Excavations at Grime's Graves, Norfolk, during September 1920, revealed a new chipping site (Floor 85), and resulted in the discovery thereon of two pieces of engraved flint crust, associated with a series of flint implements of Le Moustier type, bone tools, and pottery, upon a living level immediately overlying glacial sand.

The intelligent world has of late been passing through one of its cyclical phases. It would hardly be suspected that in these times the daily tale of news from home and abroad should be so wanting in human interest that it was necessary to seek for recondite subjects. Nevertheless astute editors or others on the staff of our daily newspapers have been constrained to discover that all is not well in our artistic atmosphere, and they call attention to the sad need of refinement in our surroundings, that our street architecture, though showing signs of grace, lacks coherence and taste, that our statues are deplorable, our public monuments wanting in dignity or design, and that, in fine, the necessity for organization and method is called for as much for our spiritual betterment as it is on the material side. A number of distinguished men, architects, painters, and critics of both, and of all else, have come forward, and their plans for a new and glorified earth have been placed before a grateful world.

The Cistercian Abbey of Rievaulx owes its foundation to a mission from Clairvaux, sent to England under the direction of St. Bernard in 1131. Waverley Abbey in Surrey, and Tintern in Monmouthshire, daughter houses of L'Aumône, were already in existence, having been founded in 1128 and 1131, the first Cistercian houses in England. A beginning having thus been made in the South, it was no doubt a matter of policy that the order should be planted in the North also, and Rievaulx came into existence, the first of that splendid company of Yorkshire Cistercian houses which numbers Byland, Fountains, Jervaulx, Kirkstall, and Roche among its members. A benefactor was found in Walter le Spech or l'Espec, who gave in his charter of foundation nine carucates of land in Griff and Tilstone, and with this endowment the monastery was started, receiving no considerable increase of revenue till 1145, when the founder added Bilsdale to their lands. In spite of this Rievaulx must have grown quickly, for colonies went from it to inaugurate new monasteries at Melrose in 1136, Warden in the same year, Dundrennan in 1142, and Revesby in 1143. But a grant of a site at Rushen, given by Olaf, King of Man, could not be accepted for lack of any one to send to take possession.

The church of the Holy Sepulchre and the site of the Holy Places is so vast a subject, both historically and architecturally, that only a lifelong acquaintance with its records and an intimate knowledge of every detail of its structure could excuse another attempt to trace its development. I propose, therefore, only to deal with the church so far as a sketch of its history and development form a necessary preface to the study of the Norman priory, which housed the canons during the brief but extremely interesting period of the Latin kingdom. The monastic buildings have not hitherto been thoroughly explored, owing to the difficulties raised while they were under the Moslem rule; I therefore took the exceptional opportunities which I had during my five months' residence in Jerusalem, with the British army there, to examine, with my friend Mr. E. G. Newnum, every part of the site.

Harlyn Bay is situated about the middle of the north coast of Cornwall, near Trevose Head, on the west of the estuary of the Camel, about four miles from Padstow. A number of discoveries of great archaeological importance have been made there and in the neighbouring bay of Constantine on the west; but so far no critical summary of the whole evidence in the light of recent knowledge has been attempted. The fullest account is that by the late Rev. R. Ashington Bullen (3rd edition, published at Harlyn Bay by Colonel Bellers in 1912). The site is one of considerable interest to the geologist as well as the archaeologist; and the scenery is very beautiful.

The discoveries will be described in the following order:

1. The cemetery and midden at Harlyn Bay.

2. The midden on Constantine Island and on the adjacent mainland.

3. The midden and medieval remains near Constantine Church.

4. The barrows on the cliffs between Harlyn Bay and Mother Ivey's Bay.

In Northern mythology Wayland the Smith corresponds to the Roman Vulcan or the Greek Hephaestus; and his name cannot have been attached to the well-known group of sarsen slabs in Berkshire till the Teutonic invaders reached the upper Thames in the fifth century. This cunning worker in metals appears on the Franks casket in the British Museum, dating from soon after 700; and the monument is mentioned under the name of Wayland's Smithy in a charter of King Eadred to Aelfheh dated 955.

Excavations were carried out on the site by Mr. Akerman in 1864 and 1865 and in the two following years and by Dr. Rolleston, then Professor of Anatomy and Physiology, at various times between 1864 and 1868. The results of the excavations were embodied in papers published by this Society. He appears principally to have assisted at quarrying operations which were then in progress, but also to have searched one or two other small areas. No map of his excavation is extant, and according to his assistant William Hine, who is still alive, no map appears to have been made. The areas probably excavated by him are marked with a cross on figure 1.

Since that time a number of graves have fallen into the quarry, and scattered finds appear to have been made from time to time, some of which were examined by Professor Rolleston and after his death by Professor Moseley.

In the spring of 1920 an undergraduate society, the Oxford University Archaeological Society, was anxious to do some excavating and asked me to find a site and direct the work. By kind permission of Mr. Aldworth, the owner of the property, we were able to start at Frilford in the middle of the Hilary Term, and spent week-ends there during Term, and four days at the ends of both the Hilary and Trinity Terms. The labour was provided chiefly by junior but also by senior members of the University, and honorary members of the Society, especially Sir Arthur Evans, Mr. Balfour, and Mr. Leeds materially assisted the excavations by advice and personal visits. Mr. Leeds has helped me very much in the preparation of this paper. I am indebted to Professor Arthur Thomson both for his keen interest in the work and also for putting the resources of the Anatomical Department at my disposal.

A panel (pl. x), which is of oak, 3 ft. 7½ in. high, and 18 in. wide, with a painting of the Annunciation in gold and colours was purchased recently from a small dealer in Bury St. Edmunds by Mr. A. H. Fass. It presumably came originally from that neighbourhood; but nothing further is known of its history.

After the death of Sir Edmund Antrobus of Amesbury Abbey, certain properties, including Stonehenge, were in 1915 sold by his representatives. Fortunately for all students of archaeology, Stonehenge was purchased by Sir Cecil Chubb of Bemerton, who generously presented it, together with some thirty acres of adjoining land, to the nation. The acquisition of this additional land has made it possible to set back an unsightly fence and divert a cart-track some distance from the monument. It was at once recognized by H.M. Office of Works that the monument required immediate attention, and it was therefore decided, by the advice of the Chief Inspector of Ancient Monuments and the Ancient Monuments Board for England, that a careful examination of it should be made, and work for its preservation taken in hand. It was decided that the stones which were in a dangerous state should receive attention first, and then that those which had fallen in recent times should be re-erected, care being taken that all appearances of restoration should be avoided. By the courtesy of the Office of Works, the Society of Antiquaries was given every facility for carrying out a scheme of archaeological research on the site during the progress of the work, and the writer was appointed the representative of the Society. Preparations were begun in September 1919, but were much retarded owing to difficulties of transport and the delay in erecting two huts and the assembling of the large equipment necessary. It was not until the end of the year that work was actually begun.

The Dorian invasion, as an episode in Greek history, exhibits few complexities. Ancient tradition is unanimous upon the fact that the invasion was at once a more or less definite event or series of events in time and a clear turning-point in historical development. Modern historians of ancient Greece have largely twisted the comparatively clear tradition of antiquity into a variety of theories, and the whole question in their hands remains a problem which from their point of view is still sub iudice.

Archaeological research on the other hand, as is not infrequently the case, serves to amplify and explain the ancient traditions in a more satisfactory way. No very clear attempt has as yet been made by archaeologists to establish the facts of the Dorian invasion or to track down the historical Dorians. But the results of recent research in the Peloponnese on sites where tradition places the Dorians in fullest force points to a culture at these sites which, appearing about the eleventh century B.C, has all the characteristics of the culture of an invader, and differs radically and completely from what we know to have been mainland culture during the millennium preceding the eleventh century B.C.

The purpose of this paper is to review the archaeological evidence concerning the Dorians in the light both of the literary tradition and of some new archaeological discoveries.

The ingenious and persistent researches of the Swedish geologist, Baron Gerard de Geer, have taught us when the last Ice Period came to an end here in the north. The ice began to melt and retire from the southern coast of Scania 15,000 years before our time. There cannot be more than an error of a few centuries in this calculation.

But the southern border of the enormous ice-masses covering the north of Europe in the last Ice Period was not on the south coast of Scania; it lay farther south, in Brandenburg. It is uncertain what length of time was necessary for the ice to retire from Brandenburg to Scania. However, if we consider how slowly the melting was going on in the first millenniums, and how long it took for the ice to melt in the southern part of Sweden, it is highly probable that about 5,000 years were required to transfer the ice border from its most southerly point to Scania. Consequently, the beginning of the melting period in our northern region, i.e. the end of the last Ice Period in northern Europe, must fall about 20,000 years before our time.

In the early summer of 1919 a memorable discovery was made on Traprain Law in the county of Haddington, a hill on the East Lothian estate of the Rt. Hon. A. J. Balfour. From the natural advantages for defence which the hill presents, as well as from the plentiful surface indications of occupation, the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland had concluded that the site was well worth excavating, and had begun work on it in the summer of 1914. This was continued during the following summer till operations were suspended by the war. One of the results of these two seasons' exploration was the revelation that beneath the turf were four welldefined floor-levels referable to periods of occupation dating from the first to the fourth, or commencement of the fifth, century of our era. In May last year the latest of these floor-levels had been removed, and the second was just being loosened with the point of the pick when a remarkable hoard of Roman silver plate was discovered buried in a hole some two feet in diameter and two feet in depth. No evidence remained of any sack or box in which it might have been contained, but the pieces lay jumbled in a mass as if they had been thrown in disorder into the hole. Few of them resembled silver—to such an extent had the treasure been affected by its long burial in the soil—and a dull leaden hue with a tinge of purple best describes its colour. Its condition otherwise bore eloquent testimony to the treatment it had received at the hands of its owners previous to its concealment.

In a previous paper which I had the honour to submit to the Society on Silchester and its affinities to the pre-Roman civilization of Gaul, I described the definite resemblances in form of town-plan and other features of the settlement type to be found at Silchester (Calleva Atrebatum) and other similar early sites in this country, to known settlements of the Gauls in France and Northern Italy. From this I concluded that a considerable immigration of Gauls took place from France to this country somewhat prior to the first century of our era and subsequent to the expeditions of Julius Caesar; that a permanent settlement of these Gauls in South Britain resulted, and that they retained their national customs and institutions throughout the Roman and well into the Saxon period of our history. I further suggested that the general direction of this immigration was from the mouth of the Seine to the Sussex coast and inland towards the Berkshire Downs and the head-waters of the Thames. In the present paper an attempt is made to indicate with some measure of precision the main route followed by the immigrants towards the interior, and the area of their settlement.

Three places are now recognized as possible sites of the battle of Ethandun: Edington, on the Polden Hills in Somerset; Edington, near Westbury in Wiltshire; and Heddington, about six miles south-east of Chippenham, also in Wiltshire. The object of the present paper is to endeavour to disprove the possibility of Edington on the Polden Hills being the scene of the battle, and to show that an overwhelming mass of evidence favours Edington, near Westbury.

The latest and most complete argument in favour of the Polden Hills as the site of the battle is to be found in Messrs. Whistler and Major's Early Wars of Wessex. After a careful examination of the evidence and of the topography of this site, I am of opinion that the plan of campaign suggested by these authors is most unlikely, if not altogether impracticable, from a military point of view.

Most of the carvings herein to be described came into their late owners' hands from private collections, and—as unfortunately is generally the case in similar circumstances—in almost every instance unaccompanied by records of their earlier histories. All but three of them—the Crucifixion, the Ascension, and the one with two saints—came lately from Paris.

An attempt to rehabilitate the theory that the site of the battle of Ethandun was at Edington-by-Westbury was to be expected, and we welcome Mr. Rawlence's paper as the first attempt we know of to work out a Wiltshire theory of the campaign.

Until the publication in 1911 of The Abbot's House at Westminster by Dr. Armitage Robinson, it had been assumed by all previous investigators of the monastic buildings at Westminster that the Misericorde stbod upon the site of what is now Ashburnham House. From documentary evidence Dr. Robinson was led to the conclusions that this site was actually that of the Prior's House, and that the Misericorde lay either in an angle south-west of the Frater and contiguous with it, or in a loft at its west end as at Durham. He inclined strongly, however, to the former hypothesis, influenced by the remains of two vaulting-shafts on either side and south of a hatch communicating with the Frater. One further conclusion was that the Misericorde was upstairs. ‘If there was a vaulted chamber under the Misericorde which formed part of a passage to the kitchen, all the facts fit in well together.’ It may be remarked that further documentary evidence has served only to confirm Dr. Robinson's view, but until recently no attempt has been made at any serious investigation of the site, though the late Clerk of the Works, Mr. Thomas Wright, sen., left some valuable notes of observations made by him on the occasion of the laying of a drain.

The Royal Irish Academy recently purchased from Mr. H. Naylor, a Dublin dealer, a portion of an Irish shrine together with two fragments supposed to have belonged to it. These had been obtained at the sale held at Killua, co. Westmeath, early in June 1920, having formed part of a large number of Irish antiquities collected by Sir Benjamin Chapman, fourth baronet.

By permission of Lord Boston I am able to exhibit the following objects found in and near the Thames at Hedsor:—

A neolithic bowl.

Three chipped flint celts.

A flint Thames pick.

Two bronze spear-heads.

Four iron spear-heads.

A bone dagger.

A Saxon bowl, and other objects.

The first item deserves full description and comment.