Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-02T20:52:46.388Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Prehistory and Ideology in Zimbabwe

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 December 2011

Extract

Zimbabwe has adopted the name of the Shona state, centred on the city of Great Zimbabwe, which flourished between five and eight hundred years ago, and whose ruined stone walls are one of the most remarkable monuments in Africa. Great Zimbabwe was a considerable human achievement, evidence of the acquisition and management of a huge and docile labour force, of prolonged political stability and economic prosperity.

When the British South Africa Company occupied the country in 1890 the monument became the subject of considerable settler polemic and controversy. While its origins were still uncertain Cecil Rhodes recognized the considerable propaganda value that evidence of ancient foreign settlement, preferably white and successful and with Biblical origins, would have. It would give a precedent and respectability to the conquest and a promise of similar prosperity to the settlers and investors in the new colony. Rhodes acquired many antiquities from Great Zimbabwe, and initiated excavations at the site and searches of the archives of Rome and Lisbon for documents referring to it. He himself sought parallels to its art in the museums of Cairo. He also commissioned eminent mining engineers to determine the origins and yield of the ‘ancient gold workings’ in the country. Finally, he had Richard Hall, an enthusiastic propagandist of the settler cause in newspapers, lectures and exhibitions, and a fanatical advocate of immensely old Biblical origins for Great Zimbabwe, appointed curator of the Ruins expressly to instruct important visitors in his theories.

Résumé

Préhistoire et Idéologic au Zimbabwe

Cet article retrace le développement de la recherche archéologique à partir des grandes expéditions d'archéologues étrangers au Grand Zimbabwe en 1905 et 1929. Il examine les concepts fondamentaux qui sont à la base de toute recherche consécutive effectuée par les archélogues blancs résidant au Grand Zimbabwe et dans tout le reste du pays, de 1947 à l'Indépendance, et indique comment leurs travaux étaient enracinés dans un paradigme de colon qui décrivait la société africaine comme foncièrement conservatrice, anti-innovatrice et par conséquent statique. Tout changement tant soit peu important étant attribué à des agents exterieurs. L'accent porté sur le recouvrement, la description et les analyses d'assemblages de poterie comme étant la base de séquences de culture et d'histoire, et la corrélation entre le style de poterie et les groupes ethniques et de langue soulignaient de façon erronée la ‘tribu’ comme seule unité d'analyse valable. Des concepts d'ordre similaire attribuent les origines des périodes du début à la fin de l'Age de Fer aux différentes migrations de peuplades, avec cependant très peu de concordance sur la nature et les directions de tels mouvements.

Il est suggéré que de telles explications sont à la fois inadéquates et incorrectes. Il est possible de donner des explications tout à fait différentes pour expliquer les changements de la société qui produisirent des entités archéologiques désignées sous le nom d'“Age de Fer’ primaire ou secondaire. De telles explications cependant ne demeureront que spéculatives tant que des recherches ultérieures ne seront pas entreprises pour les vérifier.

Le but de l'archéologie et les interprétations de la préhistoire entrainent l'aliénation de la masse du peuple du Zimbabwe. En conséquence, bien que le Grand Zimbabwe ait donné son nom au nouvel Etat, il demeure une notion vague ayant peu de signification dans la culture populaire.

Type
Past and Present in Zimbabwe
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 1982

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ammerman, A. J., and Sforza, L. L. Cavalli 1973. ‘A population model for the diffusion of early farming in Europe’ in Renfrew, C. (ed.), The Explanation of Culture Change. London: Duckworth.Google Scholar
Appellate Division of the High Court of Zimbabwe, 1981. Sophia Tsvatayi Muchini versus the State. Record on appeal against conviction and sentence of death … on December 18, 1981. Harare: High Court of Zimbabwe.Google Scholar
Beach, D. N. 1980. The Shona and Zimbabwe 900–1850. Gwelo: Mambo Press.Google Scholar
Blake-Thompson, J. n.d., unpublished. Historical Manuscript TH 10/1/100, National Archives of Zimbabwe, Harare.Google Scholar
Bruwer, A. J. 1965. Zimbabwe: Rhodesia's Ancient Greatness. Johannesburg: Keartland.Google Scholar
Chanaiwa, D. 1973. The Zimbabwe Controversy: a Case of Colonial Historiography. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.Google Scholar
Chanaiwa, D. 1978. ‘Historiographical traditions of southern Africa’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 3(2), 175–93.Google Scholar
Chigwedere, A. 1980. From Mutapa to Rhodes. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Clutton-Brock, G. 1978. ‘The Zimbabwe situation’, in Southern Africa. London: Christian Socialist Movement.Google Scholar
David, N. and Hennig, H. 1972. The Ethnography of Pottery. New York: Addison-Wesley Modular Publications.Google Scholar
Denbow, J. R. 1980. ‘The Toutswe tradition: a study in socio economic change’. Paper presented to Botswana Society symposium, Gaberone.Google Scholar
Derricourt, R. 1980. The Itezhitezhi Project. Unpublished mss.Google Scholar
Garlake, P. 1968a. ‘Archaeology’, in Niven, M. (ed.), Bundu Book 3. Salisbury: Longmans.Google Scholar
Garlake, P. 1968b. ‘The value of imported ceramics in the dating and interpretation of the Rhodesian Iron Age’, Journal of African History 9(1), 1333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garlake, P. 1973. Great Zimbabwe. London: Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar
Garlake, P. 1978. ‘Pastoralism and zimbabwe’, Journal of African History 19(4), 479–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gayre, R. 1972. The Origins of the Zimbabwe Civilization. Salisbury: Galaxie Press.Google Scholar
Gramley, R. M. 1978. ‘Expansion of Bantu-speakers versus development of Bantu language and African culture in situ: an archaeologist's perspective’, South African Archaeological Bulletin 33(128), 107–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkes, C. 1931. ‘British hill forts’, Antiquity, VII(17), 60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huffman, T. N. 1970. ‘The Early Iron Age and the spread of the Bantu’, South African Archaeological Bulletin 25(97), 323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huffman, T. N. 1972a. ‘Shona pottery from Pumula Township, Bulawayo’, South African Archaeological Bulletin 28(105), 6681.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huffman, T. N. 1972b. ‘The rise and fall of Zimbabwe’, Journal of African History 13(3), 353–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huffman, T. N. 1974a. ‘Ancient mining and Zimbabwe’, Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 74(6), 238–42.Google Scholar
Huffman, T. N. 1974b. ‘The linguistic affinities of the Iron Age in Rhodesia’, Amoldia, 7(7).Google Scholar
Huffman, T. N. 1976. A Guide to the Great Zimbabwe Ruins. Salisbury: National Museums.Google Scholar
Huffman, T. N. 1978. ‘The origins of Leopard's Kopje: an eleventh century difaqane’, Arnoldia, 8(23).Google Scholar
Huffman, T. N. 1979. ‘African origins’, South African Journal of Science 75, 233–7.Google Scholar
Huffman, T. N. 1980. ‘Ceramics, classification and Iron Age entities’, African Studies 39, 123–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maggs, T. 1980. ‘The Iron Age sequence south of the Vaal and Pongola rivers: some historical implications’, Journal of African History, 21(6), 116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacIver, D. Randall 1906a. ‘The Rhodesian ruins’. Geographical Journal 27.Google Scholar
MacIver, D. Randall 1906b. Mediaeval Rhodesia. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Mugabe, R. G. 1979. Zanu carries the burden of history. Maputo: Zimbabwe African National Union (Patriotic Front).Google Scholar
National Museums, 1981. Annual Report of National Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe 1981. Salisbury: National Museums.Google Scholar
Ndhlovu, J. J. M. 1981. ‘Culture and education’. Unpublished paper given to the seminar ‘Education in Zimbabwe’, August, 1981.Google Scholar
Oliver, R. O. 1966. ‘The problem of Bantu expansion’, Journal of African History 6(3), 361–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillipson, D. W. 1968. ‘The Early Iron Age in Zambia–regional variants and some tentative conclusions’, Journal of African History 9(2), 191211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillipson, D. W. 1975. ‘The chronology of the Iron Age in Bantu Africa’, Journal of African History 16(3), 321–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phimister, I. 1976. ‘Pre-colonial gold mining in southern Zambezia: a reassessment’, African Social Research, 21, 129.Google Scholar
Ranger, T. O. 1976. ‘Towards a usable African past’, in Fyfe, C., (ed.) African Studies since 1945, London: Longmans, 1730.Google Scholar
Rightmire, G. P. 1974. The Later Pleistocene and Evolution of Man in Africa. New York: MSS Modular Publications.Google Scholar
Robinson, K. R. 1963. ‘Further excavations at the Tunnel Site, Gokomere Hill, Southern Rhodesia’, South African Archaeological Bulletin 18(72), 155–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, K. R. 1966. ‘The Leopards Kopje culture: its position in the Iron Age in Southern Rhodesia’, South African Archaeological Bulletin 11(81), 551.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, K. R. 1973. ‘The pottery sequence of Malawi briefly compared with that already established south of the Zambezi’, Arnoldia, 6(18).Google Scholar
Robinson, K., Summers, R., and Whitty, A., 1961. ‘Zimbabwe excavations 1958’, Occasional Papers of the National Museum of Southern Rhodesia, 3(23A).Google Scholar
Schofield, J. F. 1948. Primitive pottery. Cape Town: South African Archaeological Society.Google Scholar
Smith, L. 1970. Speech in Hansard 78(10), 534. Salisbury: Legislative Assembly.Google Scholar
Soper, R. 1971. ‘A general review of the Early Iron Age in the southern half of Africa’, Azania, 6, 537.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stokes, E., and Brown, R. (eds.) 1966. The Zambesian past. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Summers, R. 1950. ‘Iron Age cultures in Southern Rhodesia’, South African Journal of Science, 47, 95107.Google Scholar
Summers, R. 1963a. Zimbabwe: A Rhodesian Mystery. Johannesburg: Nelson.Google Scholar
Summers, R. 1963b. ‘Was Zimbabwe civilised?’, in Conference of the History of the Central African Peoples. Lusaka.Google Scholar
Summers, R. 1969. Ancient Mining in Rhodesia. Salisbury: National Museums.Google Scholar
Soutton, J. E. G. 1981. ‘East Africa before the seventh century’, in Mokhtar, G. (ed.), General History of Africa, Vol. II. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Thompson, G. Caton- 1931. The Zimbabwe Culture. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Trigger, B. 1981. ‘Anglo-American Archaeology’, World Archaeology 13(2), 138–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vansina, J. 1980. ‘Bantu through the Crystal Ball II’, History in Africa 7, 293325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vinnicombe, P. 1976. People of the Eland. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press.Google Scholar
Zimunya, M. B. 1979. Zimbabwe Ruins. Salisbury: Poetry Society of Rhodesia.Google Scholar