Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T18:22:42.018Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Folsom and Yuma Culture Finds

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 January 2017

Hans E. Fischel*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley, California

Extract

A little more than a decade ago, the term “Folsom points” made its first appearance in the literature. It signifies a stone implement characterized by a wide, shallow groove, usually found on both sides (Figure 25:1, 2, 6, 7). Previously these implements, known from surface finds only, had aroused no particular attention. Their true significance was established by the Colorado Museum of Natural History, when these artifacts were discovered in direct association with a number of extinct bison (B. antiquus taylori) and other animals. The undoubted association of fauna and artifacts was confirmed by Barnum Brown, A. V. Kidder, and F. H. H. Roberts, Jr. All finds of this particular grooved blade were henceforth called “Folsom” points, after the nearby town of Folsom, New Mexico.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 1939

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Andrews, A. B. 1935. The Yuma Point. Wisconsin Archeologist, N.S., 15, 2.Google Scholar
2. Anonymous. 1929. Did the Earliest Americans Hunt Sloth? Science News Letter, 16.Google Scholar
3. Anonymous. 1932. Traces of Folsom Man near Carlsbad. El Palacio, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
4. Anonymous. 1935. Evidence of Early Mammoth Hunters Uncovered. Science News Letter, 27.Google Scholar
5. Anonymous. 1935a. Early Man. American Antiquity, 1, 2.Google Scholar
6. Anonymous. 1936. Early Man. American Antiquity, 2, 1.Google Scholar
7. Antevs, E. 1935. The Occurrence of Flints and Extinct Animals in Pluvial Deposits near Clovis, N.M. Phil. Acad. Natl. Sci., Proa, 304.Google Scholar
8. Antevs, E. 1935a. The Spread of Aboriginal Man to North America. Geogr. Review, 25.Google Scholar
9. Barbour, E. H., and Schultz, C. B.. 1932. The Mounted Skeleton of Bison Occidentalis and Associated Dart Points. Nebr. State Mus., Bull. 1, 32.Google Scholar
10. Barbour, E. H., and Schultz, C. B.. 1933. The Scottsbluff Bison Quarry and Its Artifacts. Nebr. State Mus., Bull. 1, 34.Google Scholar
11. Beauchamp, W. M. 1897. Aboriginal Chipped Stone Implements in New York. New York State Museum, Bull. 16.Google Scholar
12. Bell, E. H., and Van Royen, W.. 1934. An Evaluation of Recent Nebraska Finds Sometimes Attributed to the Pleistocene. Wisconsin Archeologist, N.S., 13, 3.Google Scholar
13. Boas, F. 1933. Relationships between Northwest America and Northeast Asia. In: The American Aborigines, ed. by Jenness, D..Google Scholar
14. Brown, B. 1929. Folsom Culture and Its Age. Geological Society of America, Bull. 40.Google Scholar
15. Brown, C. S. 1926. Archaeology of Mississippi. University of Mississippi.Google Scholar
16. Bryan, F. 1930. Archaeological Remains in the Black and Gray Prairies of Texas. Texas Arch, and Paleon. Soc, Bull. 2.Google Scholar
17. Bryan, F. 1931. Notes on the Archaeology of Central Texas. American Anthropologist, N.S., 33.Google Scholar
18. Bureau of American Ethnology. 1927/8. Report, pp. 7-8.Google Scholar
19. Bureau of American Ethnology. 1934/5. Ibid.Google Scholar
20. Campbell, E. W., and W. H., 1935. The Pinto Basin Site. Southwest Museum Papers, 9.Google Scholar
21. Conkling, R. P. 1932. Conkling Cavern: The Discoveries in the Bone Cave at Bishop's Cap, N.M. Western Texas Historical and Scientific Society, Bull. 44, 4.Google Scholar
22. Cook, H. J. 1925. Definite Evidence of Human Artifacts in the American Pleistocene. Science, 62, pp. 459–460.Google Scholar
23. Cook, H. J. 1926. The Antiquity of Man in America. Scientific American, 137.Google Scholar
24. Cook, H. J. 1927. New Geological and Paleontological Evidence Bearing on the Antiquity of Mankind in America. Natural History.Google Scholar
25. Cook, H. J. 1928. Further Evidence Concerning Man's Antiquity at Frederick, Oklahoma. Science, 67.Google Scholar
26. Cook, H. J. 1928a. Glacial Age Man in New Mexico. Scientific American, July.Google Scholar
27. Cook, H. J. 1931. More Evidence of the “Folsom Culture” race. Scientific American, 144.Google Scholar
28. Cooke, C. W. 1928. The Stratigraphy and Age of the Pleistocene Deposits in Florida from Which Human Bones Have Been Reported. Jour., Wash. Acad. Sci., 18.Google Scholar
29. Cope, E. D. 1895. The Antiquity of Man in North America. American Naturalist.Google Scholar
30. de Laguna, F. 1936. An Archaeological Reconnaissance of the Middle and Lower Yukon Valley, Alaska. American Antiquity, 2, 1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31. de Terra, H. 1934. Geology and Archaeology as Border Sciences. Science, 80, pp. 447449.Google Scholar
32. Elrod, H. B 1933. Flint, Its Occurrence, Composition and Patina. Texas. Arch, and Pal. Soc, Bull. 5.Google Scholar
33. Evans, O. F. 1930. The Antiquity of Man as Shown at Frederick, Oklahoma. Jour., Wash. Acad. Sci., 20.Google Scholar
34. Figgins, J. D. 1927. The Antiquity of Man in America. Natural History.Google Scholar
35. Figgins, J. D. 1931. An Additional Discovery of the Association of a Folsom Artifact and Fossil Mammal Remains. Colorado Museum of Natural History, Proa, 10,4.Google Scholar
36. Figgins, J. D. 1933. A Further Contribution to the Antiquity of Man in America. Ibid., 12, 2.Google Scholar
37. Figgins, J. D. 1934. Folsom and Yuma Artifacts. Ibid., Proc., 13, 2.Google Scholar
38. Figgins, J. D. 1935. New World Man. Ibid., Proc., 14, 1.Google Scholar
39. Figgins, J. D. 1935a. Folsom and Yuma Artifacts. Ibid., Proc., 14, 2.Google Scholar
40. Forde, D. 1930. Early Cultures of Atlantic Europe. American Anthropologist, N.S., 32.Google Scholar
41. Fowke, G. 1891/2. Stone Art. Bureau of American Ethnology, 13th Report.Google Scholar
42. Gould, CH. N. 1929. On the Recent Findings of Another Flint Arrowhead in the Pleistocene Deposits at Frederick, Oklahoma. Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci., 19.Google Scholar
43. Harrington, M. R. 1932. When Was America Discovered? Scientific American, 147, 7.Google Scholar
44. Harrington, M. R. 1933. Gypsum Cave, Nevada. Southwest Museum Papers, 8.Google Scholar
45. Harrington, M. R. 1934. The Meaning of Gypsum Cave. Texas Arch, and Paleon. Soc, Bull. 6.Google Scholar
46. Harrington, M. R. 1938. Folsom Man in California. Masterkey, 12, 4.Google Scholar
47. Haury, E. W. 1936. Early Man. American Antiquity, 2, 3.Google Scholar
48. Hay, O. P. 1928. An Extinct Camel from Utah. Science, 68, pp. 299301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
49. Hay, O. P. 1918. Further Considerations of the Occurrence of Human Remains in the Pleistocene Deposits at Vero, Florida. American Anthropologist, N.S., 20.Google Scholar
50. Hay, O. P. 1929. On the Recent Discovery of Another Flint Arrowhead in the Early Pleistocene Deposits at Frederick, Oklahoma. Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci., 19.Google Scholar
51. Holmes, W. H. 1904. Modern Quarry Refuse and the Palaeolithic Theory. Science, 20.Google Scholar
52. Hooton, E. A. 1933. Notes on Five Texas Crania. Texas Arch, and Paleon. Soc, Bull. 5.Google Scholar
53. Howard, E. B. 1932. Caves along the Slopes of the Guadalupe Mountains. Texas Arch, and Paleont. Soc, Bull. 4.Google Scholar
54. Howard, E. B. 1933. Association of Artifacts with Mammoth and Bison in Eastern New Mexico. Science, 78.Google Scholar
55. Howard, E. B. 1933a. Early Man in America. Science Supplement, 78.Google Scholar
56. Howard, E. B. 1934. Grooved Spearpoints. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, 3, 6.Google Scholar
57. Howard, E. B. 1935. Evidence of Early Man in America. Museum Journal (Phila.), 24, 23.Google Scholar
58. Howard, E. B. 1936. An Outline of the Problem of Man's Antiquity in North America. American Anthropologist, N.S., 38.Google Scholar
59. Hrdlička, A. 1918. Recent Discoveries Attributed to Early Man in America. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 66.Google Scholar
60. Hrdlička, A. 1937. The Minnesota Man. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 22, 2.Google Scholar
61. Jenks, A. E. 1934. The Discovery of an Ancient Minnesota Maker of Yuma and Folsom Flints. Science, 80, p. 208.Google Scholar
62. Jenks, A. E. 1935. Field Work in Minnesota During 1934. American Antiquity, 1, 2.Google Scholar
63. Jenks, A. E. 1935a. Recent Discoveries in Minnesota Prehistory. Minnesota History, 16.Google Scholar
64. Jenks, A. E. 1937. Minnesota's Browns Valley Man and Associated Burial Arifacts. Memoirs, American Anthropological Assoc, 49.Google Scholar
65. Johnston, W. A. Quaternary Geology of North America in Relation to the Migration of Man. In: The American Aborigines, ed. by Jenness, D..Google Scholar
66. Jones, J. C. 1925. Geological History of Lake Lahontan. Carnegie Inst, of Washington, Publ. 352.Google Scholar
67. Judd, N. M. 1929. The Present Status of Archaeology. American Anthropologist, N.S., 31, p. 413.Google Scholar
68. Kuhm, H.W. 1934. The Folsom Point Controversy. Wisconsin Archeologist, N.S., 14, 2.Google Scholar
69. Lanson, P. W. 1907. The Winnebago Tribe. Wisconsin Archeologist, 6, 3, Pl. 11: No. 2.Google Scholar
70. Leighton, M. M., and Sayles, E. B.. 1936. Geological Aspects of the Findings of Primitive Man near Abilene, Texas. Medallion Papers, 24.Google Scholar
71. Loomis, F. B. 1926. Early Man in Florida. Natural History.Google Scholar
72. Lowie, R. H. 1927. Anthropology. New International Yearbook.Google Scholar
73. Lowie, R. H. 1931. Anthropology. Ibid.Google Scholar
74. Lowie, R. H. 1932. Anthropology. Ibid.Google Scholar
75. Lowie, R. H. 1936. Anthropology. Ibid.Google Scholar
76. McCown, B. E. 1935. Sources of Materials and Wanderings of Early Inhabitants. American Antiquity, 1, 3.Google Scholar
77. Mercer, H. C. 1885. The Lenape Stone, or the Indian and the Mammoth. New York.Google Scholar
78. Merriam, J. C. I. 1935. Present Status of the Problem of the Antiquity of Man in North America. Science, 78, p. 524.Google Scholar
79. Meserve, F. G., and Barbour, E. H.. 1932. Association of an Arrowpoint with Bison Occidentalis. Nebraska State Museum, Bulletin 1, 27.Google Scholar
80. Moorehead, W. K. 1900. Prehistoric Implements. Cincinnati.Google Scholar
81. Moorehead, W. K. 1910. The Stone Age in North America (2 vols.). Boston.Google Scholar
82. Moorehead, W. K. 1931. Archaeology of the Arkansas River Valley. New Haven.Google Scholar
83. Nelson, N. C. 1917. Contributions to the Archaeology of Mammoth Cave and Vicinity, Kentucky. American Museum of Natural History, Anthropological Papers, 22, 1.Google Scholar
84. Nelson, N. C. 1933. The Antiquity of Man in America in the Light of Archaeology. In: The American Aborigines, ed. by Jenness, D.., Reprint in Smithson. Rpt. 1935.Google Scholar
85. Nelson, N. C. 1937. Review of F. H. H. Roberts, Jr.: Additional Information on the Folsom Complex. American Antiquity, 2, 4.Google Scholar
86. Obermaier, H. 1932. Ueber die Verwertbarkeit der altweltlichen Palaeolithtypen fuer die prehistorische Chronologie auf amerikanischen Boden. Wiener Praehistorische Zeitschrift, 19.Google Scholar
87. Peake, H. E., and Fleure, H. J.. 1927. Corridors of Time, 2.Google Scholar
88. Petri, . 1913–15. In Academia Nauk Muzei po Antropologia i etnografi Slovink, vols. 2-3.Google Scholar
89. Putnam, F. W. 1888. Palaeolithic Man in East and Central North America. Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Cambridge.Google Scholar
90. Ray, C. W. 1929. A Differentiation of the Prehistoric Cultures of the Abilene Region. Texas Arch, and Paleont. Soc, Bull. 1.Google Scholar
91. Ray, C. W. 1930. Report on Some Recent Archaeological Researches in the Abilene Section. Ibid., Bull. 2.Google Scholar
92. Ray, C. W. 1932. Flint Cultures of Ancient Man in Texas. Ibid., Bull. 4.Google Scholar
93. Ray, C. W. 1935. The Pottery Complex and Artifacts of the Abilene Region. Ibid., Bull. 7.Google Scholar
94. Renaud, E. B. 1931. Prehistoric Flaked Points from Colorado and Neighboring Districts. Colorado Museum of Natural History, Proc, 10, 2.Google Scholar
95. Renaud, E. B. 1932. Archaeological Survey of Eastern Colorado. University of Denver.Google Scholar
96. Renaud, E. B. 1932a. Archaeological Survey of Eastern Wyoming. University of Denver.Google Scholar
97. Renaud, E. B. 1932b. Yuma and Folsom Artifacts. Colorado Mus. Natl. Hist., Proc., 11, 2.Google Scholar
98. Renaud, E. B. 1933. Archaeological Survey of Western Nebraska. University of Denver.Google Scholar
99. Renaud, E. B. 1935. The First Thousand Yuma-Folsom Artifacts. Dept. Anthro., Univ. of Denver.Google Scholar
100. Renaud, E. B. 1935a. Arrowhead Types of Colorado. Southwestern Lore, 1.Google Scholar
101. Renaud, E. B. 1937. Folsom and Yuma Points as Known Today. Texas Arch, and Paleon. Soc, Bull. 9.Google Scholar
102. Rogers, D. B. 1929. Prehistoric Man of the Santa Barbara Coast.Google Scholar
103. Roberts, F. H. H. Jr. 1934. A Folsom Campsite and Workshop. Smithson. Inst., Explor. and Fieldwork.Google Scholar
104. Roberts, F. H. H. Jr. 1935. A Folsom Complex; Preliminary Report on Investigations at the Lindenmeier Site in Northern Colorado. Smithson. Misc. Coll., 94, 4.Google Scholar
105. Roberts, F. H. H. Jr. 1936. Additional Information on the Folsom Complex. Smithson. Coll., 95, 10.Google Scholar
106. Romer, A. S. 1928. A Fossil Camel, Recently Living in Utah. Science, 68.Google Scholar
107. Romer, A. S. 1933, Pleistocene Vertebrates and Their Bearing on the Problem of the Antiquity of Man in North America. In: The American Aborigines, ed. by Jenness, D..Google Scholar
108. Sayles, E. B. 1935. An Archaeological Survey of Texas. Medallion Papers, 17.Google Scholar
109. Schultz, C. B. 1932. Association of Artifacts and Extinct Mammals in Nebraska. Nebraska State Museum, Bull. 1, 32.Google Scholar
110. Schultz, C. B., and Eiseley, L.. 1935. Paleontological Evidence for the Antiquity of the Scottsbluff Bison Quarry and Its Associated Artifacts. American Anthropologist, N.S., 37.Google Scholar
111. Schultz, C. B., and Eiseley, L.. 1936. An Added Note on the Scottsbluff Quarry. Amer. Anthrop., N.S., 38.Google Scholar
112. Schultz, C. B., and Eiseley, L.. 1936a. Did Glacial Man Inhabit Nebraska? Nebraska Alumnus.Google Scholar
113. Schultz, C. B., and Eiseley, L.. 1936b. Paleontological and Geological Considerations of Man in Nebraska. Nebraska State Museum, Bull. 1, 45.Google Scholar
114. Sears, P. B. 1932. The Archaeology of Environment. American Anthropologist, N.S., 34.Google Scholar
115. Seixards, E. W. 1932. Geological Relations of Deposits Reported to Contain Artifacts at Frederick, Oklahoma. Geological Society of America, Bull. 43.Google Scholar
116. Shetrone, H. C. 1936. The Folsom Phenomena as Seen from Ohio. Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, 45, 3.Google Scholar
117. Shuler, E. W. 1934. Collecting Fossil Elephants of Texas. Texas Arch, and Paleon. Soc, Bull. 6.Google Scholar
118. Spier, L. 1928. Concerning Man's Antiquity at Frederick, Oklahoma. Science, 67, p. 160.Google Scholar
119. Spier, L. 1928a. A Note on Reputed Ancient Artifacts from Frederick, Oklahoma. Science, 68, p. 184.Google Scholar
120. Stirling, M. 1935. Field Work in Colorado during 1934. American Antiquity, 1, 1, p. 55.Google Scholar
121. Strong, WM. D. 1933. The Plains Culture Area in the Light of Archaeology. American Anthropologist, N.S., 35.Google Scholar
122. Strong, WM. D. 1934. North American Indian Traditions Suggesting a Knowledge of the Mammoth. American Anthropologist, N.S., 36.Google Scholar
123. Uhle, M. 1928. Spaete Mastodonten in Ecuador. International Congress of Americanists, 23.Google Scholar
124. Wilson, TH. 1898. Prehistoric Art. U. S. National Museum, Annual Report. Pl. 23.Google Scholar
125. Winchell, N. H. 1907. Pre-Indian Inhabitants of North America. Records of the Past, 6.Google Scholar
126. Wissler, C. 1935. Anthropology. In: Americana.Google Scholar
127. Wissler, C. 1936. Anthropology. Ibid.Google Scholar
128. Witte, A. H. 1935. Archaeology of a Section of the Red River Upper Drainage, Texas Arch, and Paleon. Soc, Bull. 7.Google Scholar
129. Wright, G. F. 1890. The Ice Age in North America and Its Bearing upon the Antiquity of Man. New York.Google Scholar