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A Bioarchaeological Study of African American Health and Mortality in the Post-Emancipation U.S. South

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 August 2020

Maria Franklin Open the ORCID record for Maria Franklin [Opens in a new window]  and
Samuel M. Wilson
Maria Franklin*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Texas-Austin, 2201 Speedway Avenue, Austin, TX78712, USA
Samuel M. Wilson
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Texas-Austin, 2201 Speedway Avenue, Austin, TX78712, USA
*
([email protected], corresponding author)
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Abstract

After emancipation, most African Americans remained tethered to agricultural economies, while others migrated to cities seeking better opportunities. Although bioarchaeologists have made significant interventions in researching people of African descent, there are relatively few published comparative studies that address their morbidity and mortality after slavery. This study compares the bioarchaeological evidence for rural and urban southern United States populations to address disparities in health and longevity. It considers the biological effects of racism, including the health impacts of poverty, disease, and malnourishment. Although historians and demographers argue that urban life was especially detrimental to health, the results of this research suggest greater complexity in African American well-being. Whereas urban adults had higher midlife mortality and reduced longevity compared to their rural counterparts, both rural and urban children experienced poor health. Rural child mortality and morbidity varied significantly, suggesting differences in diet and disease exposure across rural communities. With regard to gender, rural and urban women died at younger ages than men. This disparity in mortality is partly attributed to black women's working and reproductive lives within the context of racism and gender inequality.

Después de la emancipación, la mayoría de los afroamericanos permanecieron atados a las economías agrícolas, mientras que otros emigraron a las ciudades para buscar mejores oportunidades de vida. Aunque los bio-arqueólogos han llevado a cabo investigaciones importantes sobre la gente de descendencia africana, hay pocos estudios que se enfoquen en su mortalidad y morbilidad después de la esclavitud y de manera comparativa. El presente estudio compara la evidencia bio-arqueológica de poblaciones urbanas y rurales del sur de Estados Unidos para estudiar disparidades de salud y longevidad. Se enfoca en los efectos biológicos del racismo, incluyendo el impacto que pudieron tener la pobreza, la enfermedad, y la malnutrición sobre la salud. Aunque los historiadores y demógrafos han dicho que la vida urbana tenía un efecto negativo sobre la salud, los resultados de esta investigación sugieren que el bienestar de los afroamericanos era más complejo que si vivían o no en la ciudad. Los adultos urbanos tenían una mortalidad mayor hacia la mitad de la vida promedio, y una longevidad reducida comparada con los adultos rurales, pero los niños de áreas tanto rurales como urbanas tenían mala salud. Tanto la mortalidad como la morbilidad entre los niños rurales variaban mucho, lo cual sugiere que había muchas diferencias en dieta y en enfermedades en las poblaciones rurales. En términos de género, las mujeres rurales y urbanas morían a una edad menor que los hombres. La vida reproductiva y el trabajo de las mujeres negras, dentro del contexto del racismo, son factores que pueden explicar las disparidades de género en el bienestar.

Keywords

racism and healthmaternal healthenamel hypoplasiaporotic hyperostosisrural and urban African Americansmortality and longevityracismo y saludsalud maternahipoplasia del esmaltehiperostosis poróticaafroamericanos rurales y urbanosmortalidad y longevidad
Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 85 , Issue 4 , October 2020 , pp. 652 - 675
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2020. Published by the Society for American Archaeology and Cambridge University Press

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