Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-g8jcs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-04T09:31:12.211Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Second Century Papers: Looking Ahead in Aeronautics—10

Man-Machine Integration: A Long Term Look

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 July 2016

G. Melvill Jones*
Affiliation:
Defence Research Board Aviation Medical Research Unit, Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada

Extract

In the first contribution to “Looking Ahead in Aeronautics” Dr. Küchemann writes “The task of viewing the prospects over a whole century may be regarded as being at once impossible, presumptuous and not without a touch of the absurd”, which lies close to the first response of the present author. But on reflection, the very impossibility of reliable prediction a century ahead surely stands to change the tune somewhat. Over this large time-scale, bold flights of fancy into the unknown must take equal place with cautious realism and an author may presume to feel released from some at least of his usual conditioned restraints. In turn, yielding of constraint strengthens the writer's arm, until, not without a certain sense of trepidation, one is at length tempted to plunge into the guessing pool along with a goodly company of fellow men.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Aeronautical Society 1968 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Davis, D. R. Pilot Error. Air Ministry Publication 3139 A, London, 1947.Google Scholar
2. Robinson, D. A. The mechanics of human saccadic eye movement. J. Physiol. Vol 174, pp 245264, 1964.Google Scholar
3. Robinson, D. A. The mechanics of human smooth pursuit eye movement. J. Physiol. Vol 180, pp 569591,1965.Google Scholar
4. Levison, W. H. and Elkind, J. I. Two-dimensional manual control systems with separate displays. 3rd Annual NASA-Univ Conf on Manual Control, Los Angeles, March 1967.Google Scholar
5. Hasbrook, A. H. and Young, P. E. Pilot response to peripheral vision cues during instrument flying tasks. OAM Report AM-68, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 1968.Google Scholar
6. Hubel, D. The visual cortex of the brain. Scientific American, November 1963.Google Scholar
7. Hatfield, J. J. A programmable display synthesising system for Man-machine communications research. Proc National Symposium on Information Display. Boston, Mass, October 1966.Google Scholar
8. Burrows, A. A. and Ford, H. K. Flying Personnel Research Com Rep No 966. Air Ministry London, 1956.Google Scholar
9. Batteau, D. W. The role of the pinna in human localisation. Proc Roy Soc B, Vol 168, pp 158180, 1967.Google Scholar
10. Jones, G. Melvill and Milsum, J. H. Spatial and dynamic aspects of visual fixation. IEEE Trans on Bio-medical Engineering, Vol BME 12, No 2, pp 5462, 1965.Google Scholar
11. Jones, G. Melvill and Milsum, J. H. Neural dynamics of vestibular transductions. Proc 18th Annual Conference on Engineering in Medicine and Biology, Vol 7, pp 3839, Philadelphia, November 1965.Google Scholar
12. Collins, W. E. Vestibular restionses from figure skaters. Aerospace Med, Vol 37, pp 10981104, 1966.Google Scholar
13. Jones, G. Melvill. A note on some human factors in helicopter flying. Flying Personnel Research Committee, Memo 142. Air Ministry, London, 1960.Google Scholar
14. Jones, G. Melvill. The vestibular contribution to stabili sation of the retinal image. 1st NASA Symposium on the Role of Vestibular Organs in the Exploration of Space, SP-77, pp 163172. Pensacola, January 1965.Google Scholar
15. Jones, G. Melvill. Vestibulo-ocular disorganisation in the aerodynamic spin. Aerospace Med, Vol 36, No 10, pp 976983, October 1965.Google Scholar
16. Jones, G. Melvill. Vestibular inaptitude in the environments of flight and space. J. Laryngol, Vol 53, pp 207221, 1966.Google Scholar
17. Young, L. R., Meiry, J. and Yao, T. L. Control engineering aoproaches to human dynamic soace orientation. 2nd Symposium on the Role of Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration. NASA SP 115, pp 217227, Ames Research Center, California, 1966.Google Scholar
18. Jonfs, G. Melvill and Milsum, J. H. Neural response to adequate stimulation of the cat otolith organ. Communication to 24th International Congress of Physiological Sciences, Washington DC, August 1968.Google Scholar
19. Bliss, J. C. Human operator describing functions with visual and tactile displays. 3rd Annual NASA-Univ Conf on Manual Control, pp 6780, Los Angeles, March 1967.Google Scholar
20. Katz, B. Nerve muscle and synapse. McGraw Hill Book Company, London 1966.Google Scholar
21. Sherrington, C. The integrative action of the nervous system. Yale University Press, 1906.Google Scholar
22. Hammond, P. H., Merton, T. A. and Sutton, G. G. Nervous gradation of muscular contraction. Brit Med Bui, Vol 12, pp 214218, 1956.Google Scholar
23. Eldred, E., Granit, R. and Merton, T. A. Supraspinal control of the muscles spindles and its significance. J. Physiol, Vol 122, pp 498523, 1953.Google Scholar
24. Eccles, J. C. Circuits in the cerebellar control of move ment. Proc of Nat Acad of Sci, Vol 58, pp 336343, July 1967.Google Scholar
25. Outerbridge, J. and Jones, G. Melvill. Vestibularis driven head movements in man. Proc Aerospace Med Annual Meeting, pp 312313, Washington DC, 1967.Google Scholar
26. Watt, D. and Jones, G. Melvill. Observations on the neuromuscular control of purposeful movement. Proc Aeroioace Med Association Annual Scientific Meeting, Bal Harbour, Florida, pp 174175, 1968.Google Scholar
27. Harlow, H. F. Love in infant monkeys. Scientific American, 1959.Google Scholar
28. Wiesel, T. N. and Hubel, D. H. Single cell responses in cortex of kittens deprived of vision in one eye. J Neurophysol, Vol 6, pp 10031017. 1963.Google Scholar
29. Basmajin, J. B. and Simard, T. Effects of distracting movements on the control of trained motor units. American Journal of Physical Medicine. Vol 46, pp 14271449, 1967.Google Scholar
30. Newell, F. D. In flight and ground simulation measurements of pilot transfer characteristics in the compensatory role tracking task. 3rd Annual NASA-Univ Conf on Manual Control, pp 99120, Los Angeles, 1967.Google Scholar
31. Graham, D. Research on the effects of non-linearities on tracking performance. AMRL-TR-67-9, 1967.Google Scholar
32. Jones, G. Melvill and Drazin, D. H. Oscillatory Motion in flight, pp 134151 in Human problems of supersonic and hypersonic flight, ed. Barbour, and Whittingham, . Pergamon Press, London, 1962.Google Scholar
33. Stark, L., Vossius, G. and Young, L. Predictive controlof eye tracking movements. IRE Transactions on human factors in electronics, HFE-3, pp 5257, 1962.Google Scholar
34. Dallos, P. J. and Jones, R. W. Learning behaviour of the eye fixation control system. IEEE Transactions on automatic control, AC-8, pp 218227, 1963.Google Scholar
35. Zibollz, H. and Paynter, H. M. Possibilities of a two-time scale computing system for control and simulation of dynamic systems. Proc National Electronics Conf, Vol 9, pp 215223, February 1954.Google Scholar
36. Sheridan, T. B. On precognition and planning ahead in manual control. IEEE 4th National Symposium on human factors in electronics. Washington DC, May 1963.Google Scholar
37. Young, L. R., Green, B. M., Elkind, J. I. and Kelly, J. E. Adaptive dynamic response characteristics of the human operator in simple manual control. IEEE Trans on human factors in electronics, Vol 5, No 2, pp 613, Sept 1964.Google Scholar
38. Kelley, C. R. A psychological approach to operator modelling in manual control. 3rd Annual NASA Univ Conf on Manual Control, pp 165180, Los Angeles, March 1967.Google Scholar
39. Jones, G. Melvill and Sugie, N. Evidence for a new component of response in the oculo-motor system. Proc 23rd International Congress of physiological sciences, pp 419, Tokyo, Japan, September 1965.Google Scholar
40. Sugie, N. and Jones, G. Melvill. A mathematical model of the vestibulo ocular system of the cat. Proc Int Congress of Med Electr in Biol Engineering, Tokyo, August 1965.Google Scholar
41. Preyss, A. E. A theory and model of human learning behaviour in a manual control task. ScD Thesis, MIT, February 1967.Google Scholar
42. Fraser, D. C. and Samuel, G. D. Aircrew fatigue in long range maritime reconnaissance; effects on vigilence. FPRC Report No 907, 10, Air Ministry, London, 1955.Google Scholar
43. Jones, G. Melvill. Loss of aircraft control during a single rapid rolling manoeuvre. FPRC Report No 933, Air Ministry London, 1955. Also in Medical Aspects of flight safety, pp 92101, AGARDograph 30, Pergamon Press, London, 1959.Google Scholar
44. Hick, W. E. and Bates, J. A. V. Ministry of Supply report No 17-204, London, 1950.Google Scholar
45. Jones, G. Melvill. A study of current problems associated with disorientation in man-controlled flight. Flying Personnel Research Committee report No 1021, Air Ministry, London, 1958.Google Scholar
46. Martin, J. F. and Jones, G. Melvill. Theoretical man-machine interact“ons which might lead to loss of aircraft control. Aerospace Med, Vol 36, pp 713717, August 1965.Google Scholar
47. Benson, A. J. and Bodin, M. A. Effects of orientation to the gravitational vertical on nvstaemus fo'lowing rotation about a horizontal axis. Act Oto-laiyng, Vol 61, pp 517526, 1966.Google Scholar
48. Jones, G. Melvill. Disturbance of oculo-motor control in flight. Aerospace Med, Vol 36, pp 461465, 1965.Google Scholar
49. Jackson, K. F. Time relationships in pilot performance. Occupational Psychology, Vol 33 pp 8097.Google Scholar
50. Slight, V. C. A study of the legal aspects of flight crew fatigue. Institute of Air and Space Law, McGill University, Montreal 1967.Google Scholar
51. Jones, G. Melvill. Disorientation in flight, pp 10461059. Vol II, Advances in Aeronnutical Sciences, Ed. von Karman, Th., Pergamon Press, 1959.Google Scholar
52. Graham, D. Effect of some control system non-linearities on single loop compensatory tracking. 3rd Annual NASA-University Conference on Manual Control, pp 215221, Los Angeles, California 1967.Google Scholar
53. Michael, J. A. and Jones, G. Melvill. Dependence of visual tracking capability unon stimulus predictability. Vision research, Vol 16, pp 707716, 1966.Google Scholar
54. Outerbridge, J. S. and Wettstein, U. Optimisation in the vestibulo-ocular system. Proc of 1th International Conference on Medical and Biological Engineering, pp 291, Stockholm 1967.Google Scholar
55. Jones, G. Melvill. Aircrew fatigue in long range maritime reconnaissance, FPRC Report, Air Ministry, London, 1965.Google Scholar