souplet, A., Verin, Y., Bertrand, J., 2005, Combining indicator trends to assess ongoing changes in exploited fish communities: diagnostic of communities off the coasts of France. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 62, 1647–1664. CrossRef
Rochet M.-J., Bertignac M., Fifas S., Gaudou O., Talidec C., 2006, Estimating discards in the French Nephrops fishery in the Bay of Biscay. ICES 2006/K:24.
Rogan, E., Mackey, M., 2007, Megafauna bycatch in drift nets for albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga) in the NE Atlantic. Fish. Res. 86, 6–14. CrossRef
Rogers, A.D., 1999, The biology of Lophelia pertusa (Linnaeus, 1758) and other deep-water reef-forming corals and impacts from human activities. Int. Rev. Hydrobiol. 84, 315–406. CrossRef
Rohr, A.S., Mahan, C.G., Kim, K.C., 2006, Developing a monitoring program for invertebrates: guidelines and a case study. Conserv. Biol. 2, 422–433.
Sánchez, F., Rodríguez-Cabello, C., Olaso, I., 2005, The role of elasmobranchs in the Cantabrian Sea shelf ecosystem and impact of the fisheries on them. J. Northw. Atl. Fish. Sci. 35, 467–480. CrossRef
Saulnier, D., Reynaud, Y., Arzul, I., Miossec, L., Le Roux, L., Goarant, C., 2007, Emergence de maladies chez les organismes d'intérêt aquacole: quelques scénarios illustrés d'exemples. INRA Prod. Anim. 20, 207–212.
Sauriau, P.-G., Pichoski-Seyfried, C., Walker, P., de Montaudouin, X., Palud, C., Héral, M., 1998, Crepidula fornicata L. (mollusque gasteropode) en la baie de Marennes-Oléron: cartographie des fonds par sonar à balayage latéral et estimation du stock. Oceanol. Acta 21, 353–362. CrossRef
Singh, R.K., Murty, H.R., Gupta, S.K., Dikshit, A.K., 2009, An overview of sustainability assessment methodologies. Ecol. Indicators 9, 189–212. CrossRef
Zingone, A., Enevoldsen, H.O., 2000, The diversity of harmful algal blooms: A challenge for science and management. Ocean Coast. Manage. 43, 725–748. CrossRef
Zydelis, R., Bellebaum, J., Osterblom, H., Vetemaa, M., Schirmeister, B., Stipniece, A., Dagys, M., Van Eerden, M., Garthe, S., 2009, Bycatch in gillnet fisheries - An overlooked threat to waterbird populations. Biol. Conserv. 142, 7, 1269–1281. CrossRef