Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-18T18:47:27.490Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Conservation of threatened goat breeds in India

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 December 2014

Ajoy Mandal*
Affiliation:
Eastern Regional Station, National Dairy Research Institute, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
M. Karunakaran
Affiliation:
Eastern Regional Station, National Dairy Research Institute, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
P.K. Rout
Affiliation:
Genetics and Breeding Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
R. Roy
Affiliation:
Genetics and Breeding Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
*
Correspondence to: Ajoy Mandal, Eastern Regional Station, National Dairy Research Institute, Kalyani, West Bengal, India. emails: [email protected], [email protected]
Get access

Summary

India is a rich repository of goat genetic resources having 23 well-recognized goat breeds. These breeds have evolved through natural selection and selective breeding by rearers for adaptation to specific agro-ecological conditions. As the indigenous goat breeds of India display great variation in adaptability, productivity, feed utilization, disease resistance, etc. so conservation for unique characteristics of indigenous breeds are of great importance. The recognized breeds of Indian goat population are facing a greater threat due to lack of enforcement of proper breeding policy, inadequate number of breeding bucks, indiscriminate crossbreeding and intermixing among breeds with local animals etc. Considering the current population size, declining rate of population, loss of habitat and introduction of other breeds in the area, the threatened goat breeds are Jamunapari, Beetal, Jakhrana and Surti in the northwestern region, Sangamneri, Osmanabadi, Malabari and Attappady Black in the southern region, Ganjam in the eastern region, and Chegu and Changthangi in the temperate Himalayan region. Furthermore, the positions of several breeds are more or less vulnerable in their breeding tracts. Now, efforts have been made to conserve the indigenous goat breeds for their unique characteristics in their home tracts through in-situ and ex-situ conservation in different agroclimatic regions of India.

Résumé

L'Inde est une riche réserve en ressources génétiques caprines avec 23 races de chèvre bien définies. Ces races ont évolué par sélection naturelle et l'élevage sélectif vers une adaptation à des conditions agro-écologiques spécifiques. Compte tenu du fait que les races caprines autochtones de l'Inde présentent une grande variation quant à son adaptabilité, sa productivité, son utilisation des aliments, sa résistance aux maladies, etc.…, la conservation des caractéristiques singulières des races autochtones revêt une grande importance. Les races reconnues de la population caprine indienne sont de plus en plus menacées à cause de la non-application de politiques d'élevage appropriées, le nombre inadéquat de boucs reproducteurs, le croisement sans discrimination des animaux autochtones avec des reproducteurs d'autres races, etc… Étant donnés la taille actuelle de la population, le décroissement de celle-ci, la perte d'habitat et l'introduction d'autres races dans la région, les races caprines menacées sont Jamunapari, Beetal, Jakhrana et Surti dans le Nord-Ouest, Sangamneri, Osmanabadi, Malabari et Attappady Noire au Sud, Ganjam dans la région Orientale et Chegu et Changthangi dans la région Tempérée de l'Himalaya. Par ailleurs, plusieurs races sont plus ou moins vulnérables dans leurs zones traditionnelles d'élevage. Actuellement des efforts se font, dans les différentes régions agro-climatiques de l'Inde, pour conserver, dans leurs régions d'origine, les races caprines autochtones, avec ses caractéristiques uniques, au moyen de la conservation in situ et ex situ.

Resumen

La India es una rica reserva de recursos genéticos caprinos ya que atesora 23 razas de cabra bien definidas. Estas razas han evolucionado por selección natural y cría selectiva de los ganaderos hacia la adaptación a condiciones agroecológicas específicas. Dado que las razas caprinas autóctonas de la India muestran una gran variabilidad en cuanto a su capacidad de adaptación, su productividad, su aprovechamiento de los alimentos, su resistencia a enfermedades, etc…, la conservación de las características singulares de estas razas autóctonas resulta de una gran importancia. Las razas reconocidas de la población caprina india están cada vez más amenazadas debido a la no aplicación de políticas adecuadas de cría animal, un número inadecuado de machos reproductores, el cruzamiento indiscriminado y el mestizaje de los animales autóctonos con ejemplares de otras razas, etc… Teniendo en cuenta el tamaño actual de la población, el decrecimiento de la misma, la pérdida de hábitat y la introducción de otras razas en el área, las razas caprinas amenazadas son Jamunapari, Beetal, Jakhrana y Surti en la región Noroccidental, Sangamneri, Osmanabadi, Malabari y Negra Attappady en la región Meridional, Ganjam en la región Oriental y Chegu y Changthangi en la región Templada del Himalaya. Asimismo, varias razas se encuentran, en mayor o menor medida, en una situación de vulnerabilidad en sus lugares tradicionales de cría. En la actualidad, se están haciendo esfuerzos, en diferentes regiones agroclimáticas de la India, por conservar las razas caprinas autóctonas, con sus características únicas, en sus lugares de origen, mediante la conservación in situ y ex situ.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Acharya, R.M., Misra, R.K. & Patil, V.K. 1982. Breeding strategy for goats in India. New Delhi, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, 111 pp.Google Scholar
Ahlawat, S.P.S., Gupta, S.C. & Kumar, D. 2009. Atlas of animal genetic resources of India. New Delhi, Today and Tomorrow's Printers and Publishers.Google Scholar
Bhattacharyya, N.K. & Khan, B.U. 1988. Goat meat production in India. In Proceedings of workshop on “Goat meat production in Asia”, held in Tango, Pakistan, January 1988, pp. 125–139.Google Scholar
Bodo, I. 1989. Methods and experiences with in situ preservation of farm animals. FAO Anim. Prod. Health Paper, 80: 85103.Google Scholar
DAD-IS. 2010. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System (DAD-IS). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (available at http://www.fao.org/dadis/).Google Scholar
Devendra, C. & Burns, M. 1983. Goat production in the tropics, 2nd edition. Buckinghamshire, UK, Commonwealth Agric. Bur., Furnham, 183 pp.Google Scholar
Dixit, S.P., Verma, N.K., Ahlawat, S.P.S., Aggarwal, R.A.K., Kumar, S. & Singh, K.P. 2008. Molecular genetic characterization of Kutchi breed of goat. Curr. Sci., 95: 946952.Google Scholar
Dixit, S.P., Verma, N.K., Aggarwal, R.A.K., Vyas, M.K., Rana, J., Sharma, A., Tyagi, P., Arya, P. & Ulmek, B.R. 2010. Genetic diversity and relationship among southern Indian goat breeds based on microsatellite markers. Small Rum. Res., 91: 153159.Google Scholar
Dixit, S.P., Verma, N.K., Aggarwal, R.A.K., Vyas, M.K., Rana, J., Sharma, A. & Chander, R. 2011. Genetic variability and bottleneck analyses of Kanniadu goat breed based on microsatellite markers. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 81: 4043.Google Scholar
FAO. 1995. World watch list for domestic animal diversity, 2nd edition, by Scherf, B., Rome, FAO and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).Google Scholar
FAO. 2010. FAOSTAT statistical database, Rome Italy (available at https://faostat.fao.org) Food and agriculture organization, data bank. Rome, Italy.Google Scholar
Government of India (GOI). 2010. 18th Livestock Census 2007. All India report based on quick tabulation plan – village level totals (Provisional). New Delhi, Government of India, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries (available at http://dahd.nic.in/LS_hindi.pdf).Google Scholar
Henson, E.L. 1992. In situ conservation of livestock and poultry. FAO Anim. Prod. Health Paper, 99: 1112.Google Scholar
Kumar, S., Dixit, S.P., Verma, N.K., Singh, D.K., Pande, A., Chander, R. & Singh, L.B. 2009. Genetic diversity analysis of Indian goat (Capra hircus) using microsatellite markers. Am. J. Anim. Vet. Sci., 4: 4957.Google Scholar
Maijala, K., Cherekaev, A.V., Devillard, J.M., Reklewski, Z., Rognoni, G. & Steane, D.E. 1984. Conservation of animal genetic resources in Europe. Final report of an EAAP working party. Livest. Prod. Sci., 11: 322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mishra, P., Ali, A.S., Aggarwal, R.A.K., Dixit, S.P., Kawitkar, V.S., Dangi, P.S. & Verma, N.K. 2012. Genetic diversity and bottleneck analysis of Konkan Kanyal goats. Anim. Genet. Res., 50: 4348.Google Scholar
Mishra, P., Ali, A.S., Dixit, S.P., Aggarwal, R.A.K., Dangi, P.S., Tyagi, N., Dash, S.K. & Verma, N.K. 2013. Microsatellite based genetic evaluation of Ghumusar goats of Orissa, India. Anim. Genet. Resour., 52: 5964.Google Scholar
Phillipsson, J., Rege, J.E.O., Zonabend, E. & Okeyo, A.M. 2011. Sustainable breeding programmes for tropical farming systems. In Ojango, J.M., Malmfors, B. & Okeyo, A.M., eds. Animal genetics training resource, version 3. Nairobi, Kenya, International Livestock Research Institute and Uppsala, Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 135.Google Scholar
Pundir, R.K. 2010. Goat farmer's participation: a success story on conservation of Beetal goat. Karnal, Haryana, India, National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources.Google Scholar
Quartermain, A.R. 1992. Maintenance of genetic resources in goats. World Anim. Rev., 33: 517528.Google Scholar
Rout, P.K., Thangaraj, K. & Mandal, A. 2004a. Molecular characterization of Indian goat breeds by DNA fingerprinting using Bkm probe and microsatellite markers. Final Project Report submitted to Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, Govt. of India.Google Scholar
Rout, P.K., Mandal, A., Singh, M.K. & Roy, R. 2004b. Conservation of Jamunapari goats in their natural habitat. Published in proceedings of National Symposium on Conservation and propagation of livestock and poultry, 26–28 February, 2004, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttaranchal.Google Scholar
Rout, P.K., Mandal, A. & Roy, R. 2006. Analysis of fecundity rate variability by microsatellite marker in eight Indian goat breeds. Published in the proceedings of the National seminar on “Innovations and Recent advances in reproduction for augmenting small ruminant production” at CSWRI, Avikanagar on December, 28–30, 2006, p. 265.Google Scholar
Rout, P.K., Joshi, M.B., Mandal, A., Laloe, D., Singh, L. & Thangaraj, K. 2008. Microsatellite based phylogeny of Indian domestic goats. BMC Genet., 9: p11 (available at http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/9/11).Google Scholar
Roy, R., Singh, S.K. & Khan, B.U. 1982. Milk yield in Jamunapari goats. In Proceedings of International Conference on Goats, March 3–8, 1992, New Delhi, 1, 77.Google Scholar
Roy, R., Roy, U. & Mandal, A. 2009. Goat breeds of India. In Kumar, S., Sharma, M.C. & Goel, A.K., eds. Goat enterprise, pp. 2841. Mathura, UP, India, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom.Google Scholar
SA PPLPP. 2012. Small ruminant rearing – breed conservation and genetic improvement. Report for the South Asia Pro Poor Livestock Policy programme, A joint initiative by NDDB and FAO, 1–69 pp (available at http://sapplpp.org/goodpractices/smallruminants/small-ruminant-rearing-breed-conservation-and-genetic-improvement).Google Scholar
Singh, L.B., Rout, P.K., Mandal, A.& Misra, R.P. 2003. Impact of recent technologies for increasing goat production. Agriculture in New Millennium, 111–120. (Published by: Bioved Research and Communication Centre, Allahabad) Proceedings of 5th Indian Agricultural Scientists and Farmer's Congress).Google Scholar
Swarup, D. & Singh, S.K. 2011. All India Coordinated Research Project on Goat Improvement. Project Coordinator's Report. 2009–10 and 2010–11. Mathura, UP, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, p. 60.Google Scholar