The Gallo-Roman sanctuary of Sequana is situated in the little wooded valley where the Seine rises, some 35 km. north-west of Dijon. It has been excavated at regular intervals from the middle of the 19th century onwards, and for over a century attention has been drawn to the many and varied finds made there [I]. After the excavations of 1953 it was decided, in conjunction with the Service des Monuments historiques, to undertake a complete and systematic study of the whole site with a view to its restoration. We planned to engage workmen to clear and restore the foundations of the two temples already known, to re-establish the line of the old terraces around the sanctuary, and to organize the river Seine itself, which, in the first few hundred yards of its existence, had become wayward in the extreme.

Old Burrow and Martinhoe are situated on the rocky North Devon coast, 1100 and 800 ft. high respectively above the seas of the Bristol Channel (PL. LIIa) , on either side of the small seaside town of Lynmouth. Both sites command an extensive view of the South Wales coast, 17 to 20 miles away (FIG. 4), but owing to an intervening hill, the Foreland, they are not intervisible. Inland the outlook is limited to the northern slopes of Exmoor, which rises to 1600 ft. some 6 to 7 miles away. The coastal tract in which they are situated was sparsely inhabited by friendly Iron Age peoples, the Dumnonii, living in small hillforts and isolated from the main body of the tribe in South Devon and Cornwall.

The Roman earthworks are practically identical (FIGS. I and 3); they consist of an inner rectilinear enclosure, 90 ft. square defended by a rampart and two ditches, set within a rounded outer enclosure, some 300 ft. in diameter and with a single rampart and ditch. At Martinhoe the outer enclosure ends on the cliffs, which form its northern side.

The entrance to the inner fartlet in both cases is on the seaward side; to the outer on the opposite landward side, so that all comers would be obliged to make a half-circuit between the two lines of defences under fire. In effect the device resembles that at the Claudian fort at Hod Hill in Dorset, where the defences were also designed to trap attackers within the range of missiles—spears or ballista bolts.

Spectacular discoveries in Marnian in Marnian graves, an ambiguous reference by Caesar, and the attentions of modern scholars such as Fox and Piggott have led to a great deal of interest and speculation about the Celtic chariot. The discovery of a number of chariot fittings at Llyn Cerrig Bach prompted Sir Cyril Fox to attempt a reconstruction, and the result has been generally accepted as a fairly accurate representation [I]. The material used for the Llyn Cerrig model was drawn from all over Europe, and much of it came from socalled ‘chariot-burials’. But whether or not the vehicle buried in La Thne graves was identical with the war-chariot has never been seriously questioned and is worth considering.

In Champagne and Western Germany, where the two-wheeled vehicle is found in La Tène graves together with weapons, there are two possible interpretations of its purpose. On the one hand it could be associated with the weapons, and regarded as the dead warrior's chariot; on the other, it might be linked rather with death and the corpse, thus being either a hearse or a vehicle from a funeral procession. In Yorkshire this choice is less open. Weapons are never found in the same grave as the wheels and other fittings, and it would be more reasonable to identify the vehicle with a funerary cart.

In prehistoric times the Western Isles and the and the west coast of Scotland north of the Firth of Clyde seem to have formed a geographical and cultural unit quite distinct from the central and southern mainland but closely connected with the far north, with the counties of Sutherland and Caithness and the Orkney and Shetland Isles. Together all these territories form a highland and island zone which has recently been designated as one of the four main natural regions of Iron Age cultures in Scotland and called the Atlantic Province [I]. The distinctiveness of the cultures which occupied this maritime province not only in the Iron Age but at all periods emphasizes the effectiveness of the mountain barriers which hinder contact with the south and central mainland and also, by contrast, the relative ease with which it was colonized by sea. The spread of Neolithic chambered tombs in the 3rd millennium B.C. and the Norse settlements of the 9th century A.D. onwards show how seaborne migrants from distant regions could quickly occupy the province, and a similar series of immigrations seems to have taken place in the Iron Age.

One difficulty with the interpretation of strip lynchets has been caused by our traditional viewpoint: we have stood in the valley and looked up at them. In Asia terraces do start at the foot of hills and are constructed upwards. Perhaps unconsciously we have believed that strip lynchets were created in the same way. The uniqueness of these terraces may lie in their construction from the top of the escarpment downwards. Many difficulties are resolved when we stand and look at the terraces from above. Then we observe a flight of steps and perhaps it was down these that agriculture passed from downland to lowland.

It is generally believed that in Britain there were two independent agricultural origins, that primitive farmers first cultivated the light soils of the chalk downlands and western hills, and only later, after a heavy plough had been introduced from abroad by invading peoples, were the heavy soils of the lowlands tilled. Rarely is it believed that lowland agriculture in Britain developed from downland agriculture, that agriculture had undergone continuous development and that one type had merged into the other.

In October 1915 there was discovered near the small village of Guiry, 50 km. north-west of Paris, an example of the typical Paris Basin Gallery Grave or Allée Couverte. It came to be known as the Allée Couverte du Bois Couturier, and is a relatively small example of this type of tomb which predominates in the departments of Seine-et-Oise and Oise, and extends eastwards into neighbouring departments. The grave-goods belong mainly, though not exclusively, to the Seine-Oise-Marne culture as first defined by Bosch-Gimpera and Serra Rafols [I]. Daniel regarded the Paris Galleries as dating probably from about 1700-1400 B.C.; Bailloud, on the basis of certain radiocarbon dates available since Daniel's study, considers the SOM culture (which is of course not necessarily completely coeval with the Paris Galleries) to have begun around 2400-2300 B.c., and to have ended around 1700-1600 B.C. [2].