Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T21:24:50.589Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Boundary Layer Control

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 July 2016

G. V. Lachmann*
Affiliation:
Handley Page Ltd.

Extract

It has almost become a tradition in recent years to begin a paper on boundary layer by paying a tribute to the great Prandtl and his famous paper in which he introduced the conception of boundary layer into Fluid Dynamics.

The year 1954 is, however, not only memorable to mark the passing of fifty years since Prandtl's classical demonstration of the effect of boundary layer suction on the flow pattern around a cylinder; it is also memorable because in 1954 most convincing demonstrations of practical applications of boundary layer control for aircraft have taken place. I am referring, in particular, to the demonstrations with the Attinello flap in the United States which mark the introduction of one form of boundary layer control as an engineering and practical reality.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Aeronautical Society 1955

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Prandtl, L. (1904). Uber Flüssigkeitsbewegung bei sehr kleiner Reibung. Verhandl. d. III, Intern. Math. Kangr., Heidelberg (1904). Also in Vier Abhandlungen zur Hydrodynamik v. Aerodynamik, Göttingen, 1927.Google Scholar
2. Griffith, A. A. and Meredith, F. W. (1936). The Possible Improvement in Aircraft Performance due to the Use of Boundary Layer Suction. Unpublished Ministry of Supply Report, 1936.Google Scholar
3. Holstein, H. (1940). The Use of Boundary Layer Suction to Maintain the Laminar Characteristics of the Friction Layer, with Special Reference to the Case of Two Dimensional Plates, Exposed to a Parallel Incidence Flow. T.I.B. T2672 (F.B. 1542), 1940.Google Scholar
4.Poisson-quinton, PH. (1948). Theoretical and Experimental Researches on Boundary-Layer Control. Seventh Int. Congr. Appl. Mech., 1948. P. Rebuffet and PH. Poisson-Quinton (1950). Researches on the High-Lift of a Full-Scale Sweptback Wing with Boundary-Layer Control using Air extracted from a Jet-Engine. La Recherche Aeronautique, No. 14, p. 39 (1950). Translation N.A.C.A. T.M. 1331.Google Scholar
5. Regenscheit, B. (1941). Eine neue Anwedung der Absaugung zur Steigerung des Auftriebes eines Tragflügels. F.B. 1,474, 1941.Google Scholar
6. Dr.Williams, John (1954). An Analysis of Aerodynamic Data on Blowing over Trailing Edge Flaps for Increasing Lift. Aeronautical Research Council Report No. 17,027. 1954.Google Scholar
7. Miles, F. G. (1939). Sucking Away Boundary Layers. Flight, 35, 180, 1939.Google Scholar
8. Lyon, H. M. and Hills, R. (1939). Lift Increase by Boundary-Layer Control. R.A.E. B.A. Dept. Note W.T. 391, May 1939. Lyon, H. M., Barnes, E. G., and Adamson, J. E. (1941).Further Experiments on Boundary-Layer Control as a Means of Increasing Lift. R.A.E. Report B.A. 1669. A.R.C. 5090—Ae. 1788, April 1941.Google Scholar
9. Schrenk, O. (1928-1940). Tragflugel mit Grenzschichtabsaugung, Luftfahrtforschung,2, 49, 1928. Zeitschrift für Metallkunde, 22, 259, 1931. Versuche mit Absaugeflügeln, Luftfahrtforschung, 12, 10, 1935. Grenzschichtabsaugung, Luftwissen, 7, 409, 1940. Also N.A.C.A. T.M. No. 974, 1941.Google Scholar
10. Betz, A. (1939). Beeinftussung der Reibungsschicht und ihre praktische Verwertung. Schriften d. dt. Akad. d. Luftfahrtforschung, Heft 49, 1939.Google Scholar
11. Ackeret, J. (1926). Grenzschichtabsaugung. Z.VDI, 35, 1153, 1926.Google Scholar
12. Hagerdorn, H. and Ruden, P. (1938). Wind Tunnel Investigations of a Wing with lunkers Slotted Flap and the Effect of Blowing Through the Trailing Edge of the Main Surface over the Flap. Report by the Institut fur Aeromechanik und Flugtechnik der Technischen Hochschule Hannover. L.G.L. Bericht, A.64, 1938, pp. 38-56. R.A.E. Library Translation No. 442. A.R.C. 16,882—S. and C. 2919—Perf. 1256. December 1953.Google Scholar
13. Schwier, W. (1942). Lift Increase Produced by Blowing a Wing of Profile Thickness of 9 per cent. Equipped with a Slat and a Slotted Flap. M.O.S. GDC/10/1363T, 1942.Google Scholar
14. Regenscheit, B. (1940). Messungen an einem Absangeklappenflügel. N.A.C.A. 23015. Mit und ohne Kwicknase, F.B. 1312, 1940.Google Scholar
15. Ehlers, F. and Walz, A. (1945). Festschrift zum 60. Gebartstag von Prof. Betz, Göttingen, 1945. Also Experimental Profile Investigations with Boundary-Layer Control. A.V.A. Mono. E. 7. M.O.S. R. and T. 928, 1941. Ehlers, F. and Schwier, W (1940). Blowing Tests on an Aerofoil with Slotted Flap. German F.B. 1274, 1940.Google Scholar
16. Walz, A. (1940). Absaugeversuche mit kleinen Absaugemengen an einem Flügelprofil 23015 ohne und mit Spreizklappe, F.B. 1159, 1940.Google Scholar
17. SirFrederick, Handley-Page (1950). Towards Slower and Safer Flying, Improved Take-Off and Landing, and Cheaper Airports. Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society, December 1950.Google Scholar
18. Bussmann, K. and Munz, H. (1942). Die Stabilitat der Laminaren Reibungschicht mit Absaugung. Jahrbuch der Deutschen Luftfahrtforschung, Part 1, p. 36, 1942.Google Scholar
19. Pretsch, T. (1942). Umschlagbeginn und Absaugung. Jahrbuch der Deutschen Luftfahrtforschung, Part 1, p. 1, 1942.Google Scholar
20. Hahnemann, E., Freeman, J. C. and Finston, M. (1948). Stability of Boundary-Layers and of Flow in the Entrance Section of a Channel. Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 15, No. 8, 1948.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21. Schlichting, H. (1942). Die Grenzschicht mit Absaugung und Ausblasen, Luftfahrtforschung, 1942.Google Scholar
22. Preston, J. H. (1948). The Boundary-Layer Flow Over a Permeable Surface through which Suction is Applied. R.and M. 2244, 1948.Google Scholar
23. Iglisch, R. (1944). Exakte Berechnung der laminaren Reibungschicht an der langsangestromten ebenen Platte mit homogener Absaugung. Luftfahrtforschung, Heft 1, 1944. N.A.C.A. T.M. 1205, 1949.Google Scholar
24. Ulrich, A. (1942). Theoretische Untersuchungen uber die Widerstandsersparnis durch Laminarhaltung mit Absaugung. Luftfahrtforschung, 1, 36, 1942.Google Scholar
25. Tollmien, W. (1929). Uber die Entstehung der Turbullenz, Nachrichten d. Ges. d. Wiss. Göttingen. Math. Phys. Klasse, p. 21, 1929.Schlichting, H. (1933, 1935). Zur Entstehung der Turbulenz bei der Plattenströmung, Nachrichten d. Ges. d. Wiss. Göttingen, Math. Phys. Klasse, 182, 1933. Amplitudenverteilung und Energiebilanz der kleinen Störungen bei der Plattenströmung, Nachrichten d. Ges. d. Wiss. Göttingen, Math. Phys. Klasse, p. 47, 1935.Google Scholar
26. Lin, C. C. (1944-1946). On the Stability of Two Dimensional Parallel Flows. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics, Vol. 3, 1944-1946.Google Scholar
27. Schubauer, G. B. and Skramstad, H. K. (1947). Laminar Boundary-Layer Oscillations and Stability of Laminar Flow. Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 14, No. 2, February 1947.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28. Liepmann, H. W. (1943). Investigations on Laminar Boundary-Layer Stability and Transition on Curved Boundaries. N.A.C.A. A.C.R. 3H30, August 1943. A.R.C. 7302.Google Scholar
29. Schlichting, H. (1943). The Calculations of the Laminar Friction Layer. F.B. 1480. Also, An Approximate Method for Calculation of the Laminar Boundary-Layer with Suction for Bodies of Arbitrary Shape. N.A.C.A. T.M. 1216, 1943.Google Scholar
30. Burrows, D. L., Braslow, A. L. and Tetervin, N. (1949). Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Area Suction for the Control of the Laminar Boundary-Layer over a Porous Bronze Airfoil. N.A.C.A. 64A010, N.A.C.A. T.N. 1905, 1949.Google Scholar
31. Trilling, L. (1950). The Incompressible Boundary-Layer with Pressure Gradient and Suction. Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 17, No. 6, June 1950.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
32. Head, M. R. (1951). The Boundary-Layer with Distributed Suction. A.R.C. 13,897, 1951.Google Scholar
33. Ringleb, F. O. (1952). Computation of the Laminar Boundary-Layer with Suction. Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 19, No. 1, January 1952.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
34. Watson, E. J. (1947). The Asymptotic Theory of Boundary-Layer Flow with Suction; Part I. The Theory of Similar Velocity Distributions; Part II. Flow with Uniform Suction. A.R.C. 10,317, 1947.Google Scholar
35. Thwaites, B. (1949). The Development of the Laminar Boundary-Layer under Conditions of Continuous Suction; Part II. Approximate Methods of Solution. A.R.C. 12,699, 1949.Google Scholar
36. Thwaites, B. (1946). An Exact Solution of the Boundary-Layer Equations under Particular Conditions of Porous Suction. A.R.C. 9,656 (R. & M. 2,241), 1946.Google Scholar
37. Schlichting, H. and Bussmann, K. (1943). Exact Solutions of the Boundary-Layer with Suction and Blowing. D.A.L. 7B, 1943.Google Scholar
38. Schlichting, H. and Bussmann, K. (1943). Exact Solutions of the Boundary-Layer with Suction and Blowing. D.A.L. 7B, 1943.Google Scholar
39. Mangler, W. (1948). A.V.A. Monograph, Reports and Translations, No. 1,001 (Ref. GDC/3242T), 1948.Google Scholar
40. Perring, G. W. A. and Diprose, K. V. (1936). Note on the Effect of Suction on the Stability of the Laminar Boundary-Layer. R.A.E. Report No. B.A. 1,395, 1936.Google Scholar
41. Kay, J. M. (1948). Experimental Examination of Boundary-Layer Flow Along a Flat Plate with Uniform Suction. A.R.C. 11,476, 1948.Google Scholar
42. Head, M. R. and SirMelvill, Jones (1951). The Reduction of Drag by Distributed Suction. Third Anglo American Conference, Brighton, 1951. Royal Aeronautical Society, London.Google Scholar
43. Ackeret, J., Ras, M. and Pfenninger, W. (1941). Verhinderung des Turbulenwerdens einer Grenzschicht durch Absaugung.Die Naturwissenschaften, 622, 1941.Google Scholar
44. Pfenninger, W. (1946). Untersuchungen über Reibungsverminderung an Tragflügeln, insbesondere mit Hilfe von Grenzschicht-Absaugung. Mitteilungen aus dem Institut fur aerodynamik. E.T.H., Zurich, Heft 13, 1946. Pfenninger, W. (1949). Laminar Flow Airfoils with Boundary-Layer Suction. Interavia, March 1949. Pfenninger, W. (1949). Experiments on a Laminar Suction Airfoil of 17 per cent. Thickness. Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, April 1949.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
45. Burrows, D. L. and Schwartzberg, M. S. (1952). Experimental Investigations of an N.A.C.A. 64A010 Airfoil Section with 41 Suction Slots on Each Surface for Control of Laminar Boundary-Layer. N.A.C.A. T.N. 2,644, 1952.Google Scholar
46. Braslow, A. L., Visconti, F. and Burrows, D. L. (1948). Preliminary Wind-Tunnel Investigations of the Effect of Area Suction on the Laminar Boundary-Layer over an N.A.C.A. 64A010 Airfoil. N.A.C.A. R.M.L. 7,415, 1948.Google Scholar
47. Braslow, A. L. and Visconti, F. (1950). Further Experimental Studies of Area Suction for the Laminar Boundary-Layer on a Porous Bronze N.A.C.A. 64A010 Airfoil. N.A.C.A. T.N. 2,112, 1950.Google Scholar
48. Dr.August, Raspet (1951). Mechanism of Automatic Trailing Edge Suction. Naval Low-Speed-Flight Research Program, Mississippi State College Research Report 1, 1951.Google Scholar
49. Fage, A. (1943). The Smallest Size of a Spanwise-Surface Corrugation which Affects Boundary-Layer on an Aerofoil. R. & M. 2,120, 1943.Google Scholar
50. Gregory, N. and Walker, S. (1950). The Effect on Transition of Isolated Surface Excrescences in the Boundary-Layer. A.R.C. 13,436, 1950.Google Scholar
51. Loftin, L. K. (1946). Effects of Specific Types of Surface Roughness on Boundary-Layer Transition. N.A.C.A. A.C.R. L5J29a, February 1946. N.A.C.A./T.I.B./1,272.Google Scholar
52. Klanfer, L. and Owen, P. R. (1953). The Effect of Isolated Roughness on Boundary-Layer Transition. T.M. Aero. 355, March 1953.Google Scholar
53. Schiller, L. (1932). Handbuch der Experimental Physik, Part 4, Leipzig, pp. 189-192, 1932.Google Scholar
54. Dryden, H. L. (1953). Review of Published Data on the Effect of Roughness on Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow. Paper presented at the Aerodynamics Session, Twenty-first Annual Meeting, I.A.S., New York, January 1953. Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 20, No. 7, pp. 477-482, July 1953.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
55. Tani, I., Hama, R. and Mituisi, S. (1940). On the Permissible Roughness in the Laminar Boundary-Layer. Aeronautical Research Institute, Tokyo, 199, Tokyo, 1940.Google Scholar
56. Lachmann, G. V. (1954). Laminarisation through Boundary Layer Control. Aeronautical Engineering Review, Vol. 13, No. 8, p. 37, August 1954.Google Scholar
57. Pfenninger, W. (1949). Report A.M.-88 of the Northrop Aircraft Co., 1949.Google Scholar