Fifty-five calves aged 105 days of age, of both sexes, belonging to two genetic groups (H, high or L, low) differing in their predicted breeding value (PBV) by 78 kg for fat plus protein yield, were individually penned for 3 weeks with the final 2 weeks on a diet designed to provide energy close to their maintenance requirements. The calves were then cannulated in the jugular vein and blood was sampled every 15 min for 25 h. Following this a growth hormone releasing factor (GRF) preparation was administered on up to four occasions, being one of (per kg live weight) either 0·2 or 0·4 μg GRF (treatments SGRF or DGRF respectively) or 0·2 μg thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH). On each occasion blood samples were taken at −15, 4, 8,12,16, 20 and 45 min relative to the time of administration and up to four further occasions, one prior to and three within 32 min of administration. Samples were assayed for growth hormone (GH).

GH concentration of troughs prior to an episode of GH release was 1·19-fold greater in H compared with L calves with concentrations decreasing to 0·9 of their previous values each h. Trough and peak concentrations had repeatabilities of 0·21 and 0·26 respectively (both P < 0·05). There was no association between PBV and either peak concentrations, number of pulses (4·84 per 25 h) or mean GH concentration (13·3 μg/l).

GH released was only 1·11-fold greater after DGRF than SGRF. The difference in the regression coefficients for PBV between SGRF and DGRF was small, as it was for the difference between coefficients for the two sexes. The pooled coefficient was 0·00342 loge units per kg (s.e. 0·00157; P< 0·05) indicating a 1·31-fold greater response in H than in L calves. The correlation between responses to SGRF and DGRF was 0·482 and the repeatability of SGRF was 0·338; a pooled repeatability was estimated as 0·362(P < 0·01). The regression of GH release on PBV for TRH was 0·00345 (s.e. 0·00330). For all secretagogues, response depended on prior concentrations.

It was concluded that GH release following GRF administration was positively related to PBV in dairy calves and response was moderately repeatable; furthermore, although aspects of endogenous secretion may be related to PBV they suffer from measurement difficulties.

In two experiments Red Danish dairy calves of both sexes, and of two lines selected for high (H) and low (L) milk fat production (proportional difference 0·22), were tested at 4 months and again at 10 months of age for their growth hormone (GH) release following intravenous administration of either thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH, experiment 1: 0·15 μig/kg live weight, no. = 16 H + 10 L) or arginine hydrochloride (ARG, experiment 2: 0·10 g/kg live weight, no. = 19 H + 10 L). The GH response was measured in serial blood samples for 0·5 h prior to and for 2 h following intravenous injections. The response peak, measured as the geometric mean of the 5-, 10- and 15-min samples following TRH was greater in the line selected for high yield, at 10 months (H, 42·4 μg/l; L, 20·6 μig/l; P < 0.01) but not at 4 months of age (H, 25·4 μg/l; L, 18·6 μg/l; P > 0·05). The response peak following arginine measured in the 20-, 30- and 45-min samples was smaller than the peak following TRH and did not differ between selection lines, although there was a tendency for H calves to have a larger release at 10 months of age. After puberty (10 months) male calves responded more to both secretagogues than females, while there was no difference before puberty (4 months). These results suggest that GH release may be useful as a juvenile predictor of dairy merit, but results need to be confirmed in further and larger studies.

The effect of increasing the interval between recordings from 1 month to 2 months was studied by analysis of milk, fat and protein yield records obtained in alternate monthly herd visits. The data comprised records on over 34 000 daughters of 40 proven and 705 young sires which were analysed by multivariate restricted maximum likelihood.

Heritability estimates of bimonthly test day records were similar to the average of the estimates for the two corresponding monthly test day records, as were genetic and phenotypic correlations between bimonthly test day and lactation records. A quartic regression removed most of the additional variance due to the wide range of days to first test and therefore the variance-covariance structure of bimonthly test day records could be predicted from that of monthly test day records.

The accuracies of prediction of breeding value for 305-day yields of milk, fat and protein using the sum of five bimonthly test day records and the sum of seven 6-weekly tests were estimated to be at least 0·97 and 0·99, respectively, of the accuracy of using 10 monthly test day records.

If milk yield were recorded daily, prediction of lactation fat or protein yield from the product of the sum of daily milk yields and the average fat or protein content would be more accurate than using yield and content records solely from test days.

Responses of selection for milk production and secondary traits were predicted in open nucleus schemes using a deterministic model. Secondary traits considered were: traits recorded during lactation (e.g. mastitis resistance; calving ease); traits recorded in the nucleus only (e.g. food intake); traits recorded early in life (e.g. growth rate); and traits recorded late in life (e.g. longevity). Also, genotype × environment interactions between nucleus and commercial herds and predictors of merit in juveniles were considered.

Extension of the breeding goal to include an uncorrelated secondary trait, which was recorded at each lactation, had the same heritability as milk production (assumed throughout to be 0·25) and half its economic value, increased total economic gain by a factor of 0·12. This increase was only 0·04, if the heritability of the secondary trait was 0·1. The situation for traits of low heritability was not improved by progeny testing of young bulls due to the short optimized generation intervals. Gain increased only by a factor of 0·04, if the economic value was 0·25.

Including a secondary trait of heritability 0·25 and a genetic correlation with yield of 0·5 in the index, only increased economic response rates by a factor of 0·04. However, when the genetic correlation was –0·5 the benefits were greater with increases of 0·09, 0·10 and 0·22 for heritabilities of 0·05, 0·10 and 0·25, respectively. Hence, including traits with low heritability but with strong negative correlations with yield, which might apply to fertility and disease resistance, increased rates of gain moderately.

If an uncorrelated secondary trait was recorded in the nucleus only, e.g. food intake, and had half the economic value of milk production, total gains increased by a factor of 0·10. Hence, recording of secondary traits can be restricted to the nucleus with only minor loss of gain. The extra economic benefit was greatest from secondary traits measured early in life compared with late in life, e.g. longevity, with benefits increased by factors of 0·24 and 0·06, respectively.

Open nucleus schemes are robust in the presence of genotype × environment interactions between nucleus and commercial herds, if the breeding value estimation method accounts for these interactions, juvenile indicator traits of milk production may increase rates of gain by a factor of 0·11, if the heritability of the indicator trait is 0·25 and the correlation with milk production is 0·5.

Two groups of eight N'Dama calves were fed different quantities of milk from birth to 10 months of age to compare efficiencies of converting milk to live-weight gain, and to assess the economic efficiencies of the two feeding regimes. Group 1 received an average of 347 (s.e. 2·4) kg per calf, with a daily and seasonal pattern of feeding designed to simulate a village production system where calves have access to only part of the milk produced by their dams, the rest being extracted for human consumption. Group 2 received an average of 617 (s.e. 5·1) kg per calf, and simulated situations where no milk is extracted such as in a ranch or station-type of operation.

During the first 6 months, when growth was certainly mediated only by milk, and live-weight gains were consistently positive at 151 and 262 g/day in groups 1 and 2 respectively, the biological conversion of milk to live weight did not differ between groups (8·7 v. 8·8 kg milk per kg live-weight gain). When the two groups were compared over the same weight range to remove possible effects of variable maintenance requirements, the conversion efficiencies again did not differ significantly. Over the whole 10-month period the biological conversion factors were slightly less favourable but still not different between groups (9·5 v. 9·4 kg/kg). When monetary values of milk and live weight at farmgate prices were applied to quantities of milk consumed and calf live-weight increases, the cost efficiency of group 1 was superior to that of group 2.

Based on these findings and results from other on-farm experiments in The Gambia, it was concluded that the current practice of partial milk extraction as occurs in the village production system is a logical approach for profit maximization.

During an experiment to measure changes in body composition of lactating Holstein-Friesian dairy cows, the velocity of ultrasound (VOS) through two hindquarter sites and a shoulder site was measured. Fifty-four cows were offered grass silage ad libitum with 3, 6 or 9 kg dry matter (DM) per day of concentrates. Six cows were slaughtered 2 to 4 days post partum (week 0) and two from each diet at 2, 5, 8, 11,14,19, 24 and 29 weeks post partum. After slaughter the right half-carcass and organs were frozen and minced before chemical analysis and the left half-carcass from 15 animals was jointed and fully dissected into bone, muscle, subcutaneous and intermuscular fat and other tissues. The relationships between the VOS measurements, together with live weight (LW) and the proportions of dissected fat and muscle tissues in the half carcass were examined and found to be comparable with published data for beef cattle. The relationships of the VOS measurements and LW to chemically determined fat and crude protein (CP) and derived estimates of energy were examined for the carcass and for the whole empty body, and found to account for proportionately 0·66 to 0·87 of the variance. The use of this noninvasive technique to monitor changes in body composition of dairy cows during lactation is therefore suggested as a useful and reliable technique. Dissection of a small inexpensive abdominal sample joint to estimate the fat: muscle ratio of the carcass was found to account for 0·85 of the variance. Finally, the relationship between dissected fat and muscle tissue weights in the half carcass and chemical fat and CP weights in the carcass and empty body were examined and found to be highly correlated.

Two studies were conducted to examine the effects of selection for milk-fat yield on pancreatic responses to exogenous glucose, as measured by circulating insulin concentrations following an intravenous glucose load, in heifer calves. The first study involved 6-month-old Friesian heifers, eight each from the Massey University high breeding index (HBI) and low breeding index (LBI) lines. Average breeding indices (BI) for milk-fat yield of the calves based on ancestry BI were 136 (s.d. 2) and 112 (s.d. 2), respectively. Oestrous cycling of the heifers was controlled by intravaginal insertion of progesterone-impregnated controlled internal drug-releasing devices (CIDRs). Challenges of glucose (0, 75, 150 and 300 mg/kg live weight) and insulin (0, 0·1, 1, and 10 fig/kg live weight) were administered via indwelling jugular cannulas and were followed by serial blood sampling to measure responses. Plasma insulin concentrations immediately following the glucose challenge were significantly (P < 0·05) greater in HBI than in LBI heifers, peak insulin concentrations (above baseline) in the HBI group being approximately twice those in the LBI group. Plasma glucose concentrations were marginally lower in HBI heifers, probably due to the secondary effect of the relatively greater hyperinsulinaemia in this group. Although the exogenous insulin challenge significantly reduced circulating glucose concentrations in all heifers, there was no difference between the lines in the magnitude of insulin-induced hypoglycaemia.

The second study was designed to determine whether insulin responses to an exogenous glucose load were influenced by stage of the oestrous cycle in heifers of the two lines. In this study, eight yearling HBI heifers and eight LBI heifers (with BI of 135 (s.d. 4) and 111 (s.d. 1) respectively) were administered an intravenous glucose load (150 mg/kg live weight) on tivo occasions, the first being after 17 days of CIDR treatment (simulating the luteal phase of the oestrous cycle) and the second 46 h after withdrawal of the CIDRs (when the heifers were expected to be in oestrus). HBI heifers again showed significantly greater circulating insulin concentrations than LBI heifers following the glucose challenge but the magnitude of this effect was not influenced by time relative to CIDR withdrawal. It is concluded that heifers selected for high milk-fat yield have an increased pancreatic response to exogenous glucose which is apparently independent of the stage of the oestrous cycle. This difference may provide a useful means of identifying heifers of superior genetic merit for milk-fat production prior to their first lactation.

Three silages were prepared from the primary growth of a predominantly perennial ryegrass sward (dry matter (DM) 175 g/kg; crude protein 142 g/kg DM; water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) 243 g/kg DM). Herbage was wilted for 24 h and then treated with either an inoculant/enzyme preparation (Lactobacillus plantarum, Streptococcus faecium and Pediococcus acidilactici), formic acid applied at 4·2 lit (Add F, BP Chemicals) or no additive. Time series analysis of laboratory silages revealed that different patterns of fermentation had been achieved: formic acid treatment resulted in high levels of residual WSC and low levels of lactic acid, indicative of an inhibited fermentation, whilst treatment with the inoculant/enzyme preparation resulted in high levels of lactic acid with a low level of residual sugars, as expected with an enhanced fermentation. Analysis of the material ‘as fed’ showed that losses in the WSC content of the formic acid-treated silage had occurred in the clamp. Secondary fermentation of lactic to acetic acid was apparent in the untreated silage, but not in the inoculant/enzyme-treated silage. Digestibility, as determined using Greyface wether lambs, was marginally higher for both additive treatments when compared with the untreated silage. An evaluation of the silages for milk production was carried out at three levels of concentrate supplementation using 18 Ayrshire × British Friesian cows in a replicated 3×3 Latin-square design experiment. Treatment with formic acid resulted in significantly higher DM intakes, but this was not reflected in milk energy output. Cows offered the inoculant/enzyme-treated silage partitioned energy away from milk production toward body tissue deposition (average milk yields 19·9, 19·9 and 15·2 kg/day, and weight gain 0·26, 0·38 and 0·81 kg/day for the untreated, formic acid and inoculant/enzyme-treated silages respectively). The reason for this is not clear, but it is postulated that microbial capture of degraded nitrogen may have been impaired with the inoculant/enzyme-treated silage, resulting in an imbalance in metabolizable protein: metabolizable energy.

This study investigated the potential use of blood metabolite and hormone concentrations as genetic markers for milk fat production and their possible interactions with sex and age. Two groups of calves, one from the Massey University high breeding index (HBI) line of dairy cattle (seven males, eight females) and the other from the low breeding index (LBI) line (four males, 11 females), were studied at 3·5 months and 7 months of age. The average breeding indices (BI) of the calves based on ancestry BI were 138 (s.d. 4·4) and 111 (s.d. 2·3) respectively. Serial blood sampling regimens were conducted in relation to feeding (chaffed lucerne hay at 1·3 times maintenance energy requirement), during an intravenous urea load (120 mg/kg live weight) and during fasting (63 h) and refeeding. Urea spaces and fractional decay constants at each age were estimated by a single compartment distribution model based on plasma urea concentrations following the intravenous urea load.

Plasma concentrations of urea, creatinine and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were not significantly different between the lines in any of the periods examined and at either age. In contrast, plasma concentrations of glucose and insulin were greater in the HBI calves than in the LBI calves although these differences were restricted mainly to the period immediately after feeding. Urea space at 7 months of age was also greater in the HBI animals than in the LBI animals. Plasma concentrations of all hormones and metabolites except insulin were significantly influenced by sex and/or age.

The study does not confirm previous findings that genetic merit for dairying is expressed in terms of plasma levels of urea and NEFA, particularly those during a fast. However, the results of the present study are consistent with previous observations of differences in glucose and insulin metabolism between the tivo Massey University genetic merit lines. These traits may therefore have potential as genetic markers for milk fat production.

Selection decisions in breeding schemes can involve choices between candidates evaluated to different accuracies. A Bayesian framework is put forward for choosing among candidates, and it is shown that attaching loss functions for estimation errors makes this process different from selecting upon best linear unbiased predictions alone. Examples are given using both linear and quadratic loss to show that when estimation errors are penalized, the selection process tends to select more unrelated and more accurately evaluated individuals. In a dairy cattle breeding scheme response was only slightly lower than that from selection on expected breeding values but with a much reduced coefficient of variation. However, if prediction errors are preferred, with the hope of selecting individuals whose breeding value are higher than expected, extra genetic progress could be obtained by favouring the selection of individuals with low accuracy. This requires consideration of more than a single generation.

With discrete generations and equal measurements on candidates the decision framework was shown to be equivalent to a single quadratic restriction on the selection scores of parents in the previous generation.

A framework based on Bayes decision theory could be simply applied to produce a flexible means for producers to select according to their individual risk preferences.

Herbage from first and second regrowths of perennial ryegrass based swards was directly ensiled following treatment with formic acid (850 g/kg) at 2·53 and 2·58 l/t, sulphuric acid (45% w/w) at 3·09 and 3·04 l/t, an inoculant of Lactobacillus plantarum (Kickstart, United Distillers Ltd) at 2/24 and 2/14 l/t, or no additive (control). First regrowth herbage had mean dry matter (DM) and water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations of 168 and 27·0 g/kg fresh weight with comparable values for second regrowth herbage of 164 and 16·9 g/kg respectively. All silages preserved well, although both the rate and extent of fermentation, as indicated by pH and lactic acid levels, were greater in control and inoculant-treated silages. Additive treatment had little effect on nutrient recovery following ensilage with the exception of a slightly greater recovery of both DM and energy with inoculant treated, second regrowth material. The silages were evaluated in two experiments, with 9 and 4 week periods for first and second regrowths respectively, using 48 British Friesian dairy cows. Animals were housed in individual stalls and, in addition to the treatment silages, received 5 kg/day fresh weight of a supplement containing 197 g crude protein per kg DM. Treatment of first regrowth material with formic acid significantly increased silage DM intake (P < 0·02) with a smaller, though positive effect being obtained with inoculant treatment. Treatment with either formic acid or inoculant had no significant effect on DM intake with second regrowth material. In contrast sulphuric acid tended to depress intake of first regrowth material whereas a marginal increase in intake was obtained with second regrowth material. Inoculant treatment had no significant effect on milk yield with either first or second regrowth material, although there was a tendency for small, though consistent, increases in milk fat and protein concentrations. Formic acid treatment resulted in marginal increases in fat plus protein yield whereas effects of sulphuric acid were less consistent with animal performance being decreased with first regrowth material and little effect observed with second regrowth material.

The performance of 273 Hereford calves from lines previously selected for lean growth rate (LGR) or lean food conversion efficiency (LFCR), on a concentrate diet, was evaluated on a grassland diet over a period of 3 years. Both bull and heifer calves were tested, and each year the performance test ran from the 1st week of May (average age of 233 days) until the 1st week of October. Carcass lean content was predicted from body weight and ultrasonic backfat depth, and lean gain was calculated from the product of live-weight gain and predicted carcass lean content. The LGR line was superior to the control (C) line for live-weight gain on test, lean gain on test and lean gain from birth until the end of test. The LFCR line performed similarly to the C line for live-weight gain on test and lean gain on test, but was inferior for total lean gain. For lean gain on test, the proportional differences between the lines were similar to those predicted from parental breeding values for LGR, but they were smaller for total lean gain. The lines did not differ significantly for either fat depth or predicted carcass lean content.

Heritabilities were high for all growth traits, e.g. 0·52 (s.e. 0·17), 0·54 (s.e. 0·17) and 0·59 (s.e. 0·17) for live-weight gain on test, lean gain on test and total lean gain, but lower for fat depth and carcass lean content, 0·25 (s.e. 0·17) and 0·14 (s.e. 0·16), respectively. Genetic correlations with LGR, measured on a concentrate diet, were 0·57 for lean gain on test and 0·56 for total lean gain. If only males were considered, these correlations rose to 0·80 and 0·70, respectively. Coheritabilities between the two environments for lean growth were close to 0·3. It is concluded that although there is some evidence for genotype × environment and genotype × sex interactions, selection for lean growth on a concentrate regimen will still be effective in improving grassland performance.

An iterative method is presented, based on the method of Moav and Hill (1966) to derive the optimum linear selection index for any number of traits with linear or non-linear profit functions. For non-linear profit functions the index weights will be functions of the trait means prior to selection and the selection intensity. Using the equations developed, the optimum selection index for three dairy cattle milk production traits was computed. Convergence was obtained after three to four iterations, and was robust to the starting values used for iteration. The ratio of expected genetic gains were only marginally different for selection intensities of 1 and 4 standard deviation units. Differences were greater for the index coefficients. All alternative indices tested gave lower gains in profit than the optimum index. For linear profit functions this index reduces to the standard linear index, and for two uncorrelated traits this index reduces to the index of Moav and Hill (1966).

Broiler poultry litter was deep-stacked (2·5 m high) in three ways: (1) uncovered, (2) covered with 0·1524 mm clear polyethylene and (3) surface-watered to form a 2·5 cm crust upon drying. After 30 days, each litter was used to formulate two diets containing proportionately 0·25 or 0·50 poultry litter (dry-matter basis). Urea was used as the nitrogen source in the control diet. All diets contained 100 g/kg cottonseed hulls, 20 g/kg limestone and cracked maize. Each of the seven diets was offered to 12 crossbred steers (two pens per diet; initial body weight 204 kg) for 84 days. Blood was collected and body weights measured every 28 days. After 84 days, liver biopsies were obtained from four steers per diet and an additional three steers per diet were penned individually and nutrient apparent digestibilities were determined. Steers gained 1·6 kg/day on the urea diet and 1·2, 1·3 and 1·2 kg/day on the diets containing 0·25 litter, uncovered, covered or watered, respectively. Steers consuming the 0·50 litter diets gained 1·0, 0·9 and 1·0 kg/day, respectively (significant linear decrease; P < 0·01). Litter depressed (P < 0·04) apparent dry matter, organic matter and gross energy digestibilities regardless of stacking method. However, nitrogen apparent digestibility was decreased by uncovered and watered litter only. Increased proportion of litter in the diet resulted in increased serum sorbitol dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase and liver copper concentrations (P < 0·07); however, clinical copper toxicosis (haemolytic crisis) was not observed. Dietary inclusion of broiler poultry litter also increased serum phosphorus and decreased serum calcium concentrations (P < 0·07). Covering deep-stacked litter preserved nitrogen quality, but improvements over uncovered litter were not of sufficient magnitude to elicit improved animal performance in this study.

The records of 1397 cows calving in the spring were collected in the years 1979 to 1984. They were from 638 Angus and 759 Hereford × Friesian cows, and were used to examine the dependencies of post-partum anoestrous interval (ppai), length of oestrous cycle after calving, and conception rate to each oestrus after calving.

Two-year-old cows had longer ppai (P < 0·05) than older cows (76 v. 72 days), and Hereford × Friesian cows had shorter (P < 0·05) ppai than Angus cows (68 v. 72 days). Cows due to begin calving on 8 August (early calving) had longer (P < 0·01) ppai than cows due to begin calving on 19 September (71 v. 55 days).

The linear regression between ppai and calving date (−0·60) did not differ between years, nor between early and late calving. Non-parametric regressions showed that the dependence between ppai and calving date was linear between plus or minus 20 days of the mean ppai in both early- and late-calving herds. Outside these limits variability of ppai increased and there was no relationship with calving date.

The length of the first oestrous cycle after calving was 22 days in 2-year-old cows and 24 days in older cows. Second and third oestrous cycles after calving were 20 days for all breeds and age classes. There was a correlation of −0·41 between the ppai and the length of the first oestrous cycle after anoestrum. There was no significant deviation from normality of ppai or the succeeding post-partum oestrous cycle lengths.

The conception rate to the first oestrus after calving was significantly lower (P < 0·01) than for later oestrous periods. The conception rate to first post-partum oestrus showed dependence on the ppai, logit regressions showing a 0·005 to 0·01 proportional improvement in conception at first oestrus per day increase in ppai.

The significance of these results to the construction of mathematical models of reproduction in the beef cow is discussed.

Mature cows of nine breeds were fed (four cows per level within breed) at either 0·55, 0·71, 0·88 or 1·05 MJ metabolizable energy (ME) per kg initial body weight0·75 per day during non-lactational periods for an average of 4 years. During lactation, energy allowances were increased by 0·17 MJ ME per kg body weight0·75 per day. Breeds represented four biological types: moderate genetic potential for milk yield and growth (Angus, Hereford, Red Poll), moderate milk and high growth (Charolais, Eimousin), high milk and moderate growth (Braunvieh, Pinzgauer) and high milk and growth (Gelbvieh, Simmental). The objective was to test the effects of biological type and nutritional environment on length of post-partum interval as determined from serum progesterone levels. The potential of serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) level at 3 weeks post partum for predicting the length of the post-partum interval was also evaluated. Non-parametric statistical analyses appropriate for right-censored survival data were used to test effects on post-partum interval because collection of serum was terminated prior to ovulation in some cows.

Energy availability × biological type effects on post-partum interval were significant. Increased energy availability tended to decrease post-partum interval in all biological types with high potential growth types exhibiting the greatest positive response to increased food. Post-partum interval for types with high growth potential was shorter within food level when associated with high rather than moderate potential for milk yield. Serum IGF-1 was related to post-partum interval at lower energy availability but appeared to have limited usefulness for identifying cows with extended intervals. Inherent direct and maternal production potential interact with available food resources to influence the post-partum interval of mature beef cows.

To examine the possibility of reducing milk substitute costs in artificial rearing of goat kids, 36 castrated male Saanen kids at 2 days of age were randomly allocated across six treatments in a 2×3 factorial design experiment. Milk substitute was provided for the kids over a period of 28 or 39 days, and daily levels of milk substitute dry matter (DM) intake were 0·140,0·176 or 0·272 kg.

Increasing the level of milk substitute offered had no significant effect on intake of concentrate up to weaning, but did significantly reduce the total intake of concentrate through to slaughter. Weaning after 39 days, as opposed to 28 days, also significantly reduced the total intake of concentrates. However, there was no difference when the same total quantity of milk substitute was consumed over different periods. Increasing the daily intake of milk substitute significantly increased daily live-weight gain to weaning, but tended to increase the time taken by kids to regain their weaning weight following cessation of milk substitute intake. However, milk substitute level and weaning age did not significantly affect overall daily live-weight gain or the length of time taken to reach 28 kg.

Eight additional kids were slaughtered at 2 days of age to develop regression equations relating initial body composition to live weight. These relationships were similar to others published for 2-day-old Saanen kids. Treatments had no significant effect on overall rates of fat, crude protein, water, ash and energy gain or on final body composition, carcass weight or carcass composition when kids were slaughtered at a live weight of 28 kg. These data suggest that savings in milk substitute may be achieved by reducing the weaning age and/or the daily intake level.

The effects of acetone concentration in milk, feeding frequency, and intake of concentrates and energy in total diet on milk yield were studied in 38624 lactations from 474 herds during 3 years. Herd-related data on feeding factors were collected once per indoor feeding period. Milk acetone concentrations higher than 0·40 mmol/l were deemed to denote hyperketonaemia, whether subclinical or clinical. The lactation curves of ketotic cows had an abnormal shape, with an inverted peak in early lactation. Most of the reduction in milk yield took place during the first 100 days of lactation with an estimated loss of proportionately 0·085 (acetone concentration ≤0·40 v. >2·00 mmol/l). The loss in 200-day milk yield was estimated to 328 kg 40 g/kg fat-corrected milk (FCM) at an overall mean of 5056 kg. If a herd's performance is monitored by lactation curves, a low peak — and hence an apparently high persistency – can indicate a ketosis problem. More frequent feeding of concentrates was correlated with a proportionately 0·033 to 0·074 higher milk yield in multiparous cows, but inconsistent between years. A more variable proportional response (−0·035 to 0·131) was observed in primiparous cows depending on interactions with, for example, breed. A greater total energy supply, including a larger amount of concentrate (maximum in lactation), was correlated with a higher milk yield, about 0·06 kg FCM per day per MJ metabolizable energy and 0·5 kg FCM per day per kg concentrate, respectively. However, increased feeding of concentrates at calving (parity 1) and 15 days after calving (multiparous cows) was correlated with decreased milk yield, by about −0–3 and −0–5 kg FCM per day per kg concentrate, respectively.

Over 3 years a total of 204 bucket-reared calves (from Holstein/Friesian dams) and 187 suckled calves (from Hereford × Friesian dams) were monitored during the first 9 or 6 months of life respectively. Within each rearing system there were approximately equal numbers of calves sired by Charolais and Hereford bulls and also about equal numbers of heifer and steer calves. All breeds and sexes within each rearing system were managed as a single group.

Differences in daily live-weight gain from arrival (January) for the bucket-reared calves and from birth (April) for the suckled calves through to the autumn were significantly different at 0·66 and 1·01 kg/day respectively (P < 0·001). By comparison, differences in growth rate between sex and breed within each rearing system were small. Hereford cross calves from both systems however carried significantly more condition in the autumn compared with Charolais crosses (P < 0·01).

The results suggest that when animals are reared on the same plane of nutrition and given similar management, differences in initial growth rate between early and late maturing breeds and sexes may be less than those perceived by commercial producers the views of whom are influenced by the fact that the types are often managed differently in practice.

Two groups of 10 lactating does were housed separately, in isolation from bucks. Does in one group (T) were implanted with melatonin; the second group (U) were not implanted. After 30 days, five implanted and five non-implanted bucks were introduced, singly, into both groups of females each day. Subsamples of milk were taken from the daily output of each doe on 3 days each week for progesterone analysis.

Mean milk progesterone concentration during anoestrus varied significantly amongst individuals (P < 0·001), but the difference between T and U groups was not significant (1·51 and 1·93 (s.e.d. 0·52) μg/l, respectively). Elevated progesterone levels, indicative of a short oestrous cycle and commencing days 2 to 5 after male exposure, were observed in most does. Mean progesterone concentrations were 9·9 and 9·6 (s.e.d. 1·32) μg/l in T and U does respectively. Most does showed a second short cycle starting at 12 to 18 days, (mean concentration 8·4 and 10·6 (s.e.d. 1·64) ng/l, respectively). Untreated does then returned to anoestrus until mated at 63·1 (s.e. 0·94) days after male introduction. In contrast, T does either became pregnant or had a normal oestrous cycle, followed by a repeat cycle or pregnancy (mean onset 21·7 (s.e. 2·22) days after male introduction). The mean time of effective mating for group T does was 37·3 (s.e. 5·91) days, 26 days earlier than for U does (P < 0·001). Mean progesterone concentration in early pregnancy was 65·7 (s.e. 5·78) and 67·6 (s.e. 5·41) μg/l in T and U does, respectively. Males did not become sexually active until after the onset of luteal activity in the females, although treated males were earlier than untreated. There were no significant differences in lactation pattern associated with the progesterone profiles in the two groups.

The introduction of males during late anoestrus initiates short luteal cycles. Only those does closest to onset of the breeding season, in this case induced by melatonin, continue to cycle normally and mating success may require early stimulation of sexual activity in males.