Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-19T01:50:37.405Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Gene expression in the digestive tissues of ruminants and their relationships with feeding and digestive processes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 November 2009

E. E. Connor ,
R. W. Li ,
R. L. Baldwin VI  and
C. Li
E. E. Connor*
Affiliation:
US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Bovine Functional Genomics Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA
R. W. Li
Affiliation:
US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Bovine Functional Genomics Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA
R. L. Baldwin VI
Affiliation:
US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Bovine Functional Genomics Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA
C. Li
Affiliation:
US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Bovine Functional Genomics Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA
*
†E-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) has multiple functions including digestion, nutrient absorption, secretion of hormones and excretion of wastes. In the ruminant animal, development of this organ system is more complex than that of the monogastric animal due to the necessity to establish a fully functional and differentiated rumen, in which a diverse microbial population of bacteria, fungi and protozoa support fermentation and digestion of dietary fiber. Central to the goal of animal scientists to enhance nutrient uptake and production efficiency of ruminants is the need for a comprehensive understanding of GIT development, as well as conditions that alter the digestion process. The relatively recent availability of genome sequence information has permitted physiological investigations related to the process of digestion for many agriculturally important species at the gene transcript level. For instance, numerous studies have evaluated the expression of ruminant GIT genes to gain insight into mechanisms involved in normal function, physiology and development, such as nutrient uptake and transport across the epithelial cell barrier throughout the alimentary canal, maintenance of rumen pH, and regulation of GIT motility and cell proliferation. Further, multiple studies have examined the effects of dietary modification, including feeding of supplemental fat, starch and protein, or a forage- v. concentrate-based diet on expression of critical gene pathways in the gut. In addition, the expression of genes in the GIT in response to disease, such as infection with gastrointestinal parasites, has been investigated. This review will summarize some of the recent scientific literature related to the gene expression in the GIT of ruminants, primarily cattle, sheep and goats, as it pertains to normal physiology, and dietary, developmental, and disease effects to provide an overview of critical proteins participating in the overall digestive processes, and their physiological functions. Recent findings from our laboratory will be highlighted also related to expression of the glucagon-like peptide two-hormone pathway in the GIT of dairy cattle during in various stages of the development and lactation, alterations in gene pathways associated with the rumen development and differentiation in the weaning calf, and genes of the GIT responding to Ostertagia, a common nematode infection of the cattle. Finally, prospective areas of investigation will be highlighted.

Keywords

development, diet, digestion, gene expression, parasitic disease
Type
Full Paper
Information
animal , Volume 4 , Issue 7: XIth International Symposium on Ruminant Physiology (ISRP), 6–9 September, 2009 Clermont-Ferrand (France) , July 2010 , pp. 993 - 1007
Copyright
Copyright © The Animal Consortium 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Albrecht, E, Kolisek, M, Viergutz, T, Zitnan, R, Schweigel, M 2008. Molecular identification, immunolocalization, and functional activity of a vacuolar-type H+-ATPase in bovine rumen epithelium. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 178, 285–295.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alcala-Canto, Y, Ibarra-Velarde, F 2008. Cytokine gene expression and NF-κB activation following infection of intestinal epithelial cells with Eimeria bovis or Eimeria alabamensis in vitro. Parasite Immunology 30, 175–179.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Annison, EF, Linzell, JL 1964. The oxidation and utilization of glucose and acetate by the mammary gland of the goat in relation to their over-all metabolism and to milk formation. Journal of Physiology 175, 372–385.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Araujo, RN, Padilha, T, Zarlenga, D, Sonstegard, T, Connor, EE, Van Tassell, C, Lima, WS, Nascimento, E, Gasbarre, LC 2009. Use of a candidate gene array to delineate gene expression patterns in cattle selected for resistance or susceptibility to intestinal nematodes. Veterinary Parasitology 162, 106–115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aschenbach, JR, Bhatia, SK, Pfannkuche, H, Gäbel, G 2000a. Glucose is absorbed in a sodium-dependent manner from forestomach contents of sheep. The Journal of Nutrition 130, 2797–2801.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aschenbach, JR, Wehning, H, Kurze, M, Schaberg, E, Nieper, H, Burckhardt, G, Gäbel, G 2000b. Functional and molecular biological evidence of SGLT-1 in the ruminal epithelium of sheep. American Journal of Physiology – Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 279, G20–G27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bergman, EN 1990. Energy contributions of volatile fatty acids from the gastrointestinal tract in various species. Physiological Reviews 70, 567–590.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bilk, S, Huhn, K, Honscha, KU, Pfannkuche, H, Gäbel, G 2005. Bicarbonate exporting transporters in the ovine ruminal epithelium. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 175, 365–374.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blum, JW, Baumrucker, CR 2008. Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), IGF binding proteins, and other endocrine factors in milk: role in the newborn. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 606, 397–422.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bricarello, PA, Zaros, LG, Coutinho, LL, Rocha, RA, Silva, MB, Kooyman, FN, De Vries, E, Yatsuda, AP, Amarante, AF 2008. Immunological responses and cytokine gene expression analysis to Cooperia punctata infections in resistant and susceptible Nelore cattle. Veterinary Parasitology 155, 95–103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brikas, P, Fioramonti, J, Bueno, L 1994. Types of serotonergic receptors involved in the control of reticulo-ruminal myoelectric activity in sheep. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 17, 345–352.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burrin, DG, Ferrell, CL, Eisemann, JH, Britton, RA, Nienaber, JA 1989. Effect of level of nutrition on splanchnic blood flow and oxygen consumption in sheep. British Journal of Nutrition 62, 23–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burrin, DG, Stoll, B, Guan, X 2003. Glucagon-like peptide 2 function in domestic animals. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 24, 103–122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Choi, K-C, Jeung, E-B 2008. Molecular mechanism of regulation of the calcium-binding protein calbindin-D9k and its physiological role(s) in mammals: a review of current research. Molecular Medicine 12, 409–420.Google ScholarPubMed
De Ponti, F, Giaroni, C, Cosentino, M, Lecchini, S, Frigo, G 1996. Adrenergic mechanisms in the control of gastrointestinal motility: from basic science to clinical applications. Pharmacology and Therapeutics 69, 59–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diez-Tascón, C, Keane, OM, Wilson, T, Zadissa, A, Hyndmann, DL, Baird, DB, McEwan, JC, Crawford, AM 2005. Microarray analysis of selection lines from outbred populations to identify genes involved with nematode parasite resistance in sheep. Physiological Genomics 21, 59–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Engel, L, Kobel, B, Ontsouka, EC, Graber, HU, Blum, JW, Steiner, A, Meylan, M 2006. Distribution of mRNA coding for 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor subtypes in the intestines of healthy dairy cows and dairy cows with cecal dilation-dislocation. American Journal of Veterinary Research 67, 95–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Etschmann, B, Heipertz, KS, von der Schulenburg, A, Schweigel, M 2006. A vH+-ATPase is present in cultured sheep ruminal epithelial cells. American Journal of Physiology – Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 291, G1171–G1179.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gäbel, G, Aschenbach, JA 2006. Ruminal SCFA absorption: channeling acids without harm. In Ruminant physiology: digestion, metabolism and impact of nutrition on gene expression, immunology and stress (ed. K Sejrsen, T Hvelplund and MO Nielsen), pp. 173–195. Wageningen Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gasbarre, LC, Leighton, EA, Sonstegard, T 2001. Role of the bovine immune system and genome in resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes. Veterinary Parasitology 98, 51–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Georgiev, IP, Georgieva, TM, Pfaffl, M, Hammon, HM, Blum, JW 2003. Insulin-like growth factor and insulin receptors in intestinal mucosa of neonatal calves. Journal of Endocrinology 176, 121–132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Georgieva, TM, Georgiev, IP, Ontsouka, E, Hammon, HM, Pfaffl, MW, Blum, JW 2003. Abundance of message for insulin-like growth factors-I and -II and for receptors for growth hormone, insulin-like growth factors-I and -II, and insulin in the intestine and liver of pre- and full-term calves. Journal of Animal Science 81, 2294–2300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Graham, C, Gatherar, I, Haslam, I, Glanville, M, Simmons, NL 2007. Expression and localization of moncarboxylate transporters and sodium/proton exchangers in bovine rumen epithelium. The American Journal of Physiology – Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 292, R977–R1007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halestrap, AP, Price, NT 1999. The proton-linked monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) family: structure, function and regulation. Biochemical Journal 343, 281–299.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hammon, HM, Blum, JW 2002. Feeding different amounts of colostrum or only milk replacer modify receptors of intestinal insulin-like growth factors and insulin in neonatal calves. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 22, 155–168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hansen, MB 2003. Neurohumoral control of gastrointestinal motility. Physiological Research 52, 1–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Honma, K, Mochizuki, K, Goda, T 2009. Inductions of histone H3 acetylation at lysine 9 on SGLT1 gene and its expression by feeding mice a high carbohydrate/fat ratio diet. Nutrition 25, 40–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huhn, K, Müller, F, Honscha, KU, Pfannkuche, H, Gäbel, G 2003. Molecular and functional evidence for a Na+-HCO3−-cotransporter in sheep ruminal epithelium. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 173, 277–284.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hyatt, S, Aulak, L, Malandro, M, Kilberg, M, Hatzoglou, M 1997. Adaptive regulation of the cationic amino acid transporter 1 (CAT-1) in Fao cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272, 19951–19957.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ingham, A, Reverter, A, Windon, R, Hunt, P, Menzies, M 2008. Gastrointestinal nematode challenge induces some conserved gene expression changes in the gut mucosa of genetically resistant sheep. International Journal for Parasitology 38, 431–442.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keane, OM, Zadissa, A, Wilson, T, Hyndman, DL, Greer, GJ, Baird, DB, McCulloch, AF, Crawford, AM, McEwan, JC 2006. Gene expression profiling of naïve sheep genetically resistant and susceptible to gastrointestinal nematodes. BMC Genomics 7, 42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keane, OM, Dodds, KG, Crawford, AM, McEwan, JC 2008. Identifying genes for intestinal nematode resistance using transcriptional profiling. Developments in Biologicals (Basel) 132, 205–212.Google ScholarPubMed
Kirat, D, Kato, S 2006. Monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) mediates transport of short-chain fatty acids in bovine caecum. Experimental Physiology 91, 835–844.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirat, D, Inoue, H, Iwano, H, Hirayama, K, Yokota, H, Taniyama, H, Kato, S 2005. Expression and distribution of monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) in the gastrointestinal tract of calves. Research in Veterinary Science 79, 45–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirat, D, Inoue, H, Iwano, H, Hirayama, K, Yokota, H, Taniyama, H, Kato, S 2006a. Monocarboxylate transporter 1 gene expression in the ovine gastrointestinal tract. The Veterinary Journal 171, 462–467.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirat, D, Masuoka, J, Hayashi, H, Iwano, H, Yokota, H, Taniyama, H, Kato, S 2006b. Monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) plays a direct role in short-chain fatty acids absorption in caprine rumen. Journal of Physiology 576, 635–647.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirat, D, Matsuda, Y, Yamashiki, N, Hayashi, H, Kato, S 2007. Expression, cellular localization, and functional role of monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4) in the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants. Gene 391, 140–149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kobel, B, Engel, L, Ontsouka, EC, Graber, HU, Blum, JW, Steiner, A, Meylan, M 2006. Quantitative mRNA analysis of adrenergic receptor subtypes in the intestines of healthy dairy cows and dairy cows with cecal dilation-dislocation. American Journal of Veterinary Research 67, 1367–1376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koho, N, Maijala, V, Norberg, H, Nieminen, M, Pösö, AR 2005. Expression of MCT1, MCT2 and MCT4 in the rumen, small intestine and liver of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 141, 29–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kramer, T, Michelberger, T, Gürtler, H, Gäbel, G 1996. Absorption of short-chain fatty acids across rumen epithelium of sheep. Journal of Comparative Physiology. B, Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology 166, 262–269.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krüger, KA, Blum, JW, Greger, DL 2005. Expression of nuclear receptor and target genes in liver and intestine of neonatal calves fed colostrum and Vitamin A. Journal of Dairy Science 88, 3971–3981.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lane, MA, Baldwin, RL VI, Jesse, BW 2002. Developmental changes in ketogenic enzyme gene expression during sheep rumen development. Journal of Animal Science 80, 1538–1544.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leonhard-Marek, S, Becker, G, Breves, G, Schröder, B 2007. Chloride, gluconate, sulfate, and short-chain fatty acids affect calcium flux rates across the sheep forestomach epithelium. Journal of Dairy Science 90, 1516–1526.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lescale-Matys, L, Dyer, J, Scott, D, Freeman, TC, Wright, EM, Shirazi-Beechey, SP 1993. Regulation of the ovine intestinal Na+/glucose co-transporter (SGLT1) is dissociated from mRNA abundance. The Biochemical Journal 291 (Pt 2), 435–440.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, J, Hovde, C 2007. Expression profiles of bovine genes in the rectoanal junction mucosa during colonization with Eschericia coli O157:H7. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, 2380–2385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, RW, Gasbarre, LC 2009. A temporal shift in regulatory networks and pathways in the bovine small intestine during Cooperia oncophora infection. International Journal for Parasitology 39, 813–824.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, RW, Gasbarre, LC. Gene expression in the bovine gastrointestinal tract during nematode infection. Veterinary Parasitology, In Press.Google Scholar
Li, RW, Sonstegard, TS, Van Tassell, CP, Gasbarre, LC 2007. Local inflammation as a possible mechanism of resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes in Angus heifers. Veterinary Parasitology 145, 100–107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liao, SF, Alman, MJ, Vanzant, ES, Miles, ED, Harmon, DL, McLeod, KR, Boling, JA, Matthews, JC 2008a. Basal expression of nucleoside transporter mRNA differs among small intestinal epithelia of beef steers and is differentially altered by ruminal or abomasal infusion of starch hydrolysate. Journal of Dairy Science 91, 1570–1584.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liao, SF, Vanzant, ES, Boling, JA, Matthews, JC 2008b. Identification and expression pattern of cationic amino acid transporter-1 mRNA in small intestinal epithelia of Angus steers at four production stages. Journal of Animal Science 86, 620–631.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lobley, GE, Connell, A, Milne, E, Newman, AM, Ewing, TA 1994. Protein synthesis in splanchnic tissues of sheep offered two levels of intake. British Journal of Nutrition 71, 3–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McLeod, KR, Baldwin, RL VI 2000. Effects of diet forage : concentrate ratio and metabolizable energy intake on visceral organ growth and in vitro oxidative capacity of gut tissues in sheep. Journal of Animal Science 78, 760–770.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meylan, M, Georgieva, TM, Reist, M, Blum, JW, Martig, J, Georgiev, IP, Steiner, A 2004a. Distribution of mRNA that codes for 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor subtypes in the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows. American Journal of Veterinary Research 65, 1151–1158.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meylan, M, Georgieva, TM, Reist, M, Blum, JW, Martig, J, Georgiev, IP, Steiner, A 2004b. Distribution of mRNA that codes for subtypes of adrenergic receptors in the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows. American Journal of Veterinary Research 65, 1142–1150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Müller, F, Aschenback, JR, Gabel, G 2000. Role of Na+/H+ exchange and HCO3− transport in pHi recovery from intracellular acied load in cultured epithelial cells of sheep rumen. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 170, 337–343.Google ScholarPubMed
Müller, F, Huber, K, Pfannkuche, H, Aschenbach, J, Breves, G, Gäbel, G 2002. Transport of ketone bodies and lactate in the sheep ruminal epithelium by monocarboxylate transporter 1. American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointesinal and Liver Physiology 283, G1139–G1146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ontsouka, EC, Korczak, B, Hammon, HM, Blum, JW 2004a. Real-time PCR quantification of bovine lactase mRNA: localization in the gastrointestinal tract of milk-fed calves. Journal of Dairy Science 87, 4230–4237.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ontsouka, EC, Philipona, C, Hammon, HM, Blum, JW 2004b. Abundance of mRNA encoding for components of the somatotropic axis and insulin receptor in different layers of the jejunum and ileum of neonatal calves. Journal of Animal Science 82, 3181–3188.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ontsouka, EC, Hammon, HM, Blum, JW 2004c. Expression of insulin-like growth factors (IGF)-1 and -2, IGF-binding proteins-2 and -3, and receptors for growth hormone, IGF type-1 and -2 and insulin in the gastrointestinal tract of neonatal calves. Growth Factors 22, 63–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ontsouka, CE, Sauter, SN, Blum, JW, Hammon, HM 2004d. Effects of colostrum feeding and dexamethasone treatment on mRNA levels of insulin-like growth factors (IGF)-I and -II, IGF binding proteins-2 and -3, and on receptors for growth hormone, IGF-I, IGF-II, and insulin in the gastrointestinal tract of neonatal calves. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 26, 155–175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ontsouka, EC, Blum, JW, Steiner, A, Meylan, M 2006a. 5-Hydroxytryptamine-4 receptor messenger ribonucleic acid levels and densities in gastrointestinal muscle layers from healthy cows. Journal of Animal Science 84, 3277–3284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ontsouka, EC, Blum, JW, Steiner, A, Meylan, M 2006b. mRNA expression and binding sites for α2-adrenergic receptor subtypes in muscle layers of the ileum and spiral colon of dairy cows. American Journal of Veterinary Research 67, 1883–1889.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ontsouka, EC, Bruckmaier, RM, Steiner, A, Blum, JW, Meylan, M 2007. Messenger RNA levels and binding sites of muscarinic acetycholine receptors in gastrointestinal muscle layers from healthy dairy cows. Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction 27, 147–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pernthaner, A, Cole, SA, Morrison, L, Hein, WR 2005. Increased expression of interleukin-5 (IL-5), IL-13, and tumor necrosis factor alpha genes in intestinal lymph cells of sheep selected for enhanced resistance to nematodes during infection with Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Infection and Immunity 73, 2175–2183.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pfaffl, MW, Georgieva, TM, Georgiev, IP, Ontsouka, E, Hageleit, M, Blum, JW 2002. Real-time RT-PCR quantification of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, IGF-1 receptor, IGF-2, IGF-2 receptor, insulin receptor, growth hormone receptor, IGF-binding proteins 1, 2 and 3 in the bovine species. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 22, 91–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pfaffl, MW, Lange, IG, Meyer, HHD 2003. The gastrointestinal tract as target of steroid hormone action: quantification of steroid receptor mRNA expression (AR, ERα, ERβ and PR) in 10 bovine gastrointestinal tract compartments by kinetic RT-PCR. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 84, 159–166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reist, M, Pfaffl, MW, Morel, C, Meylan, M, Hirsbrunner, G, Blum, JW, Steiner, A 2003. Quantitative mRNA analysis of eight bovine 5-HT receptor subtypes in brain, abomasum, and intestine by real-time RT-PCR. Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction 23, 271–287.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reynolds, CK, Kristensen, NB 2008. Nitrogen recycling through the gut and the nitrogen economy of ruminants: an asynchronous symbiosis. Journal of Animal Science 86, E293–E305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ritzhaupt, A, Wood, IS, Ellis, A, Hosie, KB, Shirazi-Beechey, SP 1998. Identification and characterization of a monocarboxylate transporter (MCT1) in pig and human colon: its potential to transport l-lactate as well as butyrate. Journal of Physiology 513 (Pt 3), 719–732.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roh, SG, Kuno, M, Hishikawa, D, Hong, YH, Katoh, K, Obara, Y, Hidari, H, Sasaki, S 2007. Identification of differentially expressed transcripts in bovine rumen and abomasum using a differential display method. Journal of Animal Science 85, 395–403.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sehested, J, Diernaes, L, Møller, PD, Skadhauge, E 1999. Ruminal transport and metabolism of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in vitro: effect of SCFA chain length and pH. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology 123, 359–368.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sepponen, K, Koho, N, Puolanne, E, Ruusunen, M, Pösö, AR 2003. Distribution of monocarboxylate transporter isoforms MCT1, MCT2 and MCT4 in porcine muscles. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 177, 79–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shirazi-Beechey, SP, Hirayama, BA, Wang, Y, Scott, D, Smith, MW, Wright, EM 1991. Ontogenetic development of lamb intestinal sodium-glucose co-transporter is regulated by diet. Journal of Physiology 437, 699–708.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steiner, A 2003. Modifiers of gastrointestinal motility of cattle. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 19, 1–14.Google ScholarPubMed
Stewart, GS, Graham, C, Cattell, S, Smith, TPL, Simmons, NL, Smith, CP 2005. UT-B is expressed in bovine rumen: potential role in ruminal urea transport. American Journal of Physiology – Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 289, R605–R612.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tagari, H, Bergman, EN 1978. Intestinal disappearance and portal blood appearance of amino acids in sheep. Journal of Nutrition 108, 790–803.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor-Edwards, C, McLeod, KR, Matthews, JC, Holst, JJ, Harmon, DL 2007. Evidence for a role of glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) in ruminant animals. The FASEB Journal 21, 839.Google Scholar
Taylor-Edwards, CC, Edwards, DB, Doig, MJ, Vanzant, ES, McLeod, KR, Boling, JA, Matthews, JC, Harmon, DL 2008. Proglucagon and GLP-2 receptor mRNA distribution in the ruminant gastrointestinal tract. Journal of Animal Science 86 (E-suppl. 2), 428. Abstract TH79.Google Scholar
Urban, JF Jr, Madden, KB, Svetic, A 1992. The importance of Th2 cytokines in protective immunity to nematodes. Immunological Reviews 127, 205–220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Soest, PJ 1994. Function of the ruminant forestomach. In Nutritional ecology of the ruminant, 2nd edition, pp. 230–252. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, USA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vayro, S, Wood, IS, Dyer, J, Shirazi-Beechey, SP 2001. Transcriptional regulation of the ovine intestinal Na+/glucose cotransporter SGLT1 gene. Role of HNF-1 in glucose activation of promoter function. European Journal of Biochemistry 268, 5460–5470.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Velayudhan, BT, Daniels, KM, Horrell, DP, Hill, SR, McGilliard, ML, Corl, BA, Hiang, H, Akers, RM 2008. Developmental histology, segmental expression, and nutritional regulation of somatotropic axis genes in small intestine of preweaned dairy heifers. Journal of Dairy Science 91, 3343–3352.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wood, IS, Dyer, J, Hofmann, RR, Shirazi-Beechey, SP 2000. Expression of the Na+/glucose co-transporter (SGLT1) in the intestine of domestic and wild ruminants. Pflügers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology 441, 155–162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yamagishi, N, Yukawa, YA, Ishiguro, N, Soeta, S, Lee, IH, Boshi, K, Yamada, H 2002. Expression of calbindin-D9k messenger ribonucleic acid in the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cattle. Journal of Veterinary Medicine A, Physiology, Pathology, Clinical Medicine 49, 461–465.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yazbeck, R, Howarth, GS, Abbott, CA 2009. Growth factor based therapies and intestinal disease: Is glucagon-like peptide-2 the new way forward? Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews 20, 175–184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Young, JW 1977. Gluconeogenesis in cattle: significance and methodology. Journal of Dairy Science 60, 1–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zanming, S, Seyfert, H-M, Löhrke, B, Schneider, F, Zitnan, R, Chudy, A, Kuhla, S, Hammon, HM, Blum, JW, Martens, H, Hagemeister, H, Voigt, J 2004. An energy-rich diet causes rumen papillae proliferation associated with more IGF type 1 receptors and increased plasma IGF-1 concentrations in young goats. Journal of Nutrition 134, 11–17.Google Scholar
Zhao, FQ, Okine, EK, Cheeseman, CI, Shirazi-Beechey, SP, Kennelly, JJ 1998. Glucose transporter gene expression in lactating bovine gastrointestinal tract. Journal of Animal Science 76, 2921–2929.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed