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The Mande Creation Myth1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 August 2012

Extract

In the course of the investigations carried out by the Missions Griaule in French West Africa during several decades, our attention has been drawn to the fact that numerous populations in the French Sudan and Upper Volta claimed to be descended from a common stock located in Mande. Mande is the traditional centre of the ancient Keita empire (called by the Arabs the Mali empire), which was founded in the thirteenth century by Soundiata Keita. The cultural centre of this area today is Kangaba, which the inhabitants call Kaba. A list of the peoples in West Africa who claim to have come from Mande has been drawn up and published.

Résumé

LE MYTHE MANDÉ DE LA CRÉATION

Plusieurs populations du Soudan Français et de la région de la Haute Volta rapportent leur origine à une souche commune établie primitivement à Mandé, centre de l'ancien empire Mali (ou Keita). Cette tradition d'une origine commune se manifeste par un mythe de la création qui est réparti actuellement sur une région étendue du Soudan Occidental; bien que les origines et les rapports des divers populations, tels qu'ils sont décrits dans le mythe, n'aient aucune réalité ethnique ou historique, le mythe sert à valider les rapports et les obligations mutuels qui existent encore. En outre, certaines cérémonies sont encore célébrées, notamment à Kangaba (Kaba), le centre culturel de la région. Dans ces cérémonies participent les représentants des trente lignées traditionnelles d'origine mandé. Au cours de ces cérémonies, le mythe de la création est récité par les généalogistes professionnels ou bardes (griots). Le mythe raconte l'histoire de la création du monde par Dieu (Mangala), qui créa d'abord les graines de deux types d'éleusines et, ensuite, six autres graines de céréales, en associant à ces huit graines les quatre éléments et les quatre points cardinaux. Les huit graines, enveloppées dans une graine d'hibiscus, constituaient ‘l'œuf du monde’ et sont conçues comme étant, dans chaque cas, des jumeaux de sexe différent. A l'intérieur de l'œuf du monde, il y avait, également, deux paires de jumeaux, chaque paire comprenant un mâle et une femelle — les archétypes des êtres humains de l'avenir. Un des jumeaux mâles, Pemba, qui est sorti prématurément de l'œuf, est descendu sur la terre, après avoir volé les huit graines mâles, qu'il a semées dans la terre. Cet acte coupable a rendu la terre et les graines impures et, afin de purifier la terre, Faro, l'autre jumeau mâle, a été sacrifié et coupé en soixante morceaux, qui sont tombés sur la terre où ils se sont transformés en arbres. Faro a été ensuite ressuscité et il est descendu sur la terre dans une arche avec les huit ancêtres mythiques de l'homme; le nom de Mandé a été donné à la région où l'arche s'est arrêtée. Pendant qu'il était encore au ciel, Faro avait la forme de poissons jumeaux, appelés mannogo, et ces poissons se trouvent aujourd'hui dans le fleuve Niger. La descente de Faro et des ancêtres a été suivie par la création de la pluie, la construction du premier sanctuaire, la révélation du verbe, et la plantation des huit graines femelles provenant de l'œuf du monde dans un champ spécial, tracé autour du sanctuaire. Cependant, la terre n'a pas été purifiée immédiatement du péché de Pemba, car Mousso Koroni, sa jumelle, avait semé les graines impures à Bounan et en avait moissonné une récolte. Faro l'a poursuivie, afin de l'obliger à restituer les graines, mais elle les a laissées tomber le long de son chemin, et elle a continué à semer pendant la nuit et à cultiver pendant le jour. Faro a ensuite fait inonder les champs où elle avait semé ses graines et les poissons mannogo ont mangé les graines et les ont remises au sanctuaire. Les inondations provoquées par Faro sont devenues le fleuve Niger et l'on dit qu'il représente le corps de Faro; une série de lieux sacrés (faro tyn) le long du cours du fleuve, marque les endroits où il s'est arrêté pendant ses voyages et chacun de ces lieux possède un nom qui fait allusion à quelque incident survenu pendant le trajet. A l'endroit qui représente la fécondité de Faro, le deuxième verbe a été révélé à l'homme et cette occasion a été signalée par le sacrifice de jumeaux mâle et femelle, dans un sanctuaire sur une colline, dans le but d'assurer la multiplication des paroles et des naissances. Des êtres humains se sont multipliés à partir des ancêtres de l'arche, qui se sont mariés en échangeant leurs jumeaux. Il y avait, tout d'abord, les cinq générations mythiques et de leurs manages, un système complexe d'alliances matrimoniales est dérivé (voir Africa, xxvi, 2, 1956). La cinquième de ces générations comprenait 44 descendants, parmilesquels 22 mâles représentaient les 22 faro tyn, que l'on dit être les ancêtres des lignées qui sont reconnues comme ‘provenant de Mandé’. Mais ce mythe n'est pas seulement récité, il est également exprimé dans la vie sociale des peuples qui habitent le long du cours supérieur du Niger et ses thèmes et ses idées se trouvent dans leurs rites. La graine de l'éleusine et le poisson mannogo sont, notamment, d'une signification considérable et reviennent dans plusieurs contextes.

Une étude plus approfondie du mythe de la création et de ses variantes, de l'organisation de la parenté et des lignées parmi les peuples de cette région, ainsi que de l'histoire de leurs migrations, fournirait des matériaux extrêmement intéressants et précieux.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 1957

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References

page 124 note 2 See Zahan, D., ‘Aperçus sur la pensée théogonique des Dogon’, Cahiers lnternationaux de Sociologie, iv, 1949, pp. 113–33Google Scholar; Dieterlen, G., Essai sur la religion bambara, 1951, p. xiii.Google Scholar

page 124 note 3 We want to thank here all the informants who worked with us.

page 124 note 4 This ceremony was last performed in 1954, when we were able to witness and study it closely.

page 124 note 5 See Dieterlen, G., ‘Parenté et Mariage chez Dogon’, Africa, xxvi, 2, 1956, pp. 107–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

page 125 note 1 The lineage name is Masaré and the dyamu is Keita (litt. ‘who has taken all things’); the dyamu was first given to Soundiata and his descendants cannot officially use it before they are twenty-two years old.

page 125 note 2 See also Monteil, G., ‘Réflexions sur le problème des Peuls’, Journal de la Société des Africanistes, xx, 2, 1950.Google Scholar

page 125 note 3 When he goes to Mande, a Dogon is called Keita and a Mossi is called Traoré.

page 125 note 4 The Dogon organized in a restricted area a geographical representation of the myth. In the Sanga region, the course of the Gona is divided into sections and marked by rocks for a distance of four miles in imitation of the River Niger from Kaba to Akka. Caves in which the initiates undergo instruction have been made in a section called Ka, and rituals are performed all along the stream. The whole Dogon myth is to be published in Le Renard Pâle tome i, by M. Griaule and G. Dieterlen. For the Bambara, see Dieterlen, G., Essai sur la religion Bambara, 1951Google Scholar, chap. 1.

page 125 note 5 During a first journey in the Mannogo, the laboratory-boat belonging to the National Centre for Scientific Research, these facts were verified on the spot. The place-names on the Niger reveal th unity of the system: Tamani, Dyaka, Nyamina ar words whose native etymology is closely linked with the events referred to later in this article.

page 126 note 1 Bambara call the creator God Ngala (and sometimes Bemba).

page 126 note 2 Bambara call these two varieties of Digitaria, fini wele-wele and fini ba.

page 126 note 3 The scientific names of these fishes are Heterobranchus bidorsalis, fot the mannogo ble, which the Bambara call polyo ble, and Clarias senegalensis for the mannogo fi.

page 127 note 1 See page 125.

page 127 note 2 The same idea appears among some Sudanese peoples who believe that man has the shape of a fish in his mother's womb during the first months of gestation.

page 127 note 3 faro bwora dyë lamin kuru si ya bwora kaba mande fe.

page 127 note 4 Litt. ‘old pool’ or ‘big pool’, also called nyame ko ba, from Nyame, the present name of a nearby village.

page 127 note 5 Such forces are double: the male dya of a man goes with the animal tabooed for his lineage while the female dya stays under water, under Faro's power; a similar combination stands for women, the dya sexes being reversed.

page 128 note 1 Before sowing, the gwa tigi (head of the family) recalls this event. He starts the ceremony by saying: ‘nko, I speak’.

page 128 note 2 The tana of the Kela bards today is a similar staff and is made of the same wood.

page 128 note 3 On the essential part played by the fish in the growing of crops see below, p. 136.

page 128 note 4 There are two original varieties of maize as there are of eleusine: kaba sagada ule, ‘the red corn which arrived first’, and kaba satabe, ‘corn that arrived later on’.

page 128 note 5 It is said that this first field is still used and that the crops harvested there have to be kept in a special granary. The custodian of the blõ, who is the patriarch in Kri Koro, is responsible for it, but sowing and harvesting are done by everybody. During the harvest meal made of fani berere, fani ba and sañõ is poured into the pool before the custodian and the village patriarchs may eat the first crops.

page 128 note 6Sigi dolo and Faro are alike’, the Keita say, for Sirius is also called Faro dolo. If Sirius shines bright during the sowing, there will be ‘lots of rain and lots of millet’. Ñõ dolo and dyi dolo are also called by the Bambara fani dolo and keningt dolo, ‘sorghum star’. The sorghum seed symbolizes, for them, all the seeds Pemba could not succeed in growing.

page 129 note 1 The way the eleusine seeds are now sown is copied from the way Mousso Koroni scattered her seeds all along her way.

page 129 note 2 i.e. the winter solstice.

page 129 note 3 The seeds sown in the fields produced the calabash called fle or file which is used for offerings to the river.

page 129 note 4 For the various signs used by the Keita, see ‘Signes des Keita’, in Griaule, M. and Dieterlen, G., Signs graphiques soudanais, 1951.Google Scholar

page 130 note 1 The fish called ngarakasa preceding them.

page 131 note 1 We have not yet secured an exhaustive list of these places; the names of the villages where the 22 faro tyn located between Koulikoro and Mopti are to be found are: Koulikoro, Kamané, Nyamina, Mignon, Tamani, Sama, Segou, Koukou, M'Péba, Markala, Sansanding, Sama (the second), Senenkoun, Siranin koro, Macina, Touara, Koumaré, Dyafarabé, Noukoun, Saouné, Ngoni, Mopti.

page 131 note 2 The faro dundun is made of lange, dyala, dogora, or si wood and is shaped like the smith's hammer. The smith invented it for the funeral of the first man to die. For the part played by the faro dundun in marriage rituals, see Dieterlen, G., ‘Les rites symboliques du mariage chez les Bambara’, Zaïre, viii, 8, 1954.Google Scholar

page 132 note 1 The word is a synonym for kaba.

page 132 note 2 About the revelation of this word, see below, p. 133.

page 132 note 3 See below, p. 134.

page 132 note 4 bunã tu la faro dona bunã. According to some information which is not yet complete, the field is now drowned by the Ouallado Debo ‘in which one cannot grow seeds any more’. The publishing of such information is postponed until further inquiries have been made. A pembele is said to have been found in Bounan together with a thing called ‘iron canoe’, recalling Faro's ark. Bounan is said to be derived from the word ‘buguna’ which means ‘to brood over’.

page 132 note 5 akka faro kamankolouhiri.

page 132 note 6 We have not so far identified the place previously called Baka by the Keita of Mande. Further investigations are being pursued. Baka means ‘Ka's mother.’

page 132 note 7 bozo faro dya. The name of the first Bozo is supposed to be Binakinaki, from which is derived the name Bounakinak, often given by the Keita to this people.

page 133 note 1 Prosopis africana.

page 133 note 2 Popular etymology.

page 133 note 3 It is also said that while he was playing ‘the bard walked along the river from Tamani, female, to Sama, male’, i.e. a distance equal to the length of the ark. His journey also symbolizes the peregrinations of the bards today.

page 133 note 4 mana fi ñõ si ye, an ka hakili to ñõño.

page 133 note 5 At Do there is said to be a deserted village located near the present Segala Bozo.

page 134 note 1 The patriarch of Akka was to be in charge of the sanctuary, decorated with paintings in four colours, which contains the tama, on both sides of which annual offerings of eleusine are made. In Bounan an annual sacrifice is performed before the communal fishing, because it is said that ‘if the place is not purified Faro does not give any fish’: more investigations on this subject should be carried out.

page 134 note 2 As among the Dogon, the instrument is more properly made of four different woods, each one being a symbol, since vegetation is linked with resurrection.

page 134 note 3 bana marks Nounou's stop by the hill, kulu.

page 134 note 4 Moving east towards the sun and sigi dolo which she hoped to reach.

page 134 note 5 A yearly sacrifice is still performed on his grave at the time of sowing.

page 134 note 6 These are the balãzã, the ñogoñogo, the dyala, and so, symbols of Faro's resurrection, as are all plants.

page 135 note 1 At the present time, when a hunter kills a dage a ceremony is held at which the hunters dance to honour him.

page 135 note 2 According to information received but not yet checked, there are snakes modelled in clay in the cave where sacrifices are performed.

page 135 note 3 This part of the myth is more developed among the Dogon but a discussion of it is outside the scope of this paper. It has been described in an article by the author published in Africa (see note 5, p. 124 above).

page 136 note 1 Before the animals make the crossing, sacrifices are performed by Bozo who carry in canoes the animals too young to swim.

The most ancient Bozo lineage recognized in the Diafarabé area is the Salamenta lineage from the village of Kara; Salamenta are Keita (according to information from Mr. Daget, Head of the Hydrobiology Laboratory of Diafarabé, I.F.A.N.). Salamenta used to pay a tribute of fish to the Traoré from Dya who once ruled the area.

page 136 note 2 Such ceremonies were observed in Pelengena, Bambougou, Tchongoni, Sansanding, and Diafarabé (night ceremony) as well as in Banankoro and Bambougou (day ceremony) in 1953, ‘54, and ‘55.