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Women and the American Society of International Law

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2017

Alona E. Evans  and
Carol Per Lee Plumb
Alona E. Evans
Affiliation:
University of Puget Sound School of Law
Carol Per Lee Plumb
Affiliation:
Of the New York Bar
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Type
Notes and Comments
Information
American Journal of International Law , Volume 68 , Issue 2 , April 1974 , pp. 290 - 299
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of International Law 1974

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References

1 American Society of International Law, Minutes of the Executive Council, January 29, 1906.

2 Enclosure in letter from American Consul at Liège (McNally) to President of Society (Root), January 15, 1906.

3 Judge Philip C. Jessup to Miss Carol Per Lee Plumb, August 27, 1973. Elihu Root (1938).

4 In addition to her administrative duties, Dean Urch taught English and was adviser to a literary society at the school which met fortnightly “for the purpose of debating some pertinent question,” presumably including current international affairs. Administrative Secretary, Lewis-Clark State College (Raymond) to Miss Carol Per Lee Plumb, September 21, 1973. It may be noted that Dean Urch’s dues were accepted along with those of seven men. Treasurer (Anderson) to Recording Secretary (Scott), April 8, 1907.

5 Managing Editor (Scott) to Mrs. Belva A. Lockwood, April 27, 1907.

6 20 Stat. 292 (1879).

7 Graff, E. M., The Day They Nominated a Woman for President, 15 Modern Maturity, 66–67 (June-July 1972)Google Scholar.

8 Treasurer (Anderson) to Recording Secretary (Scott), April 22, 1907. A few days earlier the publishers of the Journal reported to Dr. Scott that their salesman tried to display copies in the delegates’ room at a meeting of the Peace Society at Carnegie Hall. “He found that nine-tenths of the people whom he met . . . were women and the delegates’ room was full of them. The afternoon we think was devoted to children. . . . [H]e really accomplished nothing.” Baker, Voorhis & Co. to Solicitor to Department of State (Scott), April 17, 1907.

9 Recording Secretary (Scott) to Miss Jane Adams, April 17, 1915. Miss Addams’ rejection by the Society did not adversely affect her interest in international relations. In 1931 she shared the Nobel Peace Prize with Nicholas Murray Butler.

10 1934 Proc. Ameh. Soc. Int. Law 197. At the Executive Council meeting of November 13, 1920, Mr. Root seconded the motion of Mr. Robert Lansing calling for the adoption of a resolution changing “man” to “person” in the membership regulations of January 29, 1906. 1921 Proc. Amer. Soc. Int. Law 13. Circuit Judge Allen was one of the three women who have spoken at the Annual Dinner in the period, 1921–1973. The other two were Representative Edith Nourse Rogers, 1928; Dr. Sarah Wambaugh, 1946.

11 Brown Scott, James, 1866–1943, 38 AJIL 183, 209 (1944)Google Scholar .

12 Ibid.

13 Sec. 3, Public, No. 193, 34 Stat. 1228.

14 Sec. 3, Public, No. 346, 42 Stat. 1021, 1022.

15 Finch, 38 AJIL 183, 210.

16 W. Clayton Carpenter, Esq. to Miss Carol Per Lee Plumb, Jan. 10, 1974.

17 Marjorie M. Whiteman, 1972; Alona E. Evans, 1966. There are 24 members of the Board and 9 honorary members.

18 Mrs. Righini became Assistant Editor in 1968. In 1969, Helen L. Clagett was the first woman to be appointed to the Editorial Advisory Board of ILM. In 1973 there were three women among the fourteen members of this Board.

19 Two hundred and nine women members reside in the United States; sixty-two reside abroad. The membership records do not indicate sex distribution. These figures are based upon an examination of lists of individual members.

20 These figures are based upon membership applications which classify members as Intermediate, Professional, Law Teachers, Political Science Teachers, Government Officials, Corporation Officials, Librarians, Students, Other, Honorary. Not all members designate their category. “Intermediate members” are not classified by category.

21 It should be noted that the management of the Society on a daily basis has for many years involved a number of able women.

22 The Society also publishes International Legal Materials which does not, however, contain individual contributions. Books and papers prepared by study and research panels of the Society are published from time to time under its auspices.

23 At this time she was a judge of the District of Columbia Juvenile Court.

24 There are also 13 women on the Ad hoc Committee on the Professional Interest and Status of Women in International Law.

25 Katherine Drew Hallgarten, Committee on Tillar House; Irene Wmkelman, Co-Chairman, Committee on Publications of the Department of State and the United Nations; Kay Boals, Co-Chairman, Committee on the Annual Meeting.

26 The Panel on Protection of Diplomats had a woman chairman (Alona E. Evans).

27 Fifty-six women contributed 156 book reviews or briefer notes to the Journal between 1919 and 1973.

28 The Effect of Changes of Sovereignty on Nationality, 21 AJIL 268 (1927).

29 1930–1939: 11; 1940–1949: 8 (including 2 joint articles by women); 1950–1959: 3; 1960–1969: 5 (including 1 article written jointly with a man); 1970–1973: 4.

30 Since 1944, there have been 26 such pieces by 10 women (the first was written jointly with a man). This figure does not comprehend the numerous notes about professional meetings, fellowship programs, prize competitions, publications, etc., written by Eleanor H. Finch in her capacity as Secretary to the Board of Editors (later Assistant Editor) which averaged 10 or more a year from 1960 to 1972.

31 Because of limited response from overseas members and considering that there may be additional variables which affect their responses as compared with those of members in the United States, only the information from the latter will be used here.

32 Of the 22 respondents who reported that they were not aware of the opportunities in international law when they were deciding upon a profession, 17 are now working in areas involving international law.

33 Finifter, A. W., The Professional Status of Women Political Scientists: Some Current Data, 6 PS 406 (1973)Google Scholar.

34 Ibid.

35 Ibid., 416 ff.

36 Ibid., 416.

37 For example, Law in American Society, a quarterly publication concerned with teaching school children about law had a recent issue on International Criminal Law (Vol. 2 (Oct. 1973)).

38 In 1973, students constituted almost 17% of the total membership. Sixty-three student international law societies are now affiliated with the Society. There are seventeen student international law journals. A record high of 80 law schools in the United States and twelve foreign countries have entered the 1974 Jessup Competition.

39 6 PS 502–05 (1973).

40 Ibid., 530–34 .

41 Admittedly, an aspirant to a law school faculty may deem it prudent to emphasize fields other than a nonrequired elective such as international law; but where this subject is not listed at all, one may assume that the omission is dictated by considerations other than prudence. It may be noted for the record that the leading teaching preferences of the women were criminal law, women’s law, and property, in that order.

42 Miss Plumb, who served as a Fellow of the American Society of International Law in 1972–1973 was the first woman to be appointed to that post.