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Collecting for Cambridge: John Hubert Marshall on Crete1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 September 2013

David W. J. Gill
David W. J. Gill
Affiliation:
Department of Classics and Ancient History, University of Wales Swansea
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Abstract

In 1901 excavations were conducted under the auspices of the Cretan Exploration Fund at Praisos and Kato Zakro in eastern Crete. One of the members of the party was John Hubert Marshall, formerly of King's College, Cambridge. During his journey to and from the excavations, and described in the correspondence of Robert Carr Bosanquet, Marshall seems to have acquired antiquities from a number of sites which were purchased by the Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge later in the year. This material included antiquities from Palaikastro which was to be become the scene of major excavations by the British School at Athens. Marshall was awarded a Craven Studentship at the British School at Athens in 1901, but in February 1902 was appointed Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India. It was Marshall's experience of excavation on Crete which was to influence the development of archaeological fieldwork in India.

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Articles
Information
Annual of the British School at Athens , Volume 95 , November 2000 , pp. 517 - 526
Copyright
Copyright © The Council, British School at Athens 2000

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References

2 Fitzwilliam Museum Annual Report 1901: ‘The principal purchases have been: A collection of Antiquities from Crete, procured by J. H. Marshall, B.A., King's College. These include a number of gems of the “island” type, and some fine bronze weapons’. Under the list of acquisitions for the Department of Antiquities the objects are listed as ‘Tablet with gold stylus and gold fragments and beads’, ‘Stone chisel from site above Sphaka’, ‘Two small terracotta reliefs’, ‘Thirty-eight gems, beads and cylinders’, ‘Bronze fibula, ring and knife’, and a ‘Bronze double axe’. For a simple listing: Gill, D. W. J., Donors and Former Owner of Greek and Roman Antiquities in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge (Cambridge, 1992)Google Scholar; id., Findspots of Greek and Roman Antiquities in the, Filziwilliam Museum, Cambridge (Cambridge 1992).

3 For a summary of the political scene in Greece: Clogg, R., A Concise History of Greece (Cambridge, 1992), 70–1Google Scholar.

4 A convenient image of the title-page of the brochure can be found in Brown, A., Arthur Evans and the Palace of Minos (Oxford, 1983), 36 fig. 14Google Scholar.

5 The British School at Athens had close links with excavations in Egypt at this time: Waterhouse, BSA, 120–1. Ernest Gardner had excavated at Naukratis in the Delta in 1885/6, before becoming the first student to be admitted to the British School at Athens in December 1886. Gardner was to be followed at Naukratis by Hogarth, who was his contemporary at the British School. See Lock, P., ‘D. G. Hogarth (1862–1927): “a specialist in the science of archaeology”’, BSA 85 (1990), 175–200Google Scholar.

6 Gardner, E. A., Hogarth, D. G., James, M. R., and Smith, R. Elsey, ‘Excavations in Cyprus, 1887–8. Paphos, Lconatari, Amargetti’, JHS 9 (1888), 149CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See Waterhouse, BSA 119.

7 See also Haussoullier, B., ‘Vases peints archaïques découverts à Knossos (Crète)’, RA 40 (1880), 359Google Scholar.

8 Dyson, Ancient Marbles, 72, citing Stillman, W. J., Autobiography of a Journalist (1828–1901) (Boston, 1901), 630–4Google Scholar. See also ‘Extracts of letters of W.J. Stillman respecting ancient sites in Crete’, Archaeological Institute of America. Annual Report (1881), 41–9.

9 Traill, D., Schliemann of Troy: Treasure and Deceit (London, 1995), 226–7, 252–3, 274–5, 281Google Scholar. Revolts on Crete in the summer of 1889 made excavation there unattractive.

10 Evans, A. J., ‘Knossos. I. The Palace’, BSA 6 (1899–1900), 3–70Google Scholar.

11 Momigliano, N., Duncan Mackenzie: a Cautious Canny Highlander and the Palace of Minos at Knossos (BICS suppl. 72; London, 1999)Google Scholar. See also Hood, R., Faces of Archaeology in Greece Caricatures by Piet de Jong (Oxford, 1998), 14–20Google Scholar.

12 Hogarth, D. G., ‘Knossos. II. Early town and cemeteries’, BSA 6 (1899–1900), 70–85Google Scholar.

13 Brown, Before Knossos, 54–7 (including a photograph by Myres of the villagers at the entrance to the cave), 64. Halbherr had investigated the cave in 1886.

14 Demargne, J., ‘Antiquités de Præsos et de l'antre dictéen’, BCH 26 (1902), 580–3CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Demargne went on to excavate at Lato for the École française from 1899 to 1900.

15 Hogarth, D. G., ‘The Dictaean Cave’, BSA 6 (1899–1900), 94–116Google Scholar. The cave itself had been visited by Evans in 1885 and 1886. The Fitzwilliam Museum was to acquire some representative sherds in 1907 as a gift from the Greek government. For a contemporary account of Hogarth's excavations in 1900: Allsebrook, Born to Rebel, 97–8.

16 Spratt, T. A. B., Travels and Researches in Crete i (London, 1865), 163–70Google Scholar.

17 Halbherr, F., ‘Cretan expedition of the institute: xvi. Report on the researches at Praesos’, AJA 5 (1901), 371–92CrossRefGoogle Scholar (an article dated Rome 1899). For the excavation history see Whitley, J., ‘Praisos’, in Myers, J. W., Myers, E. E., and Cadogan, G., The Aerial Atlas of Ancient Crete (Berkeley, 1992), 256Google Scholar. Halbherr was supported by the Archaeological Institute of America: Dyson, Ancient Marbles, 72. For a convenient summary of his life: Shaw, J. W. and Bianco, G., ‘Halbherr, Federico (1857–1930)’, in de Grummond, N. Thomson (ed.), An Encyclopedia of the History of Classical Archaeology (London, 1996), 560–1Google Scholar.

18 For helpful maps of his tour: Brown, Before Knossos, maps 3 and 6. He had apparently been informed of the importance of the site by Halbherr (Brown, Before Knossos, 48). See A. J. Evans, ‘Explorations in Eastern Crete’, The Academy, (1896), nos. 1258–9, 1261, 1263. In 1934 John Pendlebury with the Seton Lloyds followed Evans' itinerary: Powell, Dilys, The Villa Ariadne (London, 1973), 92Google Scholar.

19 Demargne (n. 14), 571–80.

20 Bosanquet had earlier been appointed Assistant Director of the British School at Hogarth's request: Bosanquet, Letters and Light Verse, 69 (letter of 5 May 1899). For an overview of Bosanquet's career: E. S. Bosanquet (revised by D. W. J. Gill), ‘Bosanquet, Robert Carr (1871–1935)’, in New Dictionary of National Biography (in press).

21 Bosanquet, Letters and Light Verse, 73–4 (setting out on 27 Feb.). Bosanquet makes it clear that he had been in the area of Kritsa ‘last June’ (i.e. 1900).

22 Ibid., 77. Bosanquet mentioned to his sister that he had been in the village in March.

23 For Marshall's career: Venn, J. A., Alumni Cantabrigienses II, 1752–1900 (Cambridge, 1940–1954), iv, 333Google Scholar; Withers, J. J., A Register of Admissions to Kïng's College Cambridge 1797–1925 (London, 1929), 251Google Scholar: Wheeler, Mortimer, ‘Marshall, Sir John Hubert (1876–1958)’, DNB 1951 60, 698–9Google Scholar; obituary in Kïng's College Annual Report (1959), 13–16. Marshall was admitted as a scholar to King's College in 1895, taking Part I examinations in 1898, and Part II in 1900; he was Porson Prizeman in 1898.

24 In the Annual Meeting of Subscribers (30 Oct. 1899) it was mentioned that Marshall, ‘went out on his own account, and studied general Greek archaeology in Athens’ (BSA 5 [1898–1899], 100)Google Scholar. The year in Greece was preparatory to studying classical archaeology in Part II; see Kïng's College Annual Report (1958), 14, ‘Before taking his First in Part II he spent a year at the British School at Athens’.

25 BSA 7 (1900–1901), 163Google Scholar. The obituary in the Kïng's College Annual Report (1957), 14, also suggests Marshall ‘took part in excavations at Knossos and other sites in Crete under Sir Arthur Evans’.

26 Bosanquet completed Part II of the Classical Tripos in 1894. He had been admitted as Newcastle Scholar from Eton in 1890.

27 Venn (n. 23), 403. Wells was admitted a Pensioner at Trinity College on 13 June 1893, and would thus have overlapped with Bosanquet. He graduated BA in 1896 and MA in 1907. Jonathan Smith (Trinity College Library) has suggested that Wells probably took an ordinary degree, which would have included elements of classics, mathematics, theology, and sonic science. One of Wclls's claims to fame was that in 1895 he skated down the frozen river from Cambridge to Ely.

28 During the 1890s Somers Clarke (1841–1926) worked at both El-Kâb and Hierakonpolis: obituary in ‘Notes and News’, JEA 13 (1927), 80Google Scholar; Dawson, W. R. and Uphill, E. P. (eds), Who Was Who in Egyptology (London, 1972), 65Google Scholar.

29 BSA 7 (1900–1901), 163, 164Google Scholar. Wells was to be engaged in ‘making surveys of sites excavated by the School at Praesos and Petras, and of the Mycenaean site at Kato Zakro, where Mr Hogarth was digging. The work included both the mapping of very irregular broken country and the plotting of architectural remains’. Wells subsequently practised as an architect (BSA 8 (1901–1902), 319Google Scholar), being an FRIBA, and also as a landscape painter (and exhibitor at the Royal Academy). He died on 28 Apr. 1963 (Who Was Who 1961–70, 1186).

30 Bosanquet, Letters and Light Verse, 75. Their guide Manolakis came from Agioi Deka at Gortyn and had been recommended to Bosanquet by ‘the Italians’; later in May he was released is from service and replaced by a Chiot (Bosanquet, Letters and Light Verse, 81). This is presumably the same ‘Manoles, the son of a mountain chief, who was lent by Halbherr to Harriet Boyd during her visit to Gortyn in April 1900 (Allsebrook, Born to Rebel, 88–9). In a letter o f 15 Apr. 1908 Bosanquet was to recall the ride to Praisos: ‘We are taking in a cargo of oil, and I look across the glassy bay al the white village where Hogarth, Marshall and I slept on our way to Praesos in 1901’ (Bosanquet, Letters and Light Verse, 172). The letter was writte ‘On board S.S. “Thessalia”, off Chersonesos’. See also a letter of 8 Apr. 1902 (ibid, 114), which mistakenly suggests that the 1901 journey to Praisos had been in April.

31 Boyd, H. A., ‘Excavations al Kavousi. Crete, in 1900’, AJA 5 (1901), 125–57CrossRefGoogle Scholar (esp. pp. 137–43). Boyd had landed at Heraklion on 12 Apr. 1900, received a permit to excavate on 10 May, and commenced work at Kavousi on 14 May. See Allsebrook, Born to Rebel, 94–7; some of the account can also be found in Fagan, B. M. (ed.). Eyewitness to Discovery: First person Accounts of More than fifty of the World's Greatest Archaeological Discoveries (Oxford, 1996). 197–205Google Scholar. For Boyd's work in a wider American context: Lord, L. E., A History of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens 1882–1942: An Intercollegiate Project (Cambridge, Mass., 1947), 111Google Scholar.

32 Bosanquel, Letters and Light Verse, 75. The paths in this area were particularly dangerous: Allsebrook, Born to Rebel, 93. Pendlebury (Archaeology of Crete, 9) estimated the journey from Sitia to Gournia at about 8½ hours.

33 Bosanquel, Letters and Light Verse, 77.

34 Ibid., 79.

35 Bosanquet, R.G., ‘Excavations at Pracsos. I’, BSA 8 (1901–1902), 231–70Google Scholar; Conway, R. S., ‘The Pre-Hellenic inscriptions of Praesos’, BSA 8 (1901–1902), 125–56Google Scholar; Forster, E. S., ‘Praesos: the terracottas’, BSA 8 (1901–1902), 271–81Google Scholar. Bosanquet described the closing of the excavation and the movement of the finds—52 mule-loads—to Silia in letters to his mother of 6 and 23 July 1901 (Bosanquet, Letters and Light Verse, 82–6 ). For an overview of this part of Crete: Papadakis, N., Silia: Fatherland of Myson and Kornaros, A Historical, Archaeological and Cultural Guide (Silia, 1983)Google Scholar. See also the Royal Academy of Arts exhibition catalogue, British Archaeological Discoveries in Greece and Crete 1886–1936 (London, 1930), 69–70Google Scholar.

36 J. H. Marshall's excavation was in fact written up by Marshall, F. H., ‘Tombs of Hellenic date at Praisos’, BSA 12 (1905–1906), 63–70Google Scholar.

37 Hogarth, D. G., ‘Excavations at Zakro, Crete’, BSA 7 (1900–1901), 121–49Google Scholar. For excavations by Hogarth in the Pharangiton Nekron see also: Dawkins, W. Boyd, ‘Skulls from cave burials at Zakro’, BSA 7 (1900–1901), 150–6Google Scholar.

38 Hogarth (n. 37), 123. See also Hogarth's, Accidents of an Antiquary's Life (London, 1910), 78–90Google Scholar. See Rackham, O. and Moody, J., The Making of the Cretan Landscape (Manchester, 1996), 21–2Google Scholar (though placed in error during 1910).

39 BSA 7 (1900–1901), 164, 166Google Scholar.

40 Hogarth (n. 37), 126. Particular mention was made of ‘Zakro Kamarcs ware’. For a description of working on pottery and other antiquities in the museum at Heraklion, see Bosanquet, Letters and Light Verse, 107 (in a letter dated 6 Mar. 1902).

41 BSA 7 (1900–1901), 164Google Scholar: ‘Subsequently he travelled for some weeks in Eastern Crete and took part in the School excavations at Praesos during May, June, and July’.

42 Bosanquet, Letters and Light Verse, 85–6. This central route is described by Pendlebury (Archaeology of Crete, 9): ‘West of Praisos there is a choice ol roads, one rounding the North side of Romanati via Sykia, the other going round the South side, joining the first at Rukkaka; the former takes about 5 hours, the latter 7. From Rukkaka the road goes on to Avgo and Kavousi, reaching Gournia in rather under 4 hours’.

43 FM GR.23.1901. Budde and Nicholls, pl. 2, no. 14.

44 For this part of the route, Pendlebury, Archaeology of Crete, 10: ‘From Neapolis the road descends by Vrakhasi to Mallia in 3 hours.’

45 FM GR.21.1g01: Henig, Classical Gems, no. 557. For the beads, FM GR.73–4.1901: CMS vii.2. 254, no. 208 (GR.74.1901), 260–1, no. 212 (GR.73.1901). At this time Minoan seals were often worn by women as milk-charms: Allsebrook, Born to Rebel, 104.

46 Demargne, P., ‘Plaquettes votives de la Crète archaïque’, BCH 54 (1930), 195–209CrossRefGoogle Scholar; id., ‘Reeherches sur le site de l'Anavlochos (Province de Mirabello, Crète)’, BCH 55 (1931), 365–407 (with a plan of the site [p. 369, fig. 4], showing the Mallia-Neapolis road passing through). For French excavations on Crete: Tiré, C. & van Effenterre, H., Guide des fouilles françaises en Crète (Paris;, 1983)Google Scholar.

47 FM GR.49.1901.

48 FM GR. 20.1901.

49 Demargne, J., ‘Les ruines de Goulas ou l'ancienne ville de Lato en Crète’, BCH 25 (1901), 282–307CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also Evans, A. J., ‘Goulas: the city of Zeus’, BSA 2 (1895–1896), 169–94Google Scholar.

50 FM GR.55.1901.

51 FM GR.50.1901. The ‘chisel’ was apparently acquired from a ‘site above Sphaka’.

52 FM GR.18.1901. Exo Muliana was the site of a ‘bad massacre’ between Christians and Muslims: Bosanquet, Letters and Light Verse, 117.

53 S.A. Xanthoudides, ‘Εκ Κρήτης’, AE 1904, 21–50, ‘Οἱ τἀφοι τῶν Μουλιανῶν’ (pp. 1–56). See also Fowler, H. N., ‘Archaeological news, 1904’, AJA 9 (1905), 111–12CrossRefGoogle Scholar, especially noting ‘other similar tombs were found fifteen years ago by a peasant at Vourlia near Mouliana’.

54 FM GR.15K 19a-i, 48.1901.

55 Pendlebury (Archaeology of Crete, 9) describes this route: ‘The central route starts from Kato Zakros and ascends sharply, passing a number of small sites, to Apano Zakros in just over an hour, thence it again rises in a North-Westerly direction, skirts the north side of the hill above Apano Zakros and passing the small settlements and forts near Skallia and Sitanos reaches Praisos in 3½ hours from Apano Zakros’.

56 FM GR.77.1901 (CMS vii.2, 258–9, no. 111, Middle Minoan IA), GR.78.1901 (CMS vii.2, viii–ix, 249–50, no. 206, First Transitional Phase).

57 FM GR.71, 2.1901. For the three-sided prism-bead: FM GR.72.1901 (CMS 268–69, no, 216. Middle Minoan IB).

58 FM GR.81.1901. Henig, Classical Gems, no. 28b. For Marshall's interest in Cylinder seals: Winstone, H. V. F., Woolley of Ur: the Life of Sir Leonard Woolley (London, 1990), 126Google Scholar.

59 Three daggers, a chisel, and a seal: FM GR.4a–c, 5, 89.1901.

60 FM GR.70.1901. Henig, Classical Gems, nos. 28a.

61 In a letter of 14 Aug. 1901 from Hogarth to Evans (Evans Archive). I am grateful to Dr Sue Sherratt for giving me access to this letter. Joseph Hazzidakis was the ephor on Crete. Bosanquet (‘PK I’, 286) was later to note that the later Palaikastro excavation was ‘due in large measure to the courtesy of Dr. Dörpfeld, who had expressed a wish to excavate here but withdrew his claim in favour of the British School on learning that the interest of the site was mainly Mycenaean’.

62 Bosanquet, ‘PK I’, 297. Reconstructions of the painted larnax (by Gilliéron père) are illustrated on pls. xviii–xix.

63 Ibid., 301.

64 Quoted ibid., 300 1. The storm is presumably that of 15 May 1901.

65 Quoted ibid., 301.

66 Ibid., 301. For Comyn at Palaikastro the following year in his capacity as architect: Bosanquet, Letters and Light Verse, 127 (letter of 6 May 1902); ‘PK I’, 286.

67 FM GR.15.1901. The Annual Report of the Fitzwilliam Museum for 1901 suggests that these objects were acquired through Marshall. Other departmental records also link them with Bosanquet. For the seal: FM GR.15c.1901 (CMS vii.2, 276, no. 221, Second Transitional Phase).

68 His appointment was noted at the Annual Meeting of Subscribers on 14 Oct. 1902 (BSA 8 (1901–1902), 319Google Scholar). Withers, King's College Cambridge, 251 gives the date of his appointment as 22 Feb. 1902. Marshall had been a candidate for a Fellowship at King's College (King's College Annual Report (1958), 14) but his name was withdrawn.

69 Hogarth (n. 37), 126: ‘having now accepted a post in India, he has had to abandon the work’.

70 Marshall, F. H., ‘Tombs of Hellenic date at Praisos’, BSA 12 (1905–1906), 63–70Google Scholar. Frederick Marshall was born in 1878. He read for the Classical Tripos at Emmanuel College, Cambridge from 1897 to 1900. He joined the British Museum in 1901, a position he held until 1912, when he was elected a Fellow of Emmanuel College. From 1913 to 1919 he was Honorary Keeper of Greek and Roman Antiquities at the Fitzwilliam Museum, though this was interrupted by war work in the Postal Censor's Department at the War Office. From 1926 to 1947 he held the Koraes Chair of Modern Greek and Byzantine History, Language and Literature at King's College, University of London. See Venn (n. 23), iv, 333; obituary in Emmanuel College Magazine 38 (1955–1906Google Scholar). Significantly, perhaps, E H. Marshall failed to mention Praisos in his Discovery in Creek Lands: A Sketch of the Principal Excavations and Discoveries of the Last Fifty Years (Cambridge, 1920)Google Scholar. For other finds from Praisos, see also Hutchinson, R. W., Eccles, E., and Benton, S., ‘Unpublished objects from Palaikastro and Praisos. II’, BSA 40 (1939–1940), 38–59Google Scholar.

71 Hogarth (n. 37), 126, noting ‘an attack of fever’.

72 Bosanquet, ‘PK I’, 286–316. See also Bosanquet, Ellen S., Late Harvest: Memories, Letters and Poems (London, n.d.), 64–5Google Scholar.

73 Dawkins, R. M., ‘Excavations at Palaikastro, IV’, BSA 11 (1904–1905), 258–92Google Scholar.

74 Myres, J. L., ‘The sanctuary site of Petsophas’, BSA 9 (1902–1903), 356–87Google Scholar.

75 Wheeler, Still Digging, 179. Christopher Stray informs me that Curzon was keen on the classics. See SirCumming, John (ed.), Revealing India's Past (London, 1939)Google Scholar. A convenient summary can be found in Bahn, P. G. (ed.), The Cambridge Illustrated History of Archaeology (Cambridge, 1996), 170–2Google Scholar (‘The Marshall years’), with illustration of Marshall, his wife, and members of the Indian Archaeological Survey.

76 Wheeler, Still Digging, 180–1. Marshall married Florence Longhurst on the eve of his departure. Wheeler (Still Digging, 180) also retells the anecdote that the wrong Marshall may have taken up the appointment: ‘But whether the very young Marshall who, in response to a telegram, arrived in India with his bride in 1902 was or was not the Marshall actually intended for the new and responsible post, there can be no doubt that Fors Fortuna knew her business.’ Apart from Frederick Marshall, the other possibility was the Oxford-trained John Marshall, who became the agent for the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York: see Sox, D., Batchelors of Art (London, 1991), 107–32Google Scholar: Dyson, Ancient Marbles, 144. This John Marshall, writing from Rome in an undated letter (but after 1911), was to offer Evans some steatite vase fragments from Hagia Triada. I am gratelul to Dr Sue Sherratt for giving me access to this letter. Nayanjot Lahiri (University of Delhi) has kindly drawn my attention to the letter that E. Maunde Thompson wrote to Arthur Godley, Under Secretary of State for India on 30 September 1901 (India Office Records, London, Revenue and Statistics File No. 326/1901) which clearly identifies J. H. Marshall of King's College, Cambridge for the position in India.

77 Wheeler, Still Digging, 181. Wheeler (in the DNB) also described Marshall as ‘a pioneer of a high order’.

78 Wheeler, Still Digging, 181. In Marshall's DNB entry Wheeler was equally uncharitable, suggesting that Marshall ‘never adequately understood’ archaeological stratification.

79 C. Edens, in Bahn, (Cambridge Illustrated History of Archaeology, 171. It should be remembered that Marshall's role at Kato Zakro related to the classification of pottery, not on the excavation itself.

80 Childe, V. G., New Light on the Most Ancient East: the Oriental Prelude to European Prehistory (London, 1934), 207Google Scholar; quoted in Green, S., Prehistorian: a Biography of V. Gordon Childe (Bradford-on-Avon, 1981), 108Google Scholar.

81 Wheeler, Still Digging, 192; see also Green, Prehistorian, 108.

82 Wheeler, Still Digging, 182.

83 Venn (n. 23) iv., 335, records that Marshall was ‘on special duty’ with the Government of India. Marshall was awarded a Litt.D. in 1913, knighted in 1914, made an honorary Fellow of King's College in 1927. and finally elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 1936. Taxila had, of course its Greek appeal: ‘there was something appealingly Greek, [Marshall] said, in the countryside around it: in the groves of wild olive; on the rocky slopes, in the distant pine-clad hills, in the chill invigorating airs which blew from the snowfields beyond the Indus’ (King's College Annual Report (1958), 15). For an assessment of archaeology after Marshall's retirement: Winstone, Woolley of Ur, 214–16.

84 FM GR.10.1931. Fitzwilliam Museum Annual Report 1931.

85 Commander in Chief of the Royal Navy in the Mediterranean, 1828–31, 1833–34: DNB 35, 412–14.

86 FM GR.1.1835: Budde and Nicholls 98–102. pls. 53–5, no. 161. See Pashley, R., Travels in Crete (London, 1837)Google Scholar. It should be noted that the accession number predates the opening of the Fitzwilliam Museum. Pashley's tour of Greece and Crete took place in 1833: DNB 43, 436. For Arvi: Hood, S., Warren, P. and Cadogan, G., ‘Travels in Crete, 1962’, BSA 59 (1964), 89–93Google Scholar; Sanders, I. F., Roman Crete: An Archaeological Survey and Gazeteer of Late Hellenistic, Roman and Early Byzantine Crete (Warminster. 1982), 143Google Scholar, pl. 10.

87 See Spratt, T. A. B., Travels and Researches in Crete (London, 1865)Google Scholar. For the inscriptions: Babington, C., ‘Inscriptiones Sprattianae’, Journal of Sacred and Classical Philology, 2 (1855), 98–109Google Scholar.

88 FM GR.4.1854: IC II.xxii.i. See also Sanders, Roman Crete, 165.

89 FM GR.2.1854: IC I.xvii.24. See also Sanders, Roman Crete, 80–3, 159.

90 A marble sarcophagus lid, FM GR.1.1833: Budde and Nicholls 97, pl. 51, no. 158.

91 FM GR.1, 3, 5.1854. IC III.iv.2, 27, 36. For the archaic inscribed rock-drawing of a dolphin with the ‘signature’ of [Ti]mon (FM GR.1.1854): IC III. iv.2; Budde–Nicholls 9–10, pl. 5, no. 25. See also Sanders, Roman Crete, 138.

92 Many of the sherds appear in Lamb, W., Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum, Great Britain 11, Cambridge 2 (Oxford, 1936), 6–14Google Scholar. pls. 3 (482)–6 (485). Lamb notes ‘Nearly all the Minoan vases were presented in 1907 by the Greek Government through the Committee of the British School’. R. MacG. Dawkins was by then Director of the British School. Some Cretan material was given by individuals. For example, a Late Bronze Age ‘stemmed goblet’, ‘said to come from Crete’, and given by Dr M. R. James in 1906 (Lamb, CVA 2, pl. 5, 20), or a Cretan Geometric ‘lekythoid jug’ given by Wace in 1921 (Lamb, CVA 2, pl. 15, 1).

93 Quoted in Papadakis, N. P., The Exiled Archaeological Treasures of Ierapetra (Ierapetra, 1997), 72Google Scholar. Limited export of antiquities, with the permission of the Greek Government, was allowed under legislation of 24 July 1899.

94 For the development of the Fitzwilliam's collection of Greek and Roman antiquities after the First World War: Gill, D. W. J., ‘Winifred Lamb and the Fitzwilliam Museum’, in Stray, C. A. (ed.), Classics in 19th and 20th Century Cambridge: Curriculum, Culture and Community (PCPS suppl. vol. 24; Cambridge, 1999), 135–56Google Scholar. Central Crete: Knossos (1907, and subsequently through the 1930s), Nirou Chani (1923), Pyrgos (1923), and the Kamares Cave (1923). Eastern Crete: the Dictaean Cave (1907), Gournia (1908), and Vasiliki (1908, 1923). The sherds from Pyrgos, Nirou Khani, and Vasiliki were given by Alan Wace, who had stepped down as Director of the British School in 1923. Some of the sherd material from Crete has been transferred to the Cambridge Museum of Classical Archaeology. Later Cretan acquisitions by the Fitzwilliam Museum include a Hadra hydria: Gill, D. W. J.. ‘Museum supplement: recent acquisitions by the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge’, JHS 90 (1990), 292–3Google Scholar. no. 23 (GR.9.1977).

95 Butcher, K. and Gill, D. W. J.. ‘The director, the dealer, the goddess and her champions: the acquisition of the Fitzwilliam goddess’, AJA 97 (1993), 383–401CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For anecdotal (though not, perhaps, entirely accurate) evidence about her modern manufacture: Woolley, L., As I Seem to Remember (London, 1962), 21–3Google Scholar.

96 See Boardman, J., The Cretan Collection in Oxford (Oxford, 1961)Google Scholar.