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Ahmadou Sadio Diallo

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 March 2017

Eirik Bjorge
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Type
International Decisions
Information
American Journal of International Law , Volume 105 , Issue 3 , July 2011 , pp. 534 - 540
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of International Law 2011

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References

1 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Dec. 16, 1966, S. Exec Rep. No. 102-23, 999 UNTS 171 [hereinafter Covenant].

2 African (Banjul) Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, June 27, 1981, 1520 UNTS 217, 21 ILM 58 (1982) [hereinafter African Charter].

3 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, Apr. 24, 1963, 21 UST 77, 596 UNTS 261.

4 The meaning of the concept of gerant in the French system, on which Congolese company law is based, is explained in Andenas, Mads & Wooldridge, Frank, European Comparative Company Law 283 (2009)Google Scholar.

5 From 1971 to 1997, the DRC was named Zaire.

6 Judges Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, and Yusuf criticized this part of the judgment for “taking a formalistic approach which is inappropriate to a long and costly international dispute.” Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Guinea v. Dem. Rep. Congo), Joint Dec, Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, & Yusuf, JJ., para. 12 (Int’l Ct. Justice Nov. 30, 2010).

7 Covenant, supra note 1, Art. 13 (providing: “An alien lawfully in the territory of a State Party to the present Covenant may be expelled therefrom only in pursuance of a decision reached in accordance with law and shall, except where compelling reasons of national security otherwise require, be allowed to submit the reasons against his expulsion and to have his case reviewed by, and be represented for the purpose before, the competent authority or a person or persons especially designated by the competent authority.”); African Charter, supra note 2, Art. 12(4) (providing: “A non-national legally admitted in a territory of a State Party to the present Charter, may only be expelled from it by virtue of a decision taken in accordance with the law.”).

8 Loi 83-033 du 12 septembre 1983 relative a la police des étrangers (version in force at time of expulsion decision).

9 The alleged violations concerned the Covenant, supra note 1, Art. 9(1), (2) (providing: “ 1 . Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest or detention. No one shall be deprived of his liberty except on such grounds and in accordance with such procedure as are established by law. 2. Anyone who is arrested shall be informed, at the time of arrest, of the reasons for his arrest and shall be promptly informed of any charges against him.”); and African Charter, supra note 2, Art. 6 (providing: “Every individual shall have the right to liberty and to the security of his person. No one may be deprived of his freedom except for reasons and conditions previously laid down by law. In particular, no one may be arbitrarily arrested or detained.”).

10 Covenant, supra note 1, Art. 10(1) (providing: “All persons deprived of their liberty shall be treated with humanity and with respect for the inherent dignity of the human person.”).

11 Quoting written reply by the DRC handed in to the Registry on April 27, 2010, and confirmed orally at the hearing of April 29, during the second round of oral argument.

12 The Court cited as support for this proposition Avena & Other Mexican Nationals (Mex. v. U.S.), 2004 ICJ REP. 12,46, para. 76 (Mar. 31). This and the other ICJ cases cited in this report are available at the Court’s Web site, http://www.icj-cij.org.

13 Exigencies of space preclude treatment of these issues. See in this regard Andenas, Mads, International Court of Justice, Case Concerning Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v Democratic Republic of the Congo) Judgment of 30 November 2010 , 60 Int’l & Comp. L.Q. (forthcoming 2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

14 See Amerasinghe, C. F., Diplomatic Protection 329–33 (2008 CrossRefGoogle Scholar); Verdross, Alfred & Simma, Bruno, Universelles Völkerrecht: Theorie und Praxis 801–02 (1984)Google Scholar; Condorelli, Luigi, La protection diplomatique et I’holution de son domaine d’application actuelle , 86 Rlvista Di Diritto Internazionale 5 (2003)Google Scholar; Gaja, Giorgio, Droit des etats et droits des individus dans le cadre de la protection diplomatique , in La Protection Diplomatique: Mutations Contemporaines et Pratiques Nationales 64 (Jean-Francois, Flauss ed., 2003)Google Scholar; Gaja, Giorgio, The Position of Individuals in International Law: An ILC Perspective , 21 Eur. J. Int’l L. 11 (2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar [hereinafter Gaja, Position of Individuals].

15 Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Dem. Rep. Congo v. Uganda), 2005 ICJ REP. 168 (Dec. 19) [hereinafter Armed Activities].

16 Id., para. 329. For the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, Apr. 18, 1961, see 23 UST 3227, 500 UNTS 95.

17 Armed Activities, 2005 ICJ REP. at 276, para. 333.

18 Id.

19 Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, opened for signature’Dec. 10, 1984, S. Treaty Doc. NO. 20-100 (1988), 1465 UNTS 85.

20 See Gaja, Position of Individuals, supra note 14, at 12.

21 Armed Activities, 2005 ICJ REP. at 348, para. 37 (Simma, J., sep. op.).

22 Id., para. 40 (quoting Barcelona Traction, Light & Power Co. (Belg. v. Spain), Second Phase, 1970 ICJ Rep. 3, 32, para. 33 (Feb. 5) [hereinafter Barcelona Traction]).

23 Barcelona Traction, 1970 ICJ REP. at 32, para. 33.

24 Maroufidou v. Sweden, Comm. No. 58/1979, in Human Rights Committee, Selected Decisions Under the Optional Protocol 80, UN Doc. CCPR/C/OP/1, UN Sales No. E.84.XIV.2 (1985) (views adopted Apr. 9,1981); Good v. Republic of Botswana, Comm. No. 313/05, African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights [ACHPR], 28th Annual Activity Rep. 66 (2010); World Organization Against Torture and International Association of Democratic Lawyers v. Rwanda, Nos. 27/89, 46/91, 49/91, 99/93 (joined), ACHPR, 10th Annual Activity Rep. 49 (1996).

25 Judges Greenwood and Keith cite Bolatv. Russia, App. No. 14139/03, 2006-XI Eur. Ct. H.R. 67 (extracts, Eng.); Lupsa v. Romania, App. No. 10337/04, 2006-VII Eur. Ct. H.R. 369 (Eng.); Situations of Haitians in the Dominican Republic (Feb. 14, 1992), 1991 Inter-Am. Comm’nH.R., Annual Report, ch. V, OEA/Ser.L/V/11.81, Doc. 6 rev. 1.

26 Robin C. A., White & Ovey, Clare, Jacobs, White, and Ovey: the European Convention on Human Rights 544–45 (5th ed. 2010)Google Scholar (footnote omitted).

27 This proposition is corroborated by the clear and engaging separate opinion of Judge Cancado Trindade:

The subject of the rights, that the Court has found to have been breached by the respondent State in the present case, is not the applicant State: the subject of those rights is Mr. A. S. Diallo, an individual. The procedure for the vindication of the claim originally utilized (by the applicant State) was that of diplomatic protection, but the substantive law applicable in the present case,—as clarified after the Court’s Judgment of 2007 on Preliminary Objections, in the course of the proceedings (written and oral phases) as to the merits,—is the International Law of Human Rights.

Sep. Op., Cançado Trindade, J., para. 223.