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Euripides' Bacchae in New Zealand Dress*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 May 2015

John Davidson*
Affiliation:
Victoria University of Wellington

Extract

Euripides' Bacchae is a play which has intrigued, disturbed and challenged many spectators, readers, theatre practitioners and interpreters. Its spectacular and gruesome aspects in particular have also given rise over the years to notable anecdotes, such as that recorded by Plutarch (Crassus 33) to the effect mat the Roman general's severed head was carried by the Agave actor in a performance of the play at the Parthian court in 53 BC. At times, moreover, arguably on account of such a graphic portrayal of the elemental and destructive forces unleashed by the Dionysus principle, it has been regarded as ‘too hot to handle’. Thus, for example, as Karelisa Hartigan points out, it appears to have made no appearance on the American commercial stage during the first 60 years of the twentieth century.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Australasian Society for Classical Studies 2007

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Footnotes

*

This article is a radically revised version of a paper given at ASCS 28 in Newcastle, NSW, on 6 February 2007. I have greatly benefited from the discussion there, and am also most grateful to Michael Ewens and Simon Penis for broadening my knowledge of Bacchae-type plays written in the 1960s and early 1970s. The advice of two anonymous readers has also proved most beneficial.

References

1 Hartigan, Karelisa V., Greek Tragedy on the American Stage: Ancient Drama in the Commercial Theater, 1882-1994 (Westport, CT and London 1995) 81Google Scholar. This conclusion is supported by the APGRD Database, University of Oxford, ed. Amanda Wrigley, http://www.apgrd.ox.ac.uk/database (last accessed July 2007)Google Scholar.

2 Carlevale, John, ‘Dionysus Now: Dionysian Myth-History in the Sixties’, Arion 13.2 (Fall 2005) 77115Google Scholar.

3 See e.g. Zeitlin, Froma, ‘Dionysus in 69’, in Hall, Edith, Macintosh, Fiona and Wrigley, Amanda (eds), Dionysus Since 69 (Oxford 2004) 4975Google Scholar.

4 For full biographical details, see McKay, Frank, The Life of James K. Baxter (Auckland 1990)Google Scholar.

5 Conversation with an Ancestor’, in The Man on the Horse (Dunedin 1967) 23Google Scholar.

6 For a full discussion based on close personal experience, see Carey, Rosalie, A Theatre in the House (Dunedin 1999)Google Scholar. A much briefer, yet nonetheless illuminating, account is given by Carnegie, David, ‘Dunedin's Globe Theatre: The Carey Years’, Australasian Drama Studies 3.1 (October 1984) 1521Google Scholar.

7 For a discussion of this and some of the other Greek plays staged in the early years, see Manton, G.R., ‘Greek Plays in Dunedin’, Landfall 14.1 (March 1960) 84-6Google Scholar.

8 Weir, J.E. (ed.), Collected Poems: James K. Baxter (Wellington 1979) 375Google Scholar.

9 Kitto was heavily involved in the practice as well as the scholarship of the theatre, and had had a hand in the establishment of the Chair of Drama at the University of Bristol in 1947. See Edith Hall's Introduction (xxxii-xxxiii) to his translation of Antigone, Oedipus The King, and Electro, now in the World's Classics Sophocles (Oxford and New York 1994)Google Scholar.

10 Lawson, D.W., Greek Myth in Four Plays by James K. Baxter. Unpublished MA thesis (Dunedin 1974) 62Google Scholar.

11 Eliot does something similar in The Family Reunion with the appearance of the Eumenides, a technique which Baxter was to employ in his last play The Temptations of Oedipus (the play based on the Oedipus at Colonus).

12 See Weir, (n. 8) 121Google Scholar.

13 For a recent discussion of the ‘choral’ aspect of the Theban women in the Bacchae, see Mumaghan, Sheila, ‘The Daughters of Cadmus: Chorus and Characters in Euripides' Bacchae and Ion’, in Davidson, John, Muecke, Frances and Wilson, Peter (eds), Greek Drama III: Essays in Honour of Kevin Lee, BICS Supplement 87 (London 2006) 99112Google Scholar.

14 Baxter was strongly of the view that the chorus in new adaptations of Greek tragedy was anomalous and dated by its very form, since die religious dance and song at its heart was no longer relevant to a modern audience. See, for example, his own review of Sartre's adaptation of The Trojan Women, in The New Zealand Listener (22 December 1967).

13 There is not even the hint of music signalling a Dionysiac presence, as Bowen, for example, uses a distant flute or piccolo and drum in The Disorderly Women. This may well be because Baxter was tone deaf.

16 McNaughton, Howard, ‘Baxter as Dramatist’, Islands 4 (1973) 184-92Google Scholar, specifically 188.

17 Smith, Harold W., ‘James K. Baxter: The Poet as Playwright’, Landfall 22.1 (March 1968) 5662Google Scholar, specifically 57.

18 McNaughton, (n. 16) 191Google Scholar.

19 Lawson, (n. 10) 65Google Scholar and 68.

20 Smithell, Philip, review of Mr O'Dwyer's Dancing Party entitled ‘Bawdry and Wit’, in The New Zealand Listener (7 February 1969)Google Scholar.

21 It has even been damned for not meeting the expectations of one currently fashionable school of criticism, because it ‘is not a strategic post-colonial reworking of a canonical text but merely a somewhat misogynist updating.’ See Gilbert, Helen and Tompkins, Joanne, Post-Colonial Drama (London and New York 1996) 18CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

22 Doyle, Charles, James K. Baxter (Boston 1976) 140Google Scholar.

23 Ross, J.C., review of Howard McNaughton's edition of the Collected Plays of James K. Baxter (Auckland/Oxford/New York 1982), in Landfall 38.1Google Scholar (March 1984) 105-10, specifically 110.

24 McNaughton, (n. 16) 191Google Scholar.

25 Cleary, Farrell, ‘Baxter's Plays: The Search for Life before Death’, Journal of New Zealand Literature 13 (1995) 121-32Google Scholar, specifically 130.

26 Carnegie, (n. 6) 15Google Scholar.

27 For Baxter's anti-war poems of the Vietnam era, see e.g. ‘A Bucket of Blood for a Dollar’ and ‘The Gunner's Lament’, in Weir, (n. 8) 320-2Google Scholar and 323-4.

28 See McKay, (n. 4) 232Google Scholar.

29 Mason, Bruce, New Zealand Drama (Wellington 1973) 50Google Scholar.