Jakobshavns Isbra;, located at 69°10′ Ν on the west coast of Greenland, is the world’s fastest known glacier. Measurement of surface velocities at the calving front in July of 1964, 1976, 1978, 1985, and 1986 yielded a mean velocity of 20.6 m/d. Variation in mean velocity from year to year is less than 1 m/d. Velocity measurements 10 km behind the calving front indicated mean annual velocities of 17.1 m/d compared to mid-summer velocities of 17.6 m/d. The maximum possible decline in winter velocity is then 7%. Calculation of the volume flux into the fjord is 3.72 × 1010 m3 a−1 ± 10%. The surface balance of Jakobshavns Isbræ is 3.37 × 1010 m3 a−1 ± 12%. The agreement between these balance calculations, the long-term stability in glacier velocity, and the reasonably stable glacier front indicate that Jakobshavns Isbræ is in a state of near equilibrium, with probably a small negative balance.

A self-surging glacier model (Budd and McInnes, 1974;Budd, 1975), in which basal sliding is parameterized in terms of energy per unit area dissipated by basal friction, TbVb, has been extended to model the steady-state and time-dependent behaviour of eight Antarctic ice streams. Their basic characteristics were established with the working hypothesis of steady-state mass balance for the ice sheet as a whole, using a 20 km grid digitization of the surface and bedrock-elevation contours in Antarctica: glaciological and geophysical folio (Drewry, 1983). When the viscosity of the ice is lowered to values that are somewhat unrealistic for the present Antarctic ice, all the model ice streams enter a pulsating fast-sliding mode of flow in which the velocity reaches several km/year for periods ranging from fractions οf a year to tens of years. Except for one ice stream (Slessor Glacier), no substantial surge-like advances were found, and even in that case no periodic surging regime developed. The pulses are tentatively attributed to processes at the grounding line, with the converging width-parameterization scheme in the surging velocity calculation as another complexity that is still being investigated. For the cyclic surging Medvezhi Glacier model (Budd and Mclnnes, 1978), it has been found that the model surges change to shorter pulses as the width-convergence rate is increased.

It is concluded that the special regime and topography of ice streams — net accumulation increasing along the strongly converging flow and removal of the ice by calving rather than ablation — impede the onset of periodic surging. However, more sophisticated parameterizations of the basal hydraulics now in development may well show that ice-stream surges after all are possible.

The temperature profile measured in the Vostok bore hole is analysed. The temperature distribution in polar ice sheets depends mainly on past surface temperature, geothermal flux, and accumulation rate. In the present work, the heat equation is solved both for ice and for the underlying bedrock. The Vostok ice core offers a 160 000 year climatic record which is used to define the past surface temperature, while accumulation-rate variations are assumed to be governed by the saturation vapour pressure. The model is run for a number of different sets of parameters in order to find the parameter associations giving a good fit between the observed and the computed temperature profiles. With this model, it is possible to simulate the measured temperature profile within 0.1°C. To obtain this good fit, geothermal flux has to be higher than 50 mW/m2 and present-day accumulation rate must be lower than 2.6 cm/year. Sensitivity of these results both to the amplitude of surface-temperature change and to the velocity profile with depth is also investigated. Finally, it is shown that ice is at the melting point at the base of the ice sheet, which is in agreement with the presence of a subglacial lake near Vostok Station.

Position data from an Argos-tracked buoy deployed in the southern Weddell Sea in the austral summer of 1986 are analysed to determine important time-scales of variation of sea-ice motion in the seasonal sea-ice zone. Quality control and pre-processing of raw buoy data are discussed. Processed position data are subjected to time- and frequency-domain analyses. These highlight the importance of diurnal and semi-diurnal periodicities in the buoy motion. These preferred periodicities are associated with tidal forcing rather than wind forcing or inertial oscillations. Periodograms of the longitudinal component of buoy motion indicate that the power of the 24 h tidal component drops dramatically around day 130 in 1986. The possible causes of this are discussed and it is concluded that internal resistance within the sea-ice field may have increased at that time.

The largest ice island presently known to exist in the Arctic Ocean has a mass of about 700 × 106 tonnes, an area of about 26 km2, and a mean thickness of 42.5 m. Known as Hobson’s Ice Island, this large ice feature has been tracked almost continuously since August 1983 with a succession of Argos buoys. In this paper, two particular ice-island movement episodes near the north-west coast of Axel Heiberg Island are described: 6–16 May 1986 and 14–21 June 1986. Each movement episode is analyzed in terms of the forces acting on the ice island, including wind shear, water drag, water shear, Coriolis force, sea-surface tilt, and pack-ice force. Ice-island movement is generally preceded by an offshore surface wind, and a threshold wind speed of 6 m s°1 appears to be necessary to initiate ice-island motion. An angle of 50° between surface wind and ice-island movement direction is noted during one episode. The pack-ice force, which appears to be the dominant arresting factor of ice-island motion for these two episodes, varies from 100° to 180° to the left of the ice-island velocity direction, depending upon whether the ice island is accelerating or decelerating.

Movement of the sea-ice edge on short time-scales (<1 d) is due to a balance of forces between several mechanisms (wind stress, sea-surface tilt, internal ice stress, and Coriolis force) which are often comparable in magnitude. Other factors such as the force induced by partial reflection of short seas, internal gravity waves in the pycnocline, etc., may also contribute. Through the momentum equation, these mechanisms affect the dynamics of the ice edge. In this paper we suggest another mechanism which may have importance, namely, a radiation-stress contribution which derives from obliquely incident waves which are totally reflected from the ice edge by a process analogous to total internal reflection in optics. Such reflection generates both normal and shear forces at the ice edge, the former tending to compact the pack ice and the latter to shear the absolute edge. The effect is studied using some recent data collected during the Winter Weddell Sea Project 1986 in Antarctica, where it is found that the contribution to the force balance is significant. For thicker sea ice and icebergs acted upon by oblique seas, the radiation stress-induced force may outweigh more conventional terms in the momentum equation.

The glaciological structure and dynamics of West and Shackleton Ice Shelves, East Antarctica, are qualitatively determined using a combination of satellite remote-sensing techniques. Sketch maps traced from unenhanced imagery show the ice edge, grounding lines, flow lines, and rifts. Surface-elevation profiles and contour maps from radar altimetry provide free-board elevations of the floating ice and show flow-line undulations and rumples characteristic of grounded ice. West and Shackleton Ice Shelves consist of a combination of fast-moving ice tongues from outlet glaciers and slow-moving parts constrained by islands, ice rises, and ice rumples.

The dimensionless form of the field equations and boundary conditions governing plane flow of a grounded cold ice sheet emerge from balance statements of mass, momentum, and energy. They constitute an amended version of a reduced model of ice-sheet flow, due to Morland (1984) and Hutter (1983), and circumvent the restrictions imposed by the reduced model, namely the neglect of the longitudinal stretching effects. The amended version permits satisfaction of mass balance at the ice divide for arbitrary basal sliding conditions and gives a better reproduction of the local flow features.

Under very mild simplifying assumptions, namely that horizontal thermal conduction can be ignored close to the divide, we present a numerical analysis of the ice divide which has second-order accuracy. This analysis permits determination of the temperature profile, velocity, and stress distributions in a symmetric ice divide, provided that the ice-divide height, the local behavior of the accumulation and surface-temperature functions, and the geothermal heat flow are prescribed.

Ice motion in the Weddell Sea is examined for the period 19 August (Day 232) to 12 October (Day 286) 1986 using the tracks of four Argos buoys deployed during the Winter Weddell Sea Project 1986 (WWSP 86). Two were SPRI/BAS buoys, launched in December 1985 and March 1986 in the south-east and north-west Weddell Sea. The others were part of a mesoscale array deployed in the Maud Rise area by H. Hoeber of the Meteorologisches Institut der Universität Hamburg, during the WWSP 86 cruise of FS Polarstern. The four buoys operated together for 44 d, comprising a basin-scale quadrilateral from which the differential kinematic parameters of divergence, vorticity, shear, and stretch were extracted, as well as the large-scale pattern of motion. It is found that most deformation episodes were associated with atmospheric forcing events.

An analysis of field data for the lower reach of Columbia Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A., indicates that, during the time of the field work, glacier-speed variations in the tidal frequency range are dependent on tidal period variations in sea-level at the terminus, and diurnal period variations in melt-water input at the surface. A simple model based on a perturbation expansion of the flow equation provides a suitable framework in which to understand the observations. Variations in sea- level cause variations in the normal stress at the terminus and are transmitted up the glacier by way of the longitudinal stress. The variations in melt-water input affect glacier speed, presumably through changes in basal water pressure. The data set does not allow a detailed analysis of the relation between melt-water input, basal water pressure, and speed.

Ice velocity, surface elevation, and ice thickness were measured along oversnow traverse routes in the sector of Wilkes Land, East Antarctica, bounded by long. 93° and 131°E, and the coast and lat. 75°S. The velocity measurements show that the ice flow varies smoothly in both direction and magnitude over a distance scale of at least 20 times the ice thickness, and that it is in the direction of the surface slope averaged over a similar distance scale. A comparison of the mean horizontal shear strain-rate with the driving stress supports a power-law relation for the bulk rheology of the ice sheet with an exponent between 3 and 3.2