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International Law in Chinese Courts During the Rise of China

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Congyan Cai
Congyan Cai*
Affiliation:
Xiamen University School of Law
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Extract

The number of countries in which domestic courts are actively engaged with major public affairs has increased markedly since the early 1990s. In many transitional states, in particular, domestic courts have ruled on great constitutional controversies, which influence the national political process. They have also taken an active role in the application of international law— especially human rights treaties—and at times treat such treaties as a “New Standard of Civilization.” In particular, domestic courts have at times invoked international law in becoming more aggressive toward the executive branch. This trend has been one normative element inspiring some theorists to propose a new field known as comparative international law. This article highlights a different set of elements that become manifest in assessing the rapid overall rise in references to, and application of, international law by courts in China in recent years.

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Notes and Comments
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American Journal of International Law , Volume 110 , Issue 2 , April 2016 , pp. 269 - 288
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Copyright © American Society of International Law 2016

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49 Id. at 368.

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54 Id.

55 Id.

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57 Regulations of the Supreme People’s Court on Issues Concerning the Trial of Administrative Cases Relating to International Trade, supra note 47, Art. 9.

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64 Id.

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80 Court Accepts Chinese WWII Forced Labors Lawsuit, China Radio International (Mar. 19, 2014), at http://english.cri.cn/6909/20l4/03/19/3521s818167.htm.

81 Id.

82 Joint Communiqué of the Government of Japan and the Government of the People’s Republic of China, China-Japan, Sept. 29, 1972, at http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/china/joint72.html.

83 Id., para. 5.

84 Guang Jianqiang , Gongping, Zhengyi, Zunyan—Zhongguo Minjian Zhanzheng Shouhaizhe Duiri Suochang Falu Jichu [Equity, Justice, and Dignity—Legal foundation of Claims Against Japan by Chinese War Victims] 174—75 (2006) (China); Zhang Xingjun , Minjian Duiri Suopei Susong Shang De Bianqian HeZhongguo Zhengfu de Huiying—Jianlun Buganshe Yuanze [War Reparation Lawsuits and Judgments in Japan and the Reactions of the Chinese Government—Some Reflections on the Principle of Nonintervention], 4 Tsinghua L.J. 96 (2007) (China); Xing Aifeng & Li Tianzhi , Zhanzheng Peichang yu Minjian Peichang—Jianlun Rijun Yihua Huaxue Wuqi Susong An Jiqi Qianjing [War Reparation and Civil Compensation—On the Lawsuits for Civil Compensation by Chinese Victims of the Chemical Weapons Abandoned by the Japanese Army], 9 Int’l F. 57, 57 (2007) (China).

85 For a review of both cases, see Asada, Masahiko & Ryan, Trevor, Postwar Reparations Between Japan and China and the Waiver of Individual Claims: Japan’s Supreme Court Judgments in the Nishimatsu Construction Case and the Second Chinese “Comfort Women” Case, 19 Italian Y.B. Int’l L. 205 (2009)Google Scholar.

86 Saikô Saibansho [Sup. Ct.] Apr. 24, 2007, 224 Saikô Saibansho Minji Hanreishū [Mlnshū] 325, at http://www.courts.go.jp/app/files/hanrei_jp/591/034591_hanrei.pdf (Japan).

87 Zhongfang Fandui Ri Zuigaofa Renyi Jieshi Zhongri Lianhe Shengming” Xiangguan Tiaokuan [China Opposes Japan’s Supreme Court’s Arbitrary Interpretation of the Relevant Provisions of China-Japan Communiqué], Xinhuanet (Apr. 28, 2007) (China), at http://news.xinhuanet.com/mrdx/2007-04/28/content_6039307.htm.

88 See Experts Advise Chinese WWII Laborers to File Class Action, People’s Daily Online, (Jan. 15, 2002), at http://en.people.cn/200201/15/eng20020115_88683.shtml; Aifeng & Tianzhi, supra note 84, at 60.

89 Wu Gufeng , Riben Zhengfu Jiang Yi 20.5 Yi Riyuan “Goumai” Diaoyudao [The Government of Japan Will “Purchase”the Diaoyu Islands for 2.05 billion Yen] (Sept. 5, 2012) (China), at http://news.qq.eom/a/20120905/001233.htm.

90 State Council Information Office, Diaoyu Dao, an Inherent Territory of China, China Daily (Sept. 25, 2012), at http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2012-09/25/content_l 5782158.htm.

91 Defense Ministry Spokesman on China’s Air Defense Identification Zone, Xinhuanet (Dec. 3, 2013), at http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2013-12/03/c_132938762.htm.

92 Guanyu Chuli Shewai Anjian Ruogan Wenti de Guiding [Rules Concerning the Resolution of Foreign-Related Cases] (Promulgated by Ministry of Foreign Affairs et al., June 20, 1995, effective June 20, 1995) (China), at http://www.chinalawedu.com/news/1200/22598/22604/22717/2006/3/ga31631653541313600219936-0.htm.

93 See generally Slaughter, Anne-Marie & Bosco, David, Plaintiff’s Diplomacy, 79 Foreign Aff. 102 (2000)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; John Norton Moore, Foreign Affairs Litigation in United States Courts (2013); Curtis A. Brad ley, Supreme Court Holds That Alien Tort Statute Does Not Apply to Conduct in Foreign Countries, ASIL Insights (Apr. 18, 2013).

94 See, e.g., Chiméne I. Keitner, The Reargument Order in Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum and Its Potential Implications for Transnational Human Rights Cases, ASIL Insights (Mar. 21, 2012).

95 Guojifa yu Guonei Fa Guanxi Yanjiu [A Study on the Relationship Between International Law and National Law] 476–81 (Wan E’xiang ed., 2011) (China).

96 Convention Against Torture, supra note 36.

97 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Dec. 16, 1966, 993 U.N.T.S. 3, at https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/MTDSG/Volume%20I/Chapter%20IV/IV-3.en.pdf (visited Aug. 12, 2015).

98 Committee Against Torture, Summary Record of the 51st Meeting, para. 2, UN Doc. CAT/C/SR.51, (May 4, 1990).

99 See, e.g., Li, supra note 6, at 341; Guo, supra note 6, at 165.

100 Committee Against Torture, Summary Record of the 419th Meeting, para. 9, UN Doc. CAT/C/SR.419, (May 12, 2000).

101 See Committee Against Torture, Concluding Observations of the Committee Against Torture: China, para. 11, UN Doc. CAT/C/CHN/CO/4, (Dec. 12, 2008); Guanxian, supra note 6, at 273-74; Ruijun, supra note 6, at 273.

102 Ministry of Public Security , Gong’an Bu Guanyu Yange Lüxing Guoji Gongyue Zhongyu Gong’an Gongzuo Youguan de Guidingde Tongzhi [Ministry of Public Security Note on Strictly Implementing Provisions in International Conventions Related to Public Security] (promulgated by the Ministry of Public Security, Mar. 24, 1989, effective Mar. 24, 1989) (China), at http://www.chinalawedu.com/news/1200/22598/22604/22717/2006/3/ga82661829251313600212124-0.htm.

103 Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Second Periodic Report Submitted by States Parties Under Articles 16 and 17 of the Covenant: China, UN Doc. E/C.12/CHN/2, at 9 (July 6, 2012).

104 Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Concluding Observations on the Second Periodic Report of China, para. 9, UN Doc. E/C.12/CHN/CO/2 (June 13, 2014).

105 See the accompanying text of note 38.

106 See generally Rosemary Foot, Rights Beyond Borders: The Global Community and the Struggle Over Human Rights in China (2000).

107 Karim, M.D. Saiful, Prosecution of Maritime Pirates: The National Court is Dead—Long Live the National Court?, 32 Wis. Int’l L. J. 37 (2014)Google Scholar.

108 Quanguo Renmin Daibiao Dahui Changwu Weiyuanhui Guanyu Dui Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo Dijie Huozhe Canjia de Guoji Tiaoyue Suo Guiding de Zuixing Xingshi Xingshi Guanxiaquan de Jueding [Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress Regarding Exercising Criminal Jurisdiction over the Crimes Proscribed in the International Treaties to Which the People’s Republic of China Is a Party or Has Acceded] (promulgated by the Standing Comm. Nat’l People’s Cong., June 23, 1987) (China), at http://www.npc.gov.cn/wxzl/gongbao/2001-02/06/content_5004485.htm. China is a party or has acceded to such conventions as, among others, the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft, the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation, the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, and the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. See Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft, Dec. 16, 1970, 860 U.N.T.S. 105, at https://treaties.un.org/doc/db/Terrorism/Conv2-english.pdf; Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation, Sept. 23, 1971, 974 U.N.T.S. 177, at https://treaties.un.org/doc/db/Terrorism/Conv3-english.pdf; Convention on Psychotropic Substances, Feb. 21, 1971, 1019 U.N.T.S. 175, at https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/MTDSG/Volume%20I/Chapter%20VI/VI-16.en.pdf; Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, Dec. 13, 1964, 520 U.N.T.S. 151, at https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/MTDSG/Volume%20I/Chapter%20VI/VI-18.en.pdf

109 Xing Fa [Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China] (promulgated by the Nat’l People’s Cong., July 1, 1979) 1979 Standing Comm. Nat’l People’s Cong. Gaz. 83, Art. 9 (amended 1997).

110 On several occasions, the SPC has urged that local judges increase their knowledge of international law. See, e.g., Guanyu Shenli He Zhixing Shewai Min Shangshi Anjian Yingdang Zhuyi de Ji Ge Wenti de Tongzhi [Notice of the Supreme People’s Court on Several Issues Concerning the Trial and Enforcement of Foreign-Related Civil and Commercial Cases] (Promulgated by the Sup. People’s Ct., Apr. 17, 2000, effective on Apr. 17, 2000) (China), at http://www.tpan.cn/html/5196.htm.

111 See Tong Weihua, Haishang Kongbu Zhuyi Fanzui Ji Haidao Fanzui de Xingshi Guizhi [Terrorist Crimes at Sea and Criminal Regulation on the Crime of Piracy] 8–9 (2013) (China).

112 Id.

113 Id.

114 Id.

115 Atan Naim, Deng Qiangjiean [Atan Naim et al., Robbery] [2003] (Shantou Municipal Interm. People’s Ct. Jan. 15, 2003) (China), at http://www.pkulaw.cn/Case/payz_117675567.html?match=Exact.

116 Id.

117 Id.

118 Id.

119 Huang Huikang , Junjian Huhang Daji Suomali Haidao: Falu Yiju He Sifa Chengxu Anpai [Fighting Somali Pirates by Naval Escort: Legal Basis and Judicial Procedure], 2011 Ann. China Maritime L.1, 5 (China).

120 See Tang, supra note 6; Huang, supra note 6; Yongping & Weidi, supra note 6.

121 Yongping & Weidi, supra note 6 at 101—02.

122 See Zuigao Renmin Fayuan Guanyu Renmin Fayuan Chuli yu Shewai Zhongcai ji Waiguo Zhongcai Shixiang Youguan Wenti de Tongzhi [Supreme People’s Court Notice Concerning Issues Regarding Foreign-Related Arbitration and Foreign Arbitration by People’s Courts] (Promulgated by the Sup. People’s Ct., Aug. 28, 1995, effective Aug. 28, 1995) (China), at http://www.chinalawedu.eom/news/1300/12/21727/2006/3/zl0419405553123600210650-0.htm.

123 Yang Honglei , Renmin Fayuan Shewai Zhongcai Sifa Shencha Qingkuang de Diaoyan Baogao [Report on the Judicial Review of International Arbitration in Chinese Courts] 9 Wuhan U. Int’l L. Rev. 304, 311 (2009) (China).

124 Beijing Tianyu Tongsheng Xinxi Jishu Youxian Gongsi Su Shenyang Yanxitang Canyin Fuwu Youxian Gongsi [Beijing Tianyu Tongsheng Information Technology Co. Ltd. v. Shenyang Yanxitang Food & Beverage Service Co. Ltd.] (Shenyang City Interm. People’s Ct. Nov. 16, 2011) (China), at http://law1.chinalawinfo.com/case/display.asp?Gid= 118262020.

125 Id.

126 Id.