The statistical technique of this paper is based upon the empirically established fact that over the course of time pottery types come into and go out of general use by a given group of people. It is further based upon the established fact that in cultures where chronology has been determined the differential use of types takes on a form illustrated in Figure 89. The data of this diagram are hypothetical, the purpose being merely to illustrate the present discussion.

In pre-Columbian Peru, conditions favorable for population concentration and cultural development were largely restricted to the coastal valleys and the high structural basins in the mountains. Most archaeologists who have dealt with comparative chronology have grouped adjacent valleys and compared their combined cultural sequences with those of a highland basin. The justification for this procedure has been the assumption that cultural uniformity would be found throughout these regional units in any given time period. For the valleys, such an assumption is based on the limited size of the area and the fact that each has only one major source of water supply to support an economy based on irrigated agriculture. The intensive archaeological work in Viru by the Institute of Andean Research verified the thesis of cultural uniformity for one valley. The situation in the highlands is, however, somewhat different since the basins are comparatively large, have many sources of water supply, and allow economies not totally dependent on irrigation. Only one highland basin, the Lake Titicaca, is sufficiently known archaeologically to allow examination of distributions at different time periods as a basis for evaluating its cultural unity or disunity. The present paper undertakes such a review.

A thin layer of pebbles and flinty artifacts isolated during the summers of 1948 and 1949 at the bottom of a site on Cape Denbigh, on the north Bering Sea coast of Alaska, furnishes concrete evidence in support of theories of a Bering Strait gateway to America in remote times. The flint complex from the old layer holds little in common with what we think of as Eskimo. For descriptive parallels it will be necessary to draw upon sources far removed from the Bering Strait and out of the general range of recent cultures. This specific cultural horizon appears to furnish a strong linkage of American archaeology with that of the Old World.

Recent years have seen increasing archaeological research in South America, but little of it has been undertaken in the tropical forest regions. In an attempt to fill a portion of this gap we spent the period from July, 1948 to July, 1949 in archaeological survey and excavations on the Islands of Marajó, Mexiana, and Caviana in the mouth of the Amazon and in the Territory of Amapá, (Brazilian Guiana). At the close of the field work the material was analysed, classified, and described in Brazil, and compared with collections from the region not available in American museums. It is upon these preliminary studies and comparative analyses that the following discussion is based; and although the basic classifications and ceramic typologies will not be changed, some alterations in over-all conclusions may be made as the final report nears completion.

The article which precedes this one describes a statistical technique for the chronological placement of archaeological artifact collections. The purposes of this paper are first to describe the rationale of archaeological analysis under which the data and problem as presented to Robinson were formulated, and upon which the validity of his solution therefore depends, and second to describe analytic and interpretive work which I have based upon his results.

This paper is a preliminary descriptive report of an archaeological reconnaissance undertaken during the summer of 1949 in southern Labrador and northern Newfoundland. The project will be continued in the summer of 1950, but since the prehistory of the area is both interesting and relatively unknown, I have thought it worth-while to write a brief account of the work as far as it has progressed.

The general purposes of the investigation are to delineate the culture of the Beothuck, or Red Indians, who once inhabited Newfoundland, and to trace their derivation; to clarify the manifestations of Cape Dorset Eskimo culture first noted in Newfoundland by Jenness (1929) and Wintemberg (1939, 1940); and to check on the possibilities of contact between the Beothuck and Dorset Eskimo with a view to tracking the diffusion of certain traits which, it is believed, occurred during the Archaic period.

Cotua Island is situated among the Yavariven Rapids of the Orinoco River northwest of the island of María Auxiliadora in Latitude 5°35'N and Longitude 67°35'W (Fig. 4). It measures some 2000 meters long and 500 meters wide.

About four years ago, when the waters of the Orinoco were unusually high, they completely covered the island. Nevertheless, a Creole is now living there, as the fertility of the soil is great enough to overcome his fear that the river will again rise over the island. Directly west of his house, the water has eroded pebbles and Indian potsherds from the ground (Fig. 4, 4). To the southeast, on Maria Auxiliadora Island, there are petroglyphs (Fig. 4, 1), and in addition both islands bear workshops, where the Indians appear to have ground stone artifacts on outcrops of rock (Fig. 4, 2, 3, 5).

This paper gives the results of test excavations conducted at the Lake Jackson site, Leon County, Florida by the Florida Park Service during the months of April and May, 1947. During this time systematic excavations were made in a portion of the village area lying in the vicinity of the large mounds for which the site is well known. These excavations were preliminary in nature, and it is hoped that they will be followed by more definitive study.

As a result of work on Santa Rosa Island during 1947-1950, the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History has completed a survey which includes 142 ancient Indian village sites. On the California mainland intensive cultivation, construction and pot-hunting have pretty well eliminated the natural surface conditions of Indian sites, but on Santa Rosa Island, due to its isolation, there are many sites untouched by modern man. Consequently, it was possible to set up a system of classification of the sites undisturbed by civilization on a basis of natural physical conditions.

Stamped or impressed designs on pottery from a group of relatively early sites in northern Georgia provide new data on the origin of several well known motifs of later times, and add to the evidence for a considerable cultural continuity between the archaeological phases of this area.

In a previous article for american antiquity (Vol. XIV, pp. 201-9), I summarized the general ceramic sequence in the Etowah Drainage. Fabric impressed pottery seems to be the first majority ware in this area. It gradually decreased in popularity as Mossy Oak Simple Stamped increased and Deptford Bold and Linear Check Stamped appeared. The last named, together with Deptford Simple Stamped, became majority types during Late Archaic or Early Woodland times. In the meantime Woodstock Stamped and Woodstock Incised pottery appeared, but did not reach their frequency peak until Early Swift Creek had presumably degenerated into its later form near the end of the Middle Woodland period. Napier Stamped appeared at this time. Napier and Woodstock pottery strongly influenced the Early Mississippi "Etowah" wares, both stamped and incised. In the latter part of this period, Savannah Stamped intruded briefly, but the Etowah types persisted and finally deteriorated in carefulness of execution, thus evolving into the Lamar pottery of Late Mississippi time.

During the summer seasons of 1947, 1948, and 1949 the University of Chicago and the Illinois State Museum co-sponsored archaeological excavations in LaSalle county, northern Illinois. In 1947 the site on top of Starved Rock (known as LS 12) was sampled by means of several test pits. In 1948 intensive excavation was carried out at LS 12. In 1949 LS 12 was again intensively excavated by a small crew of students under the writer's direction. As of January, 1950 approximately one-quarter of the total surface of the Rock has been excavated, including excavation carried out in 1949 by Richard S. Hagen for the state of Illinois.

Few of the smaller proposed or authorized reservoir sites examined by River Basin Survey teams in the Northwest have yielded archaeological sites suitable for excavation. In some of them, however, the surveying parties have found extensive surface indications and made collections which are in themselves worthy of study and reporting. The Benham Falls Reservoir is in this latter class; indeed, it is the only'reservoir area in which no sites were found which warranted excavation and yet which exhibited extensive evidence of aboriginal use and yielded a fair surface collection. Consequently the data which resulted from the survey work are sufficient to justify their being made generally available. This is seen to be doubly true when it is recalled that no previous work has been done in the area.

Several years ago, the writer prepared a paper (Lothrop, 1941) on the gold objects of Chavin style found in two graves at Chongoyape near the north coast of Peru. At that time reference was made to a third group of Chavin gold work which the owner, the late Mr. Joseph Brummer, did not then wish to have published. (Five Brummer specimens were illustrated in Kelemen, 1944, seven in Larco Hoyle, 1941.) Since Mr. Brummer's death, the nineteen specimens in his collection have passed into the hands of the Hon. Robert Woods Bliss and Doctor Vladimir G. Simkhovitch, who have granted permission to publish their beautiful acquisitions and have most kindly provided photographs. I am also indebted to a friend in Lima for permission to illustrate a Chavin specimen from his collection and to Professor W. C. Root for analyses.

Ever since the late Julio C. Tello gave it a prominent place in his scheme of the development of Peruvian culture the great site of Huari (or Wari, as Tello always wrote it) has been a vexing problem in Andean archaeology. As was the case with so many of his explorations, Tello never published a report on his work at Huari and his general statements about what he found there leave the reader in considerable confusion. The authors of this paper took advantage of a flying trip over the Peruvian Central Highway made in 1946 to make a brief visit to Huari and came away with the feeling that even the small amount of fresh information they could contribute to archaeological knowledge would be worth reporting.

The Morton Focus of the Central Basin Phase, or simply Central Basin, is a Woodland assemblage found in central Illinois. There has been a good deal of controversy concerning the relationship of Central Basin and Hopewell since the two were described (Cole and Deuel, 1937, pp. 222-3). Some believed the two were so much alike that perhaps they were the same thing, Central Basin being a poor Hopewellian village group; others believed there was no overlap, but a clean break between them. Most of this controversy was based on ceramic material and the absence of Hopewellian burial mound traits in association with Central Basin pottery. Cole and Deuel (1937, p. 203) said

Dr. Antonio J. Waring, Jr., of Savannah, Georgia, dug a test trench at Johns Island in August, 1948. He discovered an upper zone of oyster shells containing sherds of the Weeden Island period and a lower zone of cemented fresh-water snail shells in which were large percussion-flaked tools but apparently no pottery. At the conference on The Florida Indian and His Neighbors held at Rollins College, Winter, Park Florida, in April he called this site to the attention of the Florida Park Service and suggested that additional work would be worthwhile. We conducted excavations at the island in May, 1949, with two primary objectives: first, to determine the associations of the large stone tools; second, to secure data relative to a rise in sea level during or since occupancy.

Collections of nearly 20,000 copper implements of twenty-one general types, heavily patinated, all surface or near surface finds without apparent pottery association, found in maximum concentration in Wisconsin, have raised questions of their relative age and probable cultural affiliations. In 1942, after Ritchie's discovery of copper implements in pre-pottery Laurentian levels, W. C. McKern (1942, p. 167) formulated a provisional hypothesis. He defined the tools as the production of a pre-Woodland, preceramic people, centered in Wisconsin and spreading into adjacent territory, and subsumed all copper implements, not attributable to known cultures, as cases of the Old Copper Industry.

During the academic year 1948-49 an archaeological survey of the central Florida region was initiated by the writer and carried out with the aid of University of Florida students. As a result a large number of sites have been located, many of which have no pottery on the surface but are characterized by an abundance of flint chips and chipped stone artifacts. Most of the stone points are not distinctive although a few, known as Suwannee points, are suggestive of fluted points and Plainview forms found elsewhere. With a hope of determining the cultural position of this type of point, and of defining possible lithic complexes in the region, a program of test excavations was planned. These have resulted in the recognition of a new lithic entity, the Santa Fe complex.

In the spring of 1791 a soldier in the army of Major General Arthur St. Clair, pausing on his march through western Pennsylvania to view a prehistoric earthwork along the Monongahela, wrote in his journal

The Wilbanks site, 9CK-5, is located in the Etowah Valley, north Georgia, about fifteen miles upstream from the famous Etowah site excavated by Moorehead (1932). Excavations here have produced one structure and three superimposed refuse deposits yielding a ceramic sequence contemporaneous with middle through late Mississippi.

Robert Wauchope (1948, p. 205) tested the site for the University of Georgia some years ago with a single trench into a mound, its main feature. A brief note on the results of this excavation was published as part of a more comprehensive paper.