The egg of S. longa is described and illustrated (SEM micrographs).

Fifteen stonefly species were found in the streams of the Świȩtokrzyski National Park (Lysogóry chain of the Świȩtokrzyskie Mts) ; among them Protonemura intricata, Pr. praecox and Leuctra hippopus were found for the first time in this area.Clear difference between the stonefly fauna of the northern and southern slopes were observed.

The samples of emerging stoneflies obtained using slit traps indicated a three-phase course of emergence : early spring(two winter stoneflies), early summer (especially Perloidea) and autumn (a few abundant Nemouroidea). Early June andmiddle August are recommended as the sampling periods for benthon as far as stoneflies for bio-index studies are concerned.

The endemic Megaleptoperla diminuta (Plecoptera : Gripopterygidae) was numerous on introduced watercress, Nasturtium microphyllum in Waikoropupu Springs, New Zealand. Adult females laid eyed ova. There appear to be about 15 nymphal instars and a non-seasonal, one year life cycle. Ovoviviparity and viviparity in Australian and New Zealand Plecoptera and Trichoptera may be associated with seasonal aquatic vegetation and fluctuating water levels.

Since 1978 a sampling program is being conducted on various basins of Catalonia (NE-Spain), covering the whole ofthe basins of the rivers Tordera, Llobregat, Besòs, Ter, Foix and Segre (Andorran rivers included).A total of 51 species of Plecoptera has been collected in a range of altitudes from 100 m to 2 250 m. Among them, thereare stenothermal species of high altitude and a group of species that live in temporary water courses. Some species of Leuctridae, Capniidae and Chloroperlidae are members of the interstitial fauna in some instars of their life.

Für die Art Isoperla grammatica Poda, 1761 wird ein Neotypus beschrieben. Die Männchen dieser Art sind sowohl durch ihre Trommelzeichen als auch durch die Strukturen des Aedeagus zu erkennen, die Weibchen können über die Strukturen der Vagina bestimmt werden. Die Art wurde bisher in den Alpen (an der Drau) und in den Pyrineen (Pyrénées Orientales) gefunden.

Three species of Isoperla occur in Fennoscandia. The most common is I. grammatica, although it has not been recordedabove the subalpine vegetation belt. I. difformis has a similar distribution, but is less common. I. obscura occurs mainlyat high latitudes and altitudes, although it is also abundant in large rivers.Eggs were reared at temperatures of 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24° C. I. difformis did not hatch at 4° C. I. grammatica at 4and 8° C while I. obscura did not hatch at 16° C and above. Egg mortality was high in I. difformis at 24° C. Incubationperiod decreased with increase in temperature and varied between 28 and 68 days in I. grammatica and between 15 and83 days in I. difformis. For I. grammatica and I. difformis, the relationship between the egg incubation period and thewater temperature was linear on logarithmic scales. For I. obscura, no such relationship was found and the mean incubation period at all temperatures was 305 ± 57 (S.D.) days. Explanations are presented to explain these differences in egg incubation characteristics.

A new classification of Perlodinae (sensu Zwick 1973) is proposed in which three tribes are recognized. Arcynopterygini Ricker & Scudder includes genera whose eggs are circular in cross section while Perlodini Klapálek and Diploperlini, new tribe, include genera whose eggs are triangular or semicircular in cross section.

The use of comparative larval morphology and drumming behavior in stonefly systematics is discussed. A tentative assignment of plesiobehavioric and apobehavioric states to drumming in Plecoptera is made, based upon the described behavior of 46 North American species, representing 8 families and 25 genera. Experiments are described which show that pairs of Perlinella drymo effectively transmit and receive signals at minimum distances of 8 m through a continuous wooden rod, 5-9 mm in diameter. Communication was achieved for shorter distances of 10-200 cm by male and female P. drymo drumming in manilla paper boxes resting on foam rubber pads. Pairs of P. drymo were unable to communicate at distances of 25 cm on a 4.2 kg rock, nor were Pteronarcella badia (Hagen) at a distance of 25 cm, when male and female were on separate, dried aspen limbs.

Even though the insects of the Neotropical area had been neglected, several authors have studied different aspects ofthe Southern Neotropical Plecoptera (Aubert, Benedetto, Enderlein, Froehlich, Gerstaecker, Illies, Navás, Klapálek, Werner, Zwick), specially the Andean oligostenothermal cool-adapted stoneflies.Most of the Argentinian river basins are widely spread out. The upper reaches of the Negro hydrographic system areon the east slope of the Andes and discharge into the Limay and Neuquén rivers downstream. The Negro river is formedby the convergence of both rivers and presents a sequence of reservoirs (main-stream impoundments on Limay and off-channel ones at Neuquén) ; it reaches the South Atlantic coast at approximately 41 ° S.The headstreams of the Valdivia system are on the west slope of the Andes. This river, much shorter than the Negro,joins the Pacific at 40° S. Transition from rhithron to potamon is rapid, if indeed the potamon exists.Macrozoobenthic samples of these two North Patagonian river basins, Negro (Argentina) and Valdivia (Chile) were taken in the period 1977-1983 in order to compare habitats of aquatic insects and other invertebrates on both slopes of the Andes and at the same latitude.Ten genera of Plecoptera were recorded by the author as nymphs : Gripopterygidae (Antarctoperla, Limnoperla, Potamoperla, Pelurgoperla, and Araucanioperla ?), Diamphipnoidae (Diamphipnoa and Diamphipnopsis), Austroperlidae (Klapopteryx), Notonemouridae (Austronemoura) and Perlidae (Kempnyella).Most of these genera of Plecoptera were collected in the upper rhithral. Only Antarctoperla and Limnoperla were foundin reservoirs, in one lake and in medium-size to wide rivers. Gripoperygids were more frequent on the Argentine side ;the other families were more abondant on the opposite slope ; this situation can probably be explained by the differentecological conditions brought about by cattle raising and dam construction.

Plecoptera collected from 11 locations along the longitudinal profile (first to fifth orders) of a Rocky Mountain stream(St. Vrain Creek) revealed distinctive spatial patterns of species diversity. Overall diversity was low near the stream source (epirhithron), attained maximum values in middle reaches, then declined dramatically concomitant with the transition from rhithron to potamon conditions. Shannon-Weaver index values ([math]) were < 1.0 at high elevations and at the potamon station, whereas [math] exceeded 3.0 in middle reaches. Species richness based on summer data alone is depressed by nearly 50 % at some locations, but the summer spatial pattern of [math] values is in general concordance with that derived from the entire data set. Species diversity patterns of consecutive summers were relatively stable considering the substantial differencesin discharge. To accurately determine Plecoptera diversity patterns, it was necessary to combine data from bothfine (240 µm) and coarse mesh (720 µm samples). Although a myriad of interrelated factors determine the diversity of loticinsects at a given site, summer maximum temperature and annual temperature range appear to be major variablescontrolling the spatial diversity pattern of Plecoptera.

The west palearctic species of Marthamea are reviewed. Adults are distinct from other European genera, but larvaeand eggs are very similar to those of genus Phasganophora. M. beraudi (Navás) (Antilebanon Mts.) is re-instated as a species distinct from M. vitripennis (Burmeister). A lectotype of the latter is designated. Its range includes south-west, centraland south-east Europe. Records from Syria are unconfirmed, those from Israel are erroneous. The species has in thepast been confused with larvae of a Phasganophora species. M. selysii (Pictet) has brachypterous males and is known fromSpain north to Meuse and Moselle rivers. Keys to adults and larvae are presented, but larval M. selysii and M. vitripenniscan presently not be separated. The European Marthamea species are inhabitants of the potamon and are endangered ;they are presently already extinct in parts of their former ranges.