The Kelvin impulse is a particularly valuable dynamical concept in unsteady fluid mechanics, with Benjamin and Ellis [2] appearing to be the first to have realised its value in cavitation bubble dynamics. The Kelvin impulse corresponds to the apparent inertia of the cavitation bubble and, like the linear momentum of a projectile, may be used to determine aspect It is defined as

where ρ is the fluid density, ø is the velocity potential, S is the surface of the cavitation bubble and n is the outward normal to the fluid. Contributions to the Kelvin impulse may come from the presence of nearby boundaries and the ambient velocity and pressure field. With this number of mechanisms contributing to its development, the Kelvin impulse may change sign during the lifetime of the bubble. After collapse of the bubble, it needs to be conserved, usually in the form of a ring vortex. The Kelvin impulse is likely to provide valuable indicators as to the physical properties required of boundaries in order to reduce or eliminate cavitation damage. Comparisons are made against available experimental evidence.

The problem of transient two-dimensional transport by diffusion and advection of a decaying contaminant in two adjacent porous media is solved using a boundary-integral method. The method requires the construction of appropriate Green's functions. Application of Green's theorem in the plane then yields representations for the contaminant concentration in both regions in terms of an integral of the initial concentration over the region's interior and integrals along the boundaries of known quantities and the unknown interfacial flux between the two adjacent media. This flux is given by a first-kind integral equation, which can be solved numerically by a discretisation technique. Examples of contaminant transport in fractured porous media systems are presented.

The speed of convergence of stationary iterative techniques for solving simultaneous linear equations may be increased by using a method similar to conjugate gradients but which does not require the stationary iterative technique to be symmetrisable. The method of refinement is to find linear combinations of iterates from a stationary technique which minimise a quadratic form. This basic method may be used in several ways to construct refined versions of the simple technique. In particular, quadratic forms of much less than full rank may be used. It is suggested that the method is likely to be competitive with other techniques when the number of linear equations is very large and little is known about the properties of the system of equations. A refined version of the Gauss-Seidel technique was found to converge satisfactorily for two large systems of equations arising in the estimation of genetic merit of dairy cattle.

John Henry Michell (1863–1940) published scientific papers only between 1890 and 1902, but included in his 23 papers from that short but productive period are some of the most important contributions ever made by an Australian mathematician. In this article I shall concentrate on the extraordinary 1898 paper “The wave resistance of a ship” Phil. Mag.(5) 45, 106–123. There are many reasons why this paper was an astounding achievement, but perhaps the most remarkable is that the resulting formula has not been improved upon to this day. In the computer age, many efforts have been made to do so, but with little success so far. The formula itself involves a triple integral of an integrand constructed from the offset data for the ship's hull, and even the task of evaluating this triple integral is not a trivial one on today's computers; another reason for admiration of Michell's own heroic hand-calculated numerical work in the 1890's. Lack of a routine algorithm for Michell's integral has inhibited its use by naval architects and ship hydrodynamic laboratories, and there has been a tendency for it to receive a bad press based on unfair comparisons, e.g. comparison of model experiments (themselves often suspect) with inaccurate computations or computations for the wrong hull, etc. The original integral is in fact quite reasonable as an engineering tool, and some new results confirming this are shown. Improvement beyond Michell is however needed in some important speed ranges, and indications are given of recent approaches that may be promising.

Consider the prototype ill-posed problem of a first kind integral equation ℛ with discrete noisy data di, = f(xi) + εi, i = 1, …, n. Let u0 be the true solution and unα a regularised solution with regularisation parameter α. Under certain assumptions, it is known that if α → 0 but not too quickly as n → ∞, then unα converges to u0. We examine the dependence of the optimal sequence of α and resulting optimal convergence rate on the smoothness of f or u0, the kernel K, the order of regularisation m and the error norm used. Some important implications are made, including the fact that m must be sufficiently high relative to the smoothness of u0 in order to ensure optimal convergence. An optimal filtering criterion is used to determine the order where is the maximum smoothness of u0. Two practical methods for estimating the optimal α, the unbiased risk estimate and generalised cross validation, are also discussed.

Competition between a finite number of searching insect parasites is modelled by differential equations and birth-death processes. In the one species case of intraspecific competition, the deterministic equilibrium is globally stable and, for large populations, approximates the mean of the stationary distribution of the process. For two species, both inter- and intraspecific competition occurs and the deterministic equilibrium is globally stable. When the birth-death process is reversible, it is shown that the mean of the stationary distribution is approximated by the equilibrium. Confluent hypergeometric functions of two variables are important to the theory.

The free surface due to a submerged source in a fluid of finite depth at infinite Froude number is reconsidered. A conformal transformation technique is used to formulate this problem as an integral equation for the free-surface angle. An elementary solution is found for the equation, which results in a closed form expression for the free-surface elevation. Comparison is made with previous numerical solutions.

During the late 1940s, T. M. Cherry published a series of research papers on uniform asymptotic formulae for transition points in ordinary differential equations. This work, together with his research into transonic gas flows, for which it was a necessary precursor, is probably his best known and most widely quoted piece of research. An analysis is made of the impact of Cherry's work on subsequent developments in this field, both in comparison to the work of others and with respect to Cherry's work on other topics.

The constancy in time of the ratio of unidirectional tracer fluxes, passing in opposite directions through a membrane that has transport properties varying arbitrarily with the distance from a boundary face, has been established recently for successively more sophisticated mathematical models of tracer transport within the membrane. Such results are important in that, when constancy is not observed experimentally, inferences can be drawn about the dimensionality of distributions of transport properties of the membrane. The known theoretical results are shown here to follow from much more general theorems, valid for a wide class of models based on linear-operator equations, including elliptic and hyperbolic partial differential equations as well as the essentially parabolic equations of interest in membrane transport problems. These theorems have the general character of “reciprocity theorems” known for a long time in other areas, such as mechanics, acoustics and elasticity. The general results obtained here clarify the conditions on membrane properties under which constancy of a flux ratio can be expected. In addition, flux ratio theorems of a new type are proved to hold under suitable conditions, for the normal components of flux vectors at points on either side of a membrane, as distinct from previously established theorems for total fluxes through membrane faces. Possible new experiments are suggested by the analysis.

We consider a generalisation of the stochastic formulation of smoothing splines, and discuss the smoothness properties of the resulting conditional expectation (generalised smoothing spline), and the sensitivity of the numerical algorithms. One application is to the calculation of smoothing splines with less than the usual order of continuity at the data points.

The Aeronautical Research Laboratories were established in Australia in 1939 as the CSIR Division of Aeronautics. Mathematicians were amongst the first staff employed, and their number reached a peak in the mid 1950s. They were an able group: in their subsequent careers 12 became Professors, 5 obtained higher doctorates, 6 became Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science and 6 Fellows of the Royal Society. They published over 100 papers, and these are discussed here under 11 separate headings.

The length of discussion given here to the various areas of research is not uniform. I have emphasised those with which I am familiar and those that interest me personally. Nevertheless, I believe the present paper provides an accurate picture of the mathematical research that was carried out at ARL during the period under review, and makes it clear that mathematicians at ARL made substantial contributions to many areas of theoretical aeronautics.

The Dean problem of pressure-driven flow between finite-length concentric cylinders is considered. The outer cylinder is at rest and the small-gap approximation is used. In a similar procedure to that of Blennerhassett and Hall [8] in the context of Taylor vortices, special end conditions are imposed in which the ends of the cylinder move with the mean flow, allowing the use of a perturbation analysis from a known basic flow. Difficulties specific to Dean flow (and more generally to non-Taylor-vortex flow) require the use of a parameter α which measures the relative strengths of the velocities due to rotation and the pressure gradient, to trace the solution from Taylor to Dean flow. Asymptotic expansions are derived for axial wavenumbers at a given Taylor number. The calculation of critical Taylor number for a given cylinder height is then carried out. Corresponding stream-function contours clearly show features not evident in infinite flow.

An equation which has arisen in a study of the magentic coupling through a small rectangular aperture of dimension A × B in a thin shield wall is discussed. The magnetic polarisability of such an aperture in a conducting wall of zero thickness is known to be expressible as RHA3, in which RH is dimensionless and is a function of the aspect ratio α ≡ B/A. An asymptotic solution procedure of a certain variational formulation of this problem is described in the limiting case of large aspect ratio α. Explicit analytical formulase for the leading terms in the expansion are given. These analytical results justify the purely numerical procedures used previously to obtain approximate solutions of this formulation of the problem.

The square-root fixed-interval discrete-time smoother has been used extensively in discrete recursive estimation since it was first developed by Rauch, Tung and Streibel [10]. Various people, for example Bierman [2], [3], have recognized the inherent instability in employing this kind of smoother in its original form; they have investigated implementing the recursion more stably. Bierman's paper [3] is one such contribution. In this paper we plan to present a more comprehensive development of Bierman's approach, and to show that this algorithm can be implemented more stably as a square-root smoother. Throughout this paper the fixed-interval discrete-time smoother will be referred to as the RTS smoother. Numerical results are given for the usual form of the RTS smoother, Bierman's algorithm and our square-root formulation of his algorithm. These confirm that the square-root formulation is more desirable than Bierman's algorithm, which performs better than the usual implementation of the RTS smoother.

Fluid motion established by an oscillatory pressure gradient superimposed on a mean, in a tube of slowly varying section, is studied when the temperature of the tube wall varies with axial distance. Particular attention is focussed on the mean flow and steady streaming components of the oscillatory flow of higher approximation. For the velocity components, the axial component takes the pride of place, since this component is responsible for convection of nutrients to various parts of the body of a mammal in systematic circulation. A salient point in the paper concerns consequences of free convection currents at a constriction (stenosis).

The problem of determining a square integrable function from its modulus and that of its Fourier transform has been considered in an article by Corbett and Hurst ([1]). In this work we point out an error in one of the main results of the cited article concerning the Pauli uniqueness of real states, provide a proof of uniqueness for non-negative states, and present various related examples and discussion of the problem.

A mathematical model is developed for the process of gas exchange in lung capillaries, taking into account the transport mechanisms of molecular diffusion and the facilitated diffusion of the species due to haemoglobin. We have assumed here equilibrium conditions which enable us to neglect advection effects. The nth order one-step kinetics of oxygen uptake by haemoglobin, proposed by Sharan and Singh [8], have been incorporated. The solution of this coupled nonlinear facilitated diffusion-reaction problem together with the physiologically-relevant boundary conditions is obtained in the closed form.

It is found that about 97.15% of total haemoglobin has combined with oxygen and 2.85% free pigment is left, which is present as carbaminohaemoglobin, met haemoglobin, carboxy haemoglobin etc. It is also shown that the percentage of free haemoglobin at a given PO2 and PCO2 is independent of total haemoglobin content present in the blood.

The well-known Hill's empirical relation is deduced from our solution. The results obtained from our model, based on physical formulation, are in good agreement with the documented data [6] and those computed from the Kelman [3] empirical relation.

A functional differential equation for the steady size distribution of a population is derived from the usual partial differential equation governing the size distribution, in the particular case where birth occurs by one individual of size x dividing into α new individuals of size x/α. This leads, in the case of constant growth and birth rate functions, to the functional differential equation y′(x) = −ay(x) + aαy(αx) together with the integral condition We first look at a number of properties that any solution of this equation and boundary condition must have, and then proceed to find the unique solution by the method of Laplace transforms. Results from number theory on the infinite product found in the solution are presented, and it is shown that y(x) tends to a normal distribution as α → 1+.

The state controllability for generalised dynamical systems with constrained control is discussed in this paper. The main results of the paper are the following:

(1) a necessary and sufficient condition of the state controllability in the sense of control energy or amplitude constrained for generalised dynamical systems is obtained;

(2) a control function u(t) is constructed such that

a) u(t) satisfies constrained energy or amplitude condition,

b) the state driven by u(t) moves from an arbitrary x(0−) = x0 to x(T(x0)) = 0,

c) the trajectory driven by u(t) has no impulsive behaviour within (0, T(x0)].

A point on a tree network space is said to be a distant point if it maximises its minimum weighted distance from any of its vertices. The median minimises the sum of its weighted distances from the vertices. In this paper two constrained problems are discussed. The first problem is to maximise the minimum of the weighted distances from the vertices subject to an upper bound value of the sum of the weighted distances from the vertices, while the second problem is to minimise the sum of the weighted distances subject to a lower bound value of the minimum weighted distance to any of its vertices. It is shown that these two constrained problems are duals of each other in a well defined sense.