Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T02:48:42.323Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Tibetan Demonology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 June 2020

Christopher Bell
Affiliation:
Stetson University, Florida

Summary

Tibetan Demonology discusses the rich taxonomy of gods and demons encountered in Tibet. These spirits are often the cause of, and exhorted for, diverse violent and wrathful activities. This Element consists of four thematic sections. The first section, 'Spirits and the Body', explores oracular possession and spirit-induced illnesses. The second section, 'Spirits and Time', discusses the role of gods in Tibetan astrology and ritual calendars. The third section, 'Spirits and Space', examines the relationship between divinities and the Tibetan landscape. The final section, 'Spirits and Doctrine', explores how certain deities act as fierce protectors of religious and political institutions.
Get access
Type
Element
Information
Online ISBN: 9781108670715
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 16 July 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Bibliography

Primary Sources

Bla brang skal bzang. 1996. Bod skyong srung ma khag gi lo rgyus. Dharamsala: H. P.Google Scholar
Blo bzang chos kyi nyi ma, Thu’u bkwan 03 (1737–1802). 19691971. Glud gtor gyi cho ga kun phan ’dod ’jo dang / rgyal rdzong lag tu blang bde ba. In Collected Works of Thu’u-Bkwan Blo-Bzang-Chos-Kyi-Nyi-Ma, vol.5. Gadan Sungrab Minyam Gyunphel Series, vol. Ngawang Gelek Demo, V., ed. New Delhi: Ngawang Gelek Demo, pp. 127137.Google Scholar
Blo bzang dpal ldan, Dze smad. 1973. Mthu dang stobs kyis che ba’i bstan srung chen po rdo rje shugs ldan rtsal gyi byung ba brjod pa pha rgod bla ma’i zhal gyi bdud rtsi’i chu khur brtsegs shing ’jigs rung glog zhags ’gyu ba’i sprin nag ’khrugs pa’i nga ro. Delhi: n.p.Google Scholar
Blo gros mtha’ yas, Kong sprul (1813–1899). 1976. Rin chen gter mdzod chen mo: a reproduction of the Stod-luṅ Mtshur-phu redaction of ’Jam-mgon Kon˙-sprul’s great work on the unity of the gter-ma traditions of Tibet, with supplemental texts from the Dpal-spun˙s redaction and other manuscripts, vols. 59–63. Paro: Ngodrup and Sherab Drimay.Google Scholar
Bstan ’dzin rgya mtsho, ed. n.d. Snga ’gyur rgyud ’bum las btus pa’i gtam rgyud phyogs bsgrigs. Gser rta: gser rta dgon po’i par khang.Google Scholar
Bzhad pa’i rdo rje, Sle lung rje drung (1697–1740). 1976. Dam can bstan srung rgya mtsho’i rnam par thar pa cha shas tsam brjod pa sngon med legs bshad. Thimphu: Kunzang Topgey.Google Scholar
Bzhad pa’i rdo rje, Sle lung rje drung 1978. Dam can bstan srung rgya mtsho’i rnam par thar pa cha shas tsam brjod pa sngon med legs bshad, 2 vols. Paro: Ngodrup and Sherab Drimay.Google Scholar
Bzhad pa’i rdo rje, Sle lung rje drung 1979. Dam can bstan srung rgya mtsho’i rnam par thar pa cha shas tsam brjod pa sngon med legs bshad, 2 vols. Smanrtsis Shesrig Spedzod, vol. 105. Leh: T. S. Tashigang.Google Scholar
Bzhad pa’i rdo rje, Sle lung rje drung 2003. Dam can bstan srung gi rnam thar [=Dam can bstan srung rgya mtsho’i rnam par thar pa cha shas tsam brjod pa sngon med legs bshad]. Beijing: Mi rigs dpe skrun khang.Google Scholar
Chandra, Lokesh, ed. 1961. The Samye Monastery. Bhoṭa-Piṭaka 6. New Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture.Google Scholar
Dbang phyug rgyal po, Gung Bshad sgra ba. 2000. Bsam yas dkar chag dad pa’i sgo ’byed. Gangs can rig mdzod 34. Lhasa: Bod ljongs bod yig dpe rnying dpe skrun khang.Google Scholar
Dhongthog, Tenpai Gyaltsan. 1996. The Earth Shaking Thunder of True Word: A Refutation of Attacks on the Advice of H. H. the Dalai Lama Regarding the Propitiation of Guardian Deities. Shoreline: Shotech Press.Google Scholar
Mchog gyur gling pa (1829–1870). 1976. Gsol ’debs bar chad lam sel. In Rin chen gter mdzod chen mo: a reproduction of the Stod-lun˙ Mtshur-phu redaction of ’Jam-mgon Kon˙-sprul’s great work on the unity of the gter-ma traditions of Tibet, with supplemental texts from the Dpal-spun˙s redaction and other manuscripts, vol. 15. Paro: Ngodrup and Sherab Drimay, pp. 5158.Google Scholar
Ngag dbang blo bzang, Klong rdol. 1991. Bstan srung dam can rgya mtsho’i mtshan tho. In Klong rdol ngag dbang blo bzang gi gsung ’bum, vol. 2. Lhasa: Bod ljongs bod yig dpe rnying dpe skrun khang, pp. 461493.Google Scholar
Ngag dbang rgyal po, Legs bshad thogs med, and Zla ba rgyal mtshan. 2005. Dpal bsam yas mi ’gyur lhun gyis grub pa’i gtsug lag khang gi dkar chag. Beijing: Mi rigs dpe skrun khang.Google Scholar
O rgyan gling pa (1323–1360). 1996. Padma bka’ thang. Chengdu: Si khron mi rigs dpe skrun khang.Google Scholar
O rgyan gling pa [1986] 1997. Bka’ thang sde lnga. Beijing: Mi rigs dpe skrun khang.Google Scholar
Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho, Sde srid (1653–1705). 1972. The Vaidūrya Dkar Po of Sde-srid Sans-rgyas-rgya-mtsho: The Fundamental Treatise on Tibetan Astrology and Calendrical Calculations, vol. 2. New Delhi: T. Tsepal Taikhang.Google Scholar
Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho, Sde srid 1973. Bai Ḍūr Sṅon Po: Being the Text of the “Gso ba rig pa’i bstan bcos sman bla’i dgons rgyan rgyud bźi’i gsal byed bai ḍūr sṅon po’i ma lli ka,” Sde-srid Saṅs-rgyas-rgya-mtsho’s detailed synthetic treatise on the Rgyud bźi, the fundamental exposition of Tibetan ayurvedic medicine. Smanrtsis Shesrig Spendzod, vol. 53. Leh: S.W. Tashigangpa.Google Scholar
Yon tan mgon po, G.yu thog (1126–1202). 1982. Bdud rtsi snying po yan lag brgyad pa gsang ba man ngag gi rgyud. Lhasa: Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang.Google Scholar

Secondary Sources

Achard, Jean-Luc, ed. 2002. Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines 2: Numéro Spécial Lha srin sde brgyad. Paris: Langues et Cultures de l’Aire Tibétaine.Google Scholar
Achard, Jean-Luc 2003. “Contribution aux nombrables de la tradition Bon po: L’Appendice de bsTan ’dzin Rin chen rgyal mtshan à la Sphère de Cristal des Dieux et des Démons de Shar rdza rin po che.” In Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines 4, pp. 78146.Google Scholar
Acharya, Chowang and Dokham, Sonam Gyatso. 1998. “Sikkim: The Hidden Holy Land and Its Sacred Lakes.” In Bulletin of Tibetology 34(3), pp. 1015.Google Scholar
Arnott, W. Geoffrey. 1989. “Nechung: A Modern Parallel to the Delphic Oracle?” In Greece & Rome 36 (2), pp. 152157.Google Scholar
Bailey, Cameron. 2012. “The Raven and the Serpent: ‘The Great All-Pervading Rāhula’ and Dǽmonic Buddhism in India and Tibet.” Master’s thesis, Florida State University.Google Scholar
Bailey, Cameron 2017. “A Feast for Scholars: The Life and Works of Sle lung Bzhad pa’i rdo rje.” Doctoral dissertation, University of Oxford.Google Scholar
Bailey, Cameron 2019a. “The Demon Crowned with a Raven Head: Rāhula’s Archaic Form ‘Ki kang’ and his Chinese Origins.” In International Journal of Buddhist Thought & Culture 29(1), pp. 149176.Google Scholar
Bailey, Cameron 2019b. “The Progenitor of all Dharma Protectors: Buddhist Śaivism in Lelung Zhepe Dorje’s Ocean of Oath-Bound Protectors.” In Bojo Sasang 54, pp. 180237.Google Scholar
Barnett, Robert. 2012. “Notes on Contemporary Ransom Rituals in Lhasa.” In Revisiting Rituals in a Changing Tibetan World. Buffetrille, Katia, ed. Leiden: Brill, pp. 273374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beer, Robert. 2004. The Encyclopedia of Tibetan Symbols and Motifs. Chicago: Serindia Publications.Google Scholar
Bell, Christopher. 2006. “Tsiu Marpo: The Career of a Tibetan Protector Deity.” Master’s thesis, Florida State University.Google Scholar
Bell, Christopher 2013. “Nechung: The Ritual History and Institutionalization of a Tibetan Buddhist Protector Deity.” Doctoral dissertation, University of Virginia.Google Scholar
Bell, Christopher 2017. “The Mythic Murals of Meru Sarpa.” In Orientations 48(1), pp. 4452.Google Scholar
Bellezza, John Vincent. 1997. Divine Dyads: Ancient Civilization in Tibet. Dharamsala: Library of Tibetan Works and Archives.Google Scholar
Bellezza, John Vincent. 2005. Spirit-Mediums, Sacred Mountains and Related Bon Textual Traditions in Upper Tibet: Calling Down the Gods. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bellezza, John Vincent. 2008. Zhang Zhung: Foundations of Civilization in Tibet. A Historical and Ethnoarchaeological Study of the Monuments, Rock Art, Texts, and Oral Tradition of the Ancient Tibetan Upland. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bellezza, John Vincent. 2010. “gShen-rab Myi-bo: His Life and Times According to Tibet’s Earliest Literary Sources.” In Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines 19, pp. 31118.Google Scholar
Bellezza, John Vincent. 2011. “The Liturgies and Oracular Utterances of the Spirit-mediums of Upper Tibet: An Introduction to their bSang Rituals.” In Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines 20, pp. 531.Google Scholar
Bentor, Yael. 1996. Consecration of Images and Stūpas in Indo-Tibetan Tantric Buddhism. Leiden: E. J. Brill.Google Scholar
Berglie, Per-Arne. 1976. “Preliminary Remarks on Some Tibetan ‘Spirit Mediums’ in Nepal.” In Kailash 4(1), pp. 85108.Google Scholar
Berglie, Per-Arne 1992. “Tibetan Spirit-Mediumship: Change and Continuity. Some Observations from a Revisit to Nepal.” In Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the Fifth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Narita 1989, vol. 2. Shōren, Ihara and Zuihō, Yamaguchi, eds. Tokyo: Naritasan Shinshoji, pp. 361368.Google Scholar
Berounský, Daniel. 2007. “Iconography and Texts of the Tibetan Five Protecting Deities.” In Filosofiya, Religiya i Kul’tura stran Vostoka: Materialy Nauchnoi Konferencii, 7–10 October 2007. Pakhomov, S. V, ed. Saint Petersburg: Izdatelstvo Sankt Petergburgskogo Universitěta, pp. 331340.Google Scholar
Berounský, Daniel 2008. “Powerful Hero (Dpa’ rtsal): Protective Deity from the 19th Century Amdo and his Mediums.” In Mongolo-Tibetica Pragensia ’08. Special Issue: Mediums and Shamans in Central Asia, vol. 1(2). Berounský, Daniel, ed. Prague: Triton, pp. 67115.Google Scholar
Berounský, Daniel 2009. “‘Soul of Enemy’ and Warrior Deities (dgra bla): Two Tibetan Myths on Primordial Battle.” In Mongolo-Tibetica Pragensia ’09: Ethnolinguistics, Sociolinguistics, Religion and Culture, vol. 2(2). Vacek, Jaroslav and Oberfalzerová, Alena, eds. Prague: Triton, pp. 1957.Google Scholar
Berounský, Daniel 2010. “Opice a Démon Theurang: Tibetské Mýty a Ochranné Obrázky z Amda.” In Zvířecí Mýty a Myticka Zvířata. Olivová, Lucie, ed. Prague: Academia Praha, pp. 2847.Google Scholar
Berounský, Daniel 2012. “The Murdered King Protecting Fields: A Tibetan Deity-Medium from the Bonpo Village in Amdo.” In Mongolo-Tibetica Pragensia ’12: Ethnolinguistics, Sociolinguistics, Religion and Culture, vol. 5(2). Vacek, Jaroslav and Oberfalzerová, Alena, eds. Prague: Triton, pp. 2150.Google Scholar
Berounský, Daniel 2014. “Tibetan Myths on ‘Good Fortune’ (phya) and ‘Well-being’ (g.yang).” In Mongolo-Tibetica Pragensia ’14: Ethnolinguistics, Sociolinguistics, Religion and Culture 7(2). Berounský, Daniel, ed. Prague: Charles University in Prague Faculty of Arts, Institute of South and Central Asia Seminar of Mongolian and Tibetan Studies, pp. 5577.Google Scholar
Bethlenfalvy, Géza. 2003. “Fearsome and Protective Deities; Sky-, Air-, Earth-, Mountain-, Water-Divinities; Harmful and Helpful Demons; Spirits, Ghosts, Devils and Witches in Tibet and Mongolia.” In Demons and Protectors: Folk Religion in Tibetan and Mongolian Buddhism. Kelényi, Béla, ed. Budapest: Ferenc Hopp Museum of Eastern Asiatic Art, pp. 2746.Google Scholar
Beyer, Stephan. 1978. The Cult of Tara: Magic and Ritual in Tibet. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Bhattacharyya, N. N. 2000. Indian Demonology: The Inverted Pantheon. New Delhi: Manohar.Google Scholar
Blezer, Henk. 2004. “The ‘Bon’ dBal-mo Nyer-bdun (/brgyad) and the Buddhist dBang-phyug-ma Nyer-brgyad: A Brief Comparison.” In New Horizons in Bon Studies. Karmay, Samten G. and Nagano, Yasuhiko, eds. Delhi: Saujanya Publications, pp. 117178.Google Scholar
Blondeau, Anne-Marie. 1971. “Le Lha ’dre bka’-thaṅ.” In Études Tibétaines Dédiées à la Mémoire de Marcelle Lalou. Maisonneuve, Adrien, ed. Paris: Librairie d’Amérique et d’Orient, pp. 29126.Google Scholar
Blondeau, Anne-Marie 1976. “Les Religions du Tibet.” In Histoire des Religions, Encyclopédie de la Pléiade, vol.3. Puech, Henri-Charles, ed. Paris: Gallimard, pp. 233249.Google Scholar
Blondeau, Anne-Marie 1990. “Questions Préliminaires sur les Rituels mdos.” In Tibet: Civilisation et Société. Fernand, Meyer, ed. Paris: Éditions de la Fondation Singer-Polignac, pp. 91107.Google Scholar
Blondeau, Anne-Marie ed. 1998. Tibetan Mountain Deities, Their Cults and Representations. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie Der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Blondeau, Anne-Marie 2002. “Les Ma mo: Mythes Cosmogoniques et Théogoniques dans le rNying ma’i rgyud ’bum.” In The Many Canons of Tibetan Buddhism: PIATS 2000: Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the Ninth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Leiden 2000. Eimer, Helmut and Germano, David, eds. Leiden: Brill, pp. 293311.Google Scholar
Blondeau, Anne-Marie 2004. “The mKha’ klong gsang mdos: Some Questions on Ritual Structure and Cosmology,” In New Horizons in Bon Studies. Samten, Karmay and Yasuhiko, Nagano, eds. Delhi: Saujanya Publications, pp. 249287.Google Scholar
Blondeau, Anne-Marie 2008. “Le Réseau des Mille Dieux et Démons: Mythes et Classifications.In Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines 15, pp. 199250.Google Scholar
Blondeau, Anne-Marie, and Steinkellner, Ernst, eds. 1996. Reflections of the Mountain: Essays on the History and Social Meaning of the Mountain Cult in Tibet and the Himalaya. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Buffetrille, Katia. 2002. “Qui est Khri ka’i yul lha? Dieu Tibétain du Terroir, Dieu Chinois de la Littérature ou de la Guerre? Un Problème d’Identité Divine en A mdo.” In Territory and Identity in Tibet and the Himalayas: PIATS 2000: Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the Ninth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Leiden 2000. Buffetrille, Katia and Diemberger, Hildegard, eds. Leiden: Brill, pp. 135155.Google Scholar
Cabezón, José, ed. 2010. Tibetan Ritual. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cantwell, Catherine. 1997. “To Meditate upon Consciousness as Vajra: Ritual ‘Killing and Liberation’ in the Rnying-ma-pa Tradition.” In Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the Seventh Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Graz 1995. Eimer, Helmut, ed. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, pp. 107118.Google Scholar
Cantwell, Catherine 2005. “The Earth Ritual: Subjugation and Transformation of the Environment.” In Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines 7, pp. 421.Google Scholar
Cantwell, Catherine and Mayer, Robert. 2013. “Representations of Padmasambhava in Early Post-Imperial Tibet.” In Tibet after Empire: Culture, Society and Religion between 850–1000. Proceedings of the Seminar Held in Lumbini, Nepal, March 2011. Cüppers, Christoph, Mayer, Robert, and Walter, Michael, eds. Lumbini: Lumbini International Research Institute, pp. 1950.Google Scholar
Central Tibetan Secretariat Information Office, Tsering Tashi, and Tsepak Rinzin. 1992. “Nechung: The State Oracle of Tibet.” In Tibetan Bulletin, July/August, pp. 16–32.Google Scholar
Phuntsok, Chabpel Tseten. 1991. “The Deity Invocation Ritual and the Purification Rite of Incense Burning in Tibet.” Thubten K. Rikey, trans. In The Tibet Journal 16(3), pp. 327.Google Scholar
Chandra, Lokesh and Bunce, Fredrick W.. 2002. The Tibetan Iconography of Buddhas, Bodhisattvas and Other Deities: A Unique Pantheon. New Delhi: D. K. Printworld.Google Scholar
Chandra, Raghu Vira and Chandra, Lokesh, eds. 19611972. A New Tibeto-Mongol Pantheon. Śata-piṭaka Series 21. New Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture.Google Scholar
Childs, Geoff. 2004. Tibetan Diary: From Birth to Death and Beyond in a Himalayan Valley of Nepal. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rinpoche, Chime Radha. 1981. “Tibet.” In Oracles and Divination. Loewe, Michael and Blacker, Carmen, eds. Boulder: Shambhala Publications, pp. 337.Google Scholar
Conrad, Sara Marie. 2012. “Oral Accounts of the Sa skya ‘bag mo, Past and Present Voices of the Terrifying Witches of Sa skya.” Master’s thesis, Indiana University.Google Scholar
Cornu, Philippe. 1990. l’Astrologie Tibétaine. Paris: Collection Présences.Google Scholar
Cornu, Philippe 2002. Tibetan Astrology. Hamish Gregor, trans. Boston: Shambhala.Google Scholar
Craig, Sienna. 2012. Healing Elements: Efficacy and the Social Ecologies of Tibetan Medicine. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Cuevas, Bryan J. 2011. “Illustrations of Human Effigies in Tibetan Ritual Texts, with Remarks on Specific Anatomical Figures and Their Possible Iconographic Source.” In Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (Third Series) 21(1), pp. 7397.Google Scholar
Cuevas, Bryan J. 2015. The All-Pervading Melodious Drumbeat: The Life of Ra Lotsawa. New York: Penguin.Google Scholar
Cuevas, Bryan J. 2019. “The Politics of Magical Warfare.” In Faith and Empire: Art, Politics and Tibetan Buddhism. Debreczeny, Karl, ed. New York: Rubin Museum of Art, pp. 170189.Google Scholar
Dalton, Jacob. 2004. “The Early Development of the Padmasambhava Legend in Tibet: A Study of IOL Tib J 644 and Pelliot tibétain 307.” In Journal of the American Oriental Society 124(4), pp. 759772.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dalton, Jacob 2005. “A Crisis of Doxography: How Tibetans Organized Tantra during the 8th–12th Centuries.” In the Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 28(1), pp. 115181.Google Scholar
Dalton, Jacob 2011. The Taming of the Demons: Violence and Liberation in Tibetan Buddhism. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Dalton, Jacob 2016. The Gathering of Intentions: A History of a Tibetan Tantra. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cairang, Danzang. 2009. “The ‘Spirit Mediums’ (Lha pa) of Reb gong in A mdo.” In Buddhism Beyond the Monastery: Tantric Practices and their Performers in Tibet and the Himalayas. PIATS 2003: Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Oxford, 2003, vol. 12. Jacoby, Sarah and Terrone, Antonio, eds. Leiden: Brill, pp. 163188.Google Scholar
Dargyay, Eva. 1985. “The White and Red Rong-Btsan of Matho Monastery.” In Journal of the Tibet Society 5, pp. 5565.Google Scholar
Dargyay, Eva 1988. “Buddhism in Adaptation: Ancestor Gods and Their Tantric Counterparts in the Religious Life of Zanskar.” In History of Religions 28(2), pp. 123134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davidson, Ronald M. 2003. “Reflections on the Maheśvara subjugation myth: Indic materials, Sa-skya-pa apologetics, and the birth of Heruka.” In History of Tibet, vol. 2. McKay, Alex, ed. London: RoutledgeCurzon, pp. 206232.Google Scholar
Davidson, Ronald M. 2005. Tibetan Renaissance: Tantric Buddhism in the Rebirth of Tibetan Culture. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Day, Sophie. 1989. “Embodying Spirits: Village Oracles and Possession Ritual in Ladakh, North India.” Doctoral dissertation, London School of Economics and Political Science.Google Scholar
Day, Sophie 1990. “Ordering Spirits: The Initiation of Village Oracles in Ladakh.” In Wissenschaftsgeschichte und gegenwärtige Forschungen in Nordwest-Indien 9(3), pp. 206222.Google Scholar
Deane, Susannah. 2014. “Sowa Rigpa, Spirits and Biomedicine: Lay Tibetan Perspectives on Mental Illness and its Healing in a Medically-pluralistic Context in Darjeeling, Northeast India.” Doctoral dissertation, Cardiff University.Google Scholar
Decleer, Hubert. 1978. “The Working of Sādhana: Vajrabhairava.” In Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the First Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Zurich 1977. Brauen, Martin and Kvaerne, Per, eds. Zurich: Völkerkundemuseum der Universität Zürich, pp. 113123.Google Scholar
Denjongpa, Anna Balikci. 2002. “Kangchendzönga: Secular and Buddhist Perceptions of the Mountain Deity of Sikkim Among the Lhopos.” In Bulletin of Tibetology 38(2), pp. 537.Google Scholar
Diemberger, Hildegard. 1993. “Gangla Tshechu, Beyul Khenbalung: Pilgrimage to Hidden Valleys, Sacred Mountains and Springs of Life Water in Southern Tibet and Eastern Nepal.” In Proceedings of the International Seminar on the Anthropology of Tibet and the Himalaya; September 21–28, 1990, Zurich. Ramble, Charles and Brauen, Martin, eds. Druck: BuchsDruck, pp. 6072.Google Scholar
Diemberger, Hildegard 2005. “Female Oracles in Modern Tibet.” In Women in Tibet. Gyatso, Janet and Havnevik, Hanna, eds. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Diemberger, Hildegard 2007. “Padmasambhava’s Unfinished Job: The Subjugation of Local Deities as Described in the dBa’ bzhed in Light of Contemporary Practices of Spirit Possession.” In Pramāṇakīrtiḥ: Papers Dedicated to Ernst Steinkellner on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday, Part 1. Kellner, Birgit, Krasser, Helmut, Lasic, Horst, Torsten Much, Michael, and Tauscher, Helmut, eds. Vienna: Arbeitskreis für Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien Universität Wien, pp. 8593.Google Scholar
Diemberger, Hildegard and Hazod, Guntram. 1997. “Animal Sacrifices and Mountain Deities in Southern Tibet.” In Les Habitants du Toit du Monde: Études Recueillies en Hommage à Alexander W. Macdonald. Karmay, Samten and Sagant, Philippe, eds. Recherches sur la Haute Asie 12. Nanterre: Société d’Ethnologie, pp. 261281.Google Scholar
Gyal, Dobis Tsering. 2009. “Gzhung sa dga’ ldan pho brang chen po’i gzhung bsten chos skyong khag la dpyad pa”. In Contemporary Visions in Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the First International Seminar of Young Tibetologists. Dotson, Brandon, Gurung, Kalsang Norbu, Halkias, Georgios, and Myatt, Tim, eds. Chicago: Serindia Publications, pp. 343361.Google Scholar
Dorje, Gyurme. 2004. Footprint Tibet. 3rd ed. Bath: Footprint Travel Guides.Google Scholar
Dotson, Brandon. 2007. “Divination and Law in the Tibetan Empire: The Role of Dice in the Legislation of Loans, Interest, Marital Law and Troop Conscription.” In Contributions to the Cultural History of Early Tibet. Kapstein, Matthew and Dotson, Brandon, eds. Leiden: Brill, pp. 377.Google Scholar
Dotson, Brandon 2012. “At the Behest of the Mountain: Gods, Clans and Political Topography in Post-Imperial Tibet.” In Old Tibetan Studies Dedicated to the Memory of Professor Ronald E. Emmerick (1937–2001). PIATS 2003: Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Oxford, 2003. Scherrer-Schaub, Cristina A., ed. Leiden: Brill, pp. 157202.Google Scholar
Dotson, Brandon 2015. “The Call of the Cuckoo to the Thin Sheep of Spring: Healing and Fortune in Old Tibetan Dice Divination Texts.” In Tibetan and Himalayan Healing: An Anthology for Anthony Aris. Ramble, Charles and Roesler, Ulrike, eds. Kathmandu: Vajra Publications, pp. 148160.Google Scholar
Dotson, Brandon 2017. “On ‘Personal Protective Deities’ (’go ba’i lha) and the Old Tibetan Verb ’go.” In Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 80(3), pp. 525545.Google Scholar
Dotson, Brandon 2018. “Divination and Buddhism in Tibet.” 2018 Khyentse Lecture. Center for Buddhist Studies, University of California, Berkeley, CA, August 2, 2018. www.youtube.com/watch?v=GTNpvPMOgCE&-feature=youtu.beGoogle Scholar
Douglas, Kenneth and Bays, Gwendolyn, trans. 1978. The Life and Liberation of Padmasambhava, 2 vols. Berkeley: Dharma Publishing.Google Scholar
Dowman, Keith. 1988. The Power-Places of Central Tibet: The Pilgrim’s Guide. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Dpal-ldan-bkra-shis, Kevin Stuart, . 1998. “Perilous Novelties: The A-mdo Tibetan klu-rol Festival in Gling-rgyal Village.” In Anthropos 93, pp. 3153.Google Scholar
Dreyfus, Georges. 1998. “The Shuk-den Affair: History and Nature of a Quarrel.” In Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 21(2), pp. 227270.Google Scholar
Ehrhard, Franz-Karl. 2003. “Political and Ritual Aspects of the Search for Himalayan Sacred Lands.” In History of Tibet, vol. 2. McKay, Alex, ed. London: RoutledgeCurzon, pp. 659674.Google Scholar
Ekvall, Robert. 1963. “Some Aspects of Divination in Tibetan Society.” In Ethnology 2(1), pp. 3139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farkas, János, and Szabó, Tibor. 2002. Die Bilderwelt der tibetisch-mongolischen Dämonen; The Pictorial World of the Tibeto-Mongolian Demons. Budapest: Mandala & LibroTrade.Google Scholar
Faure, Bernard. 2016. Gods of Medieval Japan, Volume 1: The Fluid Pantheon. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.Google Scholar
FitzHerbert, Solomon George. 2015. “On the Tibetan Ge-sar Epic in the Late 18th Century: Sum-pa mkhan-po’s Letters to the 6th Paṇ-chen Lama.” In Études Mongoles et Sibériennes, Centrasiatiques et Tibétaines 46. https://journals.openedition.org/emscat/2602.Google Scholar
Forgues, Grégory. 2017. “Invoquer le Dgra lha. Rituels Propitiatoires Adressés à Gesar dans la Tradition Ris med du XIXᵉ siècle: Vue d’Ensemble et Étude de Cas.” In Musique et Épopée en Haute-Asie: Mélanges offerts à Mireille Helffer à l’Occasion de Son 90ᵉ Anniversaire. Buffetrille, Katia and Henrion-Dourcy, Isabelle, eds. Paris: l’Asiathèque Maison des Langues du Monde, pp. 151169.Google Scholar
Francke, A. H. 1930. “gZer Myig, i.e. Rays from the Eyes of the Svastika, a Precious Summary of the World. Book VI. Translated from the Tibetan.” In Asia Major, (New Series) vol. 5, pp. 140.Google Scholar
Frankfurter, David. 2012. “Introduction.” In Archiv für Religionsgeschichte 14, pp. 18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gentry, James. 2010. “Representations of Efficacy: The Ritual Expulsion of Mongol Armies in the Consolidation and Expansion of the Tsang (Gtsang) Dynasty.” In Tibetan Ritual. Cabezón, José Ignacio, ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 131163.Google Scholar
Gentry, James 2017. Power Objects in Tibetan Buddhism: The Life, Writings, and Legacy of Sokdokpa Lodrö Gyeltsen. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerke, Barbara. 2007. “Engaging the Subtle Body: Re-Approaching bla Rituals in the Himalayas,” In Soundings in Tibetan Medicine; Anthropological and Historical Perspectives: PIATS 2003: Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Oxford, 2003. Schrempf, Mona, ed. Leiden: Brill, pp. 193214.Google Scholar
Germano, David and Gyatso, Janet. 2000. “Longchenpa and the Possession of the Ḍākinīs.” In Tantra in Practice. Princeton Readings in Religions Series. White, David Gordon, ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 241265.Google Scholar
Germano, David and Tournadre, Nicolas. 2003. “THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription of Standard Tibetan.” In The Tibetan and Himalayan Library. www.thlib.org/reference/transliteration/#!essay=/thl/phonetics/.Google Scholar
Getty, Alice. [1914] 1962. The Gods of Northern Buddhism: Their History, Iconography and Progressive Evolution through the Northern Buddhist Countries. Rutland: Charles E. Tuttle Company.Google Scholar
Gibson, Todd Allen. 1985. “Dgra-lha: A Re-Examination.” In Journal of the Tibet Society 5, pp. 6772.Google Scholar
Gibson, Todd Allen. 1991. “From btsanpo to btsan: The Demonization of the Tibetan Sacral Kingship.” Doctoral dissertation, Indiana University.Google Scholar
Grenet, Franz. 2000. “Avatars de Vaiśravaṇa: les Étapes Sogdienne et Tibétaine,” In La Sérinde, Terre d’Échanges: Art, Religion, Commerce du ler au Xe Siècle. Cohen, Monique, Drège, Jean-Pierre, and Giès, Jacques, eds. Paris: La Documentation Française, pp. 169179.Google Scholar
Grizman, Guy. 2016. “The Sādhanic Sector: Narratives on the Origination and Transmission of the bKa’-brgyad Cycle of Tantric Teachings in India and Tibet.” Paper presented at the 14th Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Bergen, Norway. Unpublished.Google Scholar
Guidoni, Rachel. 1998. “l’Ancienne Cérémonie d’État du Glud.’gong rgyal.po à Lhasa.” Master’s thesis, Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense.Google Scholar
Gutschow, Niels, and Ramble, Charles. 2003. “Up and Down, Inside and Outside: Notions of Space and Territory in Tibetan Villages of Mustang, Nepal.” In Sacred Landscape in the Himalaya. Gutschow, Niels, Michaels, Axel, Ramble, Charles, and Steinkellner, Ernst, eds. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, pp. 137176.Google Scholar
Gyaltsen, Sakyapa Sonam. 1996. The Clear Mirror: A Traditional Account of Tibet’s Golden Age. Ithaca: Snow Lion Publications.Google Scholar
Gyatso, Janet. 1987. “Down with the Demoness: Reflections on a Feminine Ground in Tibet.” In The Tibet Journal 12(4), pp. 3853.Google Scholar
Gyatso, Janet 1997. “An Avalokiteśvara Sādhana.” In Religions of Tibet in Practice. Princeton Readings in Religions. Lopez, Donald S. Jr., ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 266270.Google Scholar
Gyatso, Janet 2015. Being Human in a Buddhist World: An Intellectual History of Medicine in Early Modern Tibet. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
yung ’brug, G and Rin chen, rdo rje. 2011. “Dmu rdo: A Powerful Hero and Mountain Deity.” In Asian Highlands Perspectives 10, pp. 7398.Google Scholar
Haarh, Erik. 1969. The Yar-luṅ Dynasty. Copenhagen: G. E. C. Gad’s Forlag.Google Scholar
Hao, Wangdui and Hao, Xiao. 1992. “Between God and Human Beings: A Visit to Sorceress Losang Zizen.” In China’s Tibet 3(1), pp. 3240.Google Scholar
Harper, Donald. 1985. “A Chinese Demonography of the Third Century BC.” In Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 45(2), pp. 459498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Havnevik, Hanna. 2002. “A Tibetan Female State Oracle.” In Religion and Secular Culture in Tibet; Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the Ninth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Leiden 2000. Blezer, Henk, ed. Leiden: Brill, pp. 259287.Google Scholar
Heller, Amy. 1985. “An Early Tibetan Ritual: Rkyal ’bud.” In Soundings in Tibetan Civilization. Aziz, Barbara and Kapstein, Matthew, eds. New Delhi: Manohar Publications, pp. 257267.Google Scholar
Heller, Amy 1988. “Early Textual Sources for the Cult of Beg-ce.” In Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the 4th Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies. Schloss Hohenkammer – Munich 1985. Uebach, Helga and Panglung, Jampa L., eds. Munich: Kommission für Zentralasiatische Studien Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, pp. 185195.Google Scholar
Heller, Amy 1990. “Remarques Préliminaires sur les Divinités Protectrices Srung-ma dmar-nag du Potala.” In Tibet, Civilisation et Société. Paris: Éditions de la Maison des Sciences de l’Homme, pp. 1927 and plates.Google Scholar
Heller, Amy 1992a. “Historic and Iconographic Aspects of the Protective Deities Srung-ma dmar-nag.” In Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the 5th Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Narita 1989, vol 2. Shōren, Ihara and Zuihō, Yamaguchi, eds. Tokyo: Naritasan Shinshoji, pp. 479492.Google Scholar
Heller, Amy 1992b. “Etude sur le développement de l’iconographie et du culte de Beg-tse, divinité protectrice tibétaine.” Paris: Diplôme de l’École Pratique des Hautes Études.Google Scholar
Heller, Amy 1996. “Mongolian Mountain Deities and Local Gods: Examples of Rituals for their Worship in Tibetan Language.” In Reflections of the Mountain: Essays on the History and Social Meaning of the Mountain Cult in Tibet and the Himalaya. Blondeau, Anne-Marie and Steinkellner, Ernst, eds. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, pp. 133140.Google Scholar
Heller, Amy 1997. “Notes on the Symbol of the Scorpion in Tibet.” In Les Habitants du Toit du Monde, Études Recueillies en Hommage à Alexander W. Macdonald. Karmay, Samten and Sagant, Philippe, eds. Nanterre: Société d’Ethnologie, pp. 283297.Google Scholar
Heller, Amy 2001. “On the Development of the Iconography of Acala and Vighnāntaka in Tibet.” In Embodying Wisdom: Art, Text and Interpretation in the History of Esoteric Buddhism. Linrothe, Rob and Sørensen, Henrik H., eds. Copenhagen: Seminar for Buddhist Studies, pp. 209228.Google Scholar
Heller, Amy 2003. “The Great Protector Deities of the Dalai Lamas.” In Lhasa in the Seventeenth Century: The Capital of the Dalai Lamas. Pommaret, Françoise, ed. Leiden: Brill, pp. 8198.Google Scholar
Heller, Amy 2006. “Armor and Weapons in the Iconography of Tibetan Buddhist Deities.” In Warriors of the Himalayas: Rediscovering the Arms and Armor of Tibet. LaRocca, Donald J, ed. New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 3441.Google Scholar
Herrmann-Pfandt, Adelheid. 19921993. “Dakinis in Indo-Tibetan Tantric Buddhism: Some Results of Recent Research.” In Studies in Central and East Asian Religions 5–6, pp. 4563.Google Scholar
Hill, Nathan. 2015. “The sku bla Rite in Imperial Tibetan Religion.” In Cahiers d’Extrême-Asie 24, pp. 4958.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirshberg, Daniel. 2016. Remembering the Lotus-Born: Padmasambhava in the History of Tibet’s Golden Age. Somerville: Wisdom Publications.Google Scholar
Huber, Toni. 1999a. The Cult of Pure Crystal Mountain: Popular Pilgrimage and Visionary Landscape in Southeast Tibet. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huber, Toni ed. 1999b. Sacred Spaces and Powerful Places in Tibetan Culture: A Collection of Essays. Dharamsala: Library of Tibetan Works and Archives.Google Scholar
Huber, Toni 2013. “The Iconography of gShen Priests in the Ethnographic Context of the Extended Eastern Himalayas, and Reflections on the Development of Bon Religion.” In Nepalica-Tibetica: Festgabe for Christoph Cüppers, vol. 1. Ehrhard, Franz-Karl and Petra, Maurer, eds. Andiast: International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies, pp. 263294.Google Scholar
Hummel, Siegbert. 1962. “Pe-har.” In East and West 13(4), pp. 313316.Google Scholar
Imaeda, Yoshiro. 1973. “Une Note sur le Rite du Glud-’goṅ Rgyal-po d’Après les Sources Chinoises.” In Journal Asiatique 266, pp. 333339.Google Scholar
Jackson, Roger. 1997. “A Fasting Ritual.” In Religions of Tibet in Practice. Princeton Readings in Religions. Lopez, Donald S. Jr., ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 271292.Google Scholar
Joffe, Ben. 2016. “Demon Directories: On Listing and Living with Tibetan Worldly Spirits.” A Perfumed Skull: Anthropology, Esotericism, and Notes on the Numinous. Personal Blog. https://perfumedskull.com/2016/06/05/demon-directories-on-listing-and-living-with-tibetan-worldly-spirits/Google Scholar
Jovic, Nika. 2010. “The Cult of the ’Go ba’i lha lnga: A Study with Pictorial and Written Material of the Five Personal Protective Deities.” Master’s thesis, University of Vienna.Google Scholar
Kapstein, Matthew. 1992. “Remarks on the Maṇi Bka’-’bum and the Cult of Āvalokiteśvara in Tibet.” In Tibetan Buddhism: Reason and Revelation. Goodman, Steven and Davidson, Ronald, eds. Albandy: SUNY, pp. 7993.Google Scholar
Kapstein, Matthew 1997. “The Royal Way of Supreme Compassion.” In Religions of Tibet in Practice. Princeton Readings in Religions Series. Lopez, Donald S. Jr., ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 6977.Google Scholar
Kapstein, Matthew 2000. The Tibetan Assimilation of Buddhism: Conversation, Contestation, and Memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chagmed, Karma. 1982. “The Mirror of Tibetan Omens and Superstitions.” Norbu Chophel, trans. In Tibet Journal 7(4), pp. 8693.Google Scholar
Karmay, Samten G. 1988. Secret Visions of the Fifth Dalai Lama: The Gold Manuscript in the Fournier Collection. London: Serindia Publications.Google Scholar
Karmay, Samten G. 1998a. “The Appearance of the Little Black-headed Man.” In The Arrow and the Spindle: Studies in History, Myths, Rituals and Beliefs in Tibet. Kathmandu: Mandala Book Point, pp. 245281.Google Scholar
Karmay, Samten G. 1998b. “The Origin Myths of the First King of Tibet as Revealed in the Can Lnga.” In The Arrow and the Spindle: Studies in History, Myths, Rituals and Beliefs in Tibet. Kathmandu: Mandala Book Point, pp. 282309.Google Scholar
Karmay, Samten G. 1998c. “The Soul and the Turquoise: a Ritual for Recalling the bla.” In The Arrow and the Spindle: Studies in History, Myths, Rituals and Beliefs in Tibet. Kathmandu: Mandala Book Point, pp. 310338.Google Scholar
Karmay, Samten G. 1998d. “The Man and the Ox: A Ritual for Offering the glud.” In The Arrow and the Spindle: Studies in History, Myths, Rituals and Beliefs in Tibet. Kathmandu: Mandala Book Point, pp. 339379.Google Scholar
Karmay, Samten G. 1998e. “The Local Deities and the Juniper Tree: a Ritual for Purification (bsang).” In The Arrow and the Spindle: Studies in History, Myths, Rituals and Beliefs in Tibet. Kathmandu: Mandala Book Point, pp. 380412.Google Scholar
Karmay, Samten G. 1998f. “The Wind-horse and the Well-being of Man.” In The Arrow and the Spindle: Studies in History, Myths, Rituals and Beliefs in Tibet. Kathmandu: Mandala Book Point, pp. 413422.Google Scholar
Karmay, Samten G. 1998g. “Mountain Cult and National Identity.” In The Arrow and the Spindle: Studies in History, Myths, Rituals and Beliefs in Tibet. Kathmandu: Mandala Book Point, pp. 423431.Google Scholar
Karmay, Samten G. 1998h. “The Cult of Mountain Deities and its Political Significance.” In The Arrow and the Spindle: Studies in History, Myths, Rituals and Beliefs in Tibet. Kathmandu: Mandala Book Point, pp. 432450.Google Scholar
Karmay, Samten G. 1998i. “The Cult of Mount dMu-rdo in rGyal-rong.” In The Arrow and the Spindle: Studies in History, Myths, Rituals and Beliefs in Tibet. Kathmandu: Mandala Book Point, pp. 451462.Google Scholar
Karmay, Samten G. 2003. “Une note sur l’origine du concept des huit catégories d’esprits.” In Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines 2, pp. 6780.Google Scholar
Karmay, Samten G. 2004. “A Comparative Study of the yul lha Cult in Two Areas and its Cosmological Aspects.” In New Horizons in Bon Studies. Karmay, Samten G. and Nagano, Yasuhiko, eds. Delhi: Saujanya Publications, pp. 383413.Google Scholar
Karmay, Samten G. 2010. “Tibetan Indigenous Myths and Rituals with Reference to the Ancient Bön Text: The Nyenbum (Gnyan’bum),” In Tibetan Ritual. Cabezón, José, ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 5368.Google Scholar
Kelényi, Béla, ed. 2003. Demons and Protectors: Folk Religion in Tibetan and Mongolian Buddhism. Budapest: Ferenc Hopp Museum of Eastern Asiatic Art.Google Scholar
Kelényi, Béla 2012. “The Representation of Astrological Knowledge in the Cult of the Tibetan Prayer Flag.” In Figurations of Time in Asia. Morphomata 4. Boschung, Dietrich and Wessels-Mevissen, Corinna, eds. Munich: Wilhelm Fink Publishing, pp. 193203.Google Scholar
Kelley, Glen. 1993. Nechung, Tsang pa, Ghadong, Youdronma: Some Research on Four Tibetan Oracles and Their Deities. Brattleboro: Independent Study Project. School for International Training.Google Scholar
Kirkland, J. Russell. 1982. “The Spirit of the Mountain: Myth and State in Pre-Buddhist Tibet.” In History of Religions 21(3), pp. 257271.Google Scholar
Kohn, Richard. 1997. “An Offering of Torma.” In Religions of Tibet in Practice. Princeton Readings in Religions. Lopez, Donald S., ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 255265.Google Scholar
Kohn, Richard 2001. Lord of the Dance: The Mani Rimdu Festival in Tibet and Nepal. Albany: SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Kornman, Robin, Khandro, Sangye, and Chönam, Lama, trans. 2015. The Epic of Gesar of Ling: Gesar’s Magical Birth, Early Years, and Coronation as King. Boston: Shambhala.Google Scholar
Kotyk, Jeffrey. 2017. “Buddhist Astrology and Astral Magic in the Tang Dynasty.” Doctoral dissertation, Leiden University.Google Scholar
Kvaerne, Per. 1990. “A Preliminary Study of the Bonpo Deity Khro-bo Gtso-mchog Mkha’-’gying.” In Reflections on Tibetan Culture: Essays in Memory of Turrell V. Wylie. Studies in Asian Thought and Religion 12. Epstein, Lawrence and Sherburne, Richard, eds. Lewiston: Edwin Mellen Press, pp. 117125.Google Scholar
Kvaerne, Per 1996. The Bon Religion of Tibet: The Iconography of a Living Tradition. Boston: Shambhala.Google Scholar
Kvaerne, Per 2007. “Bonpo Tantric Deities,” In Bon: The Magic Word, The Indigenous Religion of Tibet. Karmay, Samten G. and Watt, Jeff, eds. New York: Rubin Museum of Art, pp. 165180.Google Scholar
Kalsang, Ladrang. 1996. The Guardian Deities of Tibet. Pema Thinley, trans. Dharamsala: Little Lhasa Publications.Google Scholar
Laufer, Berthold. 1914. “Bird Divination among the Tibetans (Notes on Document Pelliot No.3530, with a Study of Tibetan Phonology of the Ninth Century).” In T’oung Pao 15, pp. 1110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shen-Yu., Lin 2013. “The Fifteen Great Demons of Children.” In Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines 26, pp. 533.Google Scholar
Lincoln, Bruce. 2012. Gods and Demons, Priests and Scholars: Critical Explorations in the History of Religions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linrothe, Rob and Watt, Jeff. Demonic Divine: Himalayan Art and Beyond. Chicago: Serindia Publications.Google Scholar
Lohia, Sushama. 1994. Lalitavajra’s Manual of Buddhist Iconography. Śata-Piṭaka Series: Indo-Asian Literatures, vol. 379. New Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan.Google Scholar
Jamspal, Lozang. 2006. “The Gonkhang, Temple of the Guardian Deities.” In Warriors of the Himalayas: Rediscovering the Arms and Armor of Tibet. LaRocca, Donald J., ed. New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 4349.Google Scholar
Lucarelli, Rita. 2013. “Towards a Comparative Approach to Demonology in Antiquity: The Case of Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia.” In Archiv für Religionsgeschichte 14, pp. 1125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macdonald, Alexander. W. 1967. Matériaux pour l’Étude de la Littérature Populaire Tibétaine. 2 vols. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.Google Scholar
Macdonald, Ariane. 1971. “Une lecture des Pelliot Tibétain 1286, 1287, 1038, 1047, et 1290: Essai sur la formation et l’emploi des mythes politiques dans la religion royale de Sroṅ-bcan sgam-po.” In Études Tibétaines Dédiées à la Mémoire de Marcelle Lalou. Maisonneuve, Adrien, ed. Paris: Librairie d’Amérique et d’Orient, pp. 190391.Google Scholar
Macdonald, Ariane 1978a. “Le culte de Pehar et de Ci’u dmar-po dans la tradition écrite et orale. Histoire du monastère de Gnas-chung et de ses médiums (suite),” “Histoire et philologie tibétaines” (conférences 1976–1977). In Annuaire de l’Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Paris, pp. 11391145.Google Scholar
Macdonald, Ariane 1978b. “Les rivalités politiques et religieuses centrées sur Samye au XVIe siècle. La lignée spirituelle du Ve Dalai-Lama dans la littérature, dans l’histoire, et dans l’art.” “Histoire et philologie tibétaines” (conférences 1977–1978). In Annuaire de l’Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Paris, pp. 10231030.Google Scholar
Makley, Charlene. 2018. The Battle for Fortune: State-led Development, Personhood, and Power Among Tibetans in China. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Marko, Ann. 2003. “Civilising Woman the Demon: A Tibetan Myth of State.” In History of Tibet, vol. 1. Alex, McKay, ed. London: RoutledgeCurzon, pp. 322335.Google Scholar
Martin, Dan. 1996a. “The Star King and the Four Children of Pehar: Popular Religious Movements of 11th-to 12th-century Tibet.” In Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 49(1–2), pp. 171195.Google Scholar
Martin, Dan 1996b. “Lay Religious Movements in 11th- and 12th-Century Tibet: A Survey of Sources.” In Kailash 18(3–4), pp. 2355.Google Scholar
Martin du Gard, Irène. 1971. “Génies et Démons au Tibet.” In Génies, Anges et Démons. Sources Orientales 8. Leibovici, Marcel, ed. Paris: Éditions du Seuil, pp. 383402.Google Scholar
Maurer, Petra. 2009. “Sa Bdag and Tortoise: A Survey of the Tradition of Geomancy in Ladakh.” In Mountains, Monasteries and Mosques: Recent Research on Ladakh and the Western Himalaya. Proceedings of the 13th Colloquium of the International Association for Ladakh Studies. Bray, John and Filibeck, Elena de Rossi, eds. Pisa: Fabrizio Serra Editore, pp. 209219.Google Scholar
Maurer, Petra, Rossi, Donatella, and Scheuermann, Rolf, eds. 2020. Glimpses of Tibetan Divination: Past and Present. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Mayer, Robert. 1996. A Scripture of the Ancient Tantra Collection: The Phur-pa bcu-gnyis. Oxford: Kiscadale.Google Scholar
Mayer, Robert 1998. “The Figure of Maheśvara/Rudra in the rÑiṅ-ma-pa Tantric Tradition,” In Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 21(2), pp. 271310.Google Scholar
McCune, Lindsay. 2007. “Tales of Intrigue from Tibet’s Holy City: The Historical Underpinnings of a Modern Buddhist Crisis.” Master’s thesis, Florida State University.Google Scholar
McGrath, William A. 2017. “Vessel Examination in the Medicine of the Moon King.” In Buddhism and Medicine: An Anthology of Premodern Sources. Salguero, C. Pierce, ed. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 501513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mikles, Natasha. 2016. “Buddhicizing the Warrior-King Gesar in the dMyal gling rDzogs pa Chen po.” In Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines 37, pp. 231246.Google Scholar
Miller, Robert. 1998. “‘The Supine Demoness’ (Srin mo) and the Consolidation of Empire.” In The Tibet Journal 23(3), pp. 322.Google Scholar
Mills, Martin. 2003. Identity, Ritual, and State in Tibetan Buddhism: The Foundations of Authority in Gelukpa Monasticism. London: RoutledgeCurzon.Google Scholar
Mills, Martin 2007. “Re-Assessing the Supine Demoness: Royal Buddhist Geomancy in the Srong btsan sgam po Mythology.” In Journal of the International Association of Tibetan Studies 3, pp. 147.Google Scholar
Mitra, Mallar. 1999. “Goddess Vajravarahi: An Iconographical Study.” In Tantric Buddhism: Centennial Tribute to Dr. Benoytosh Bhattacharyya. Bhattacharyya, N. N. and Ghosh, Amartya, eds. New Delhi: Manohar, pp. 102129.Google Scholar
Mori, Masahide. 2004. “The Bon Deities Depicted in the Wall Paintings in the Bon-brgya Monastery.” In New Horizons in Bon Studies. Karmay, Samten G. and Nagano, Yasuhiko, eds. Delhi: Saujanya Publications, pp. 509549.Google Scholar
Mortensen, Eric. 2003. “Raven Augury in Tibet, Northwest Yunnan, Inner Asia, and Circumpolar Regions.” Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Muldowney, Kristen. 2011. “Outward Beauty, Hidden Wrath: An Exploration of the Drikung Kagyü Dharma Protectress Achi Chökyi Drölma.” Master’s thesis, Florida State University.Google Scholar
Mumford, Stan. 1989. Himalayan Dialogue: Tibetan Lamas and Gurung Shamans in Nepal. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Nagano, Sadako. 2004. “Sacrifice and lha pa in the glu rol Festival of Reb-skong.” In New Horizons in Bon Studies. Karmay, Samten G and Nagano, Yasuhiko, eds. Delhi: Saujanya Publications, pp. 567649.Google Scholar
Nair, Urmila. 2004. “The Sociological Inflection of Ontology: A Study of the Multiple Ontological Statuses of a Tibetan Buddhist Protective Deity.” Master’s thesis, University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Nair, Urmila 2010. “When the Sun’s Rays are as Shadows: The Nechung Rituals and the Politics of Spectacle in Tibetan Exile.” Doctoral dissertation, University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Norbu, Namkhai. 1995. Drung, Deu and Bön: Narrations, symbolic languages and the Bön tradition in ancient Tibet. Andrew Lukianowicz, trans. Dharamsala: Library of Tibetan Works and Archives.Google Scholar
Narayanan, Kumar. 2003. “Between Worlds: Guardians in Tibet as Agents of Transformation.” In Perspectives 4(3), pp. 4562.Google Scholar
Nebesky-Wojkowitz, René de. 1956. Where the Gods are Mountains. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.Google Scholar
Nebesky-Wojkowitz, René de 1976. Tibetan Religious Dances: Tibetan Text and Annotated Translation of the ’Chams Yig. Fürer-Haimendorf, Christoph von, ed. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Nebesky-Wojkowitz, René de [1956] 1998. Oracles and Demons of Tibet: The Cult and Iconography of the Tibetan Protective Deities. New Delhi: Paljor Publications.Google Scholar
Nebesky-Wojkowitz, René de, and Gorer, Geoffrey. 19501951. “The Use of Thread-Crosses in Lepcha Lamaist Ceremonies,” In The Eastern Anthropologist 4(2), pp. 6587.Google Scholar
Nielsen, Solvej. 2018. “Tibetan Buddhist Divination: The Genre and its Concepts of Fortune and Causality.” Master’s thesis, University of Copenhagen.Google Scholar
Niermann, Kristina. 2008. “Menschen und lokale Gottheiten (lu) im buddhistischen Ladakh: Tabus, Krankheit und Heilung im Alltag.” Master’s thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin.Google Scholar
Nishida, Ai. 2013. “Bird Divination in Old Tibetan Texts.” In Current Issues and Progress in Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the Third International Seminar of Young Tibetologists, Kobe 2012.” Takeuchi, Tsuguhito, Iwao, Kazushi, Nishida, Ai, Kumagai, Seiji, and Yamamoto, Meishi, eds. Kobe: Kobe City University of Foreign Studies, pp. 317341.Google Scholar
Nishida, Ai 2016. “Old Tibetan Scapulimancy,” In Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines 37, pp. 262277.Google Scholar
Orofino, Giacomella. 1994. “Divination with Mirrors: Observations on a Simile Found in the Kālacakra Literature,” In Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the 6th Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Fagernes 1992, vol. 2. Kvaerne, Per, ed. Oslo: Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture, pp. 612628.Google Scholar
Parfionovitch, Yuri, Meyer, Fernand, and Dorje, Gyurme, eds. 1992. Tibetan Medical Paintings: Illustrations to the Blue Beryl treatise of Sangye Gyatso (1653–1705), 2 vols. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc.Google Scholar
Penick, Douglas. 1996. The Warrior Song of King Gesar. Somerville: Wisdom Publications.Google Scholar
Peter, Prince of Greece and Denmark. 1978a. “Tibetan Oracles in Dharamsala.” In Proceedings of the Csoma de Körös Memorial Symposium. Ligeti, Louis, ed. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, pp. 327334.Google Scholar
Peter, Prince of Greece and Denmark 1978b. “Tibetan Oracles.” In Himalayan Anthropology: The Indo-Tibetan Interface. Hague: Moulon, pp. 287298.Google Scholar
Pommaret, Françoise. 1994. “Les Fêtes aux Divinités-Montagnes Phyva au Bhoutan de l’Est.” In Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the 6th Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, vol. 2. Kvaerne, Per, ed. Oslo: Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture, pp. 660669.Google Scholar
Pommaret, Françoise 1996. “On Local and Mountain Deities in Bhutan.” In Reflections of the Mountain: Essays on the History and Social Meaning of the Mountain Cult in Tibet and the Himalaya. Blondeau, Anne-Marie and Steinkellner, Ernst, eds. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, pp. 3956.Google Scholar
Pommaret, Françoise 2003a. “Etres Soumis, Etres Protecteurs: Padmasambhava et les Huit Categories de Dieux et Demons au Bhoutan.” In Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines 2, pp. 4066.Google Scholar
Pommaret, Françoise ed. 2003b. Lhasa in the Seventeenth Century: The Capital of the Dalai Lamas. Howard Solverson, trans. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pommaret, Françoise 2007. “Estate and Deities: a Ritual from Central Bhutan. The Bskang gso of O rgyan chos gling.” In Bhutan: Traditions and Changes. PIATS 2003: Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Oxford, 2003, vol. 5. Ardussi, John and Pommaret, Françoise, eds. Leiden: Brill, pp. 135158.Google Scholar
Ramble, Charles. 1996. “Patterns of Places.” In Reflections of the Mountain: Essays on the History and Social Meaning of the Mountain Cult in Tibet and the Himalaya. Blondeau, Anne-Marie and Steinkellner, Ernst, eds. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, pp. 141153.Google Scholar
Ramble, Charles 2008. The Navel of the Demoness: Tibetan Buddhism and Civil Religion in Highland Nepal. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ramble, Charles 2015. “Trouble with Vampires: Or, How the Layout of This Book Came to be Done.” In Tibetan and Himalayan Healing: An Anthology for Anthony Aris. Ramble, Charles and Roesler, Ulrike, eds. Kathmandu: Vajra Books, pp. 555570.Google Scholar
Ramble, Charles 2017. “From ‘Greatest Leaders’ to ‘Gnomes’: The Decline of Tibetan Vampires and the Rituals for their Subjugation.” Paper presented at the Deities, Spirits and Demons in Vernacular Beliefs and Rituals in Asia Conference, University of Tartu, Estonia. Unpublished.Google Scholar
Wiki, Rangjung Yeshe. 2018. Dharma Dictionary: Bod skad dang dbyin skad tshal mdzod thabs shes ldan pa; Tibetan-English Dictionary, Dharma Glossaries, and Resources. http://rywiki.tsadra.org/.Google Scholar
Reb gong pa Mkhar rtse rgyal. 2009. ’Jig rten mchod bstod: Mdo smad reb gong yul gyi drug pa’i lha zla chen mo’i mchod pa dang ’brel ba’i dmangs srol rig gnas lo rgyus skor gyi zhib ’jug. Beijing: Krung go’i bod rig pa dpe skrun khang.Google Scholar
Reinhart, Johan. 1978. “Khenbalung: The Hidden Valley.” In Kailash 6(1), pp. 535.Google Scholar
Ricca, Franco. 1999. Il Tempio Oracolare di Gnas-chuṅ: Gli dei del Tibet più Magico e Segreto. Orientalia 8. Torino: Edizioni dell’Orso.Google Scholar
Ricca, Franco, and Fournier, Lionel. 1996. “Notes Concerning the Mgon-khaṅ of Źwa-lu.” In Artibus Asiae 56(3/4), pp. 343363.Google Scholar
Richardson, Hugh. 1993. Ceremonies of the Lhasa Year. London: Serindia Publications.Google Scholar
Richardson, Hugh 1998. “The Cult of Vairocana in Early Tibet.” In High Peaks, Pure Earth: Collected Writings on Tibetan History and Culture. London: Serindia Publications, pp. 177181.Google Scholar
Rock, Joseph F. 1935. “Sungmas, the Living Oracles of the Tibetan Church.” In National Geographic Magazine 68, pp. 475486.Google Scholar
Rock, Joseph F. 1959. “Contributions to the Shamanism of the Tibetan-Chinese Borderland.” In Anthropos 54, pp. 796818.Google Scholar
Ruegg, David. 2008. The Symbiosis of Buddhism with Brahmanism/Hinduism in South Asia and of Buddhism with ‘Local Cults’ in Tibet and the Himalayan Region. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Samuel, Geoffrey. 1993. Civilized Shamans. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
Samuel, Geoffrey 1995. “Gesar Epic of East Tibet.” In Tibetan Literature: Studies in Genre. Cabezon, Jose Ignacio, ed. Boston: Snow Lion, pp. 358367.Google Scholar
Samuel, Geoffrey 2007. “Spirit Causation and Illness in Tibetan Medicine.” In Soundings in Tibetan Medicine: Anthropological and Historical Perspectives. PIATS 2003: Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Oxford, 2003, vol. 10. Schrempf, Mona, ed. Leiden: Brill, pp. 213224.Google Scholar
Samuel, Geoffrey 2010. “Healing, Efficacy and the Spirits.” In Journal of Ritual Studies 24(2), pp. 720.Google Scholar
Samuel, Geoffrey 2017. “Dancers in the Temple: Reflections on Tibetan Ritual and Ritual Dance.” In Musique et Épopée en Haute-Asie: Mélanges offerts à Mireille Helffer à l’Occasion de Son 90ᵉ Anniversaire. Buffetrille, Katia and Henrion-Dourcy, Isabelle, eds. Paris: l’Asiathèque Maison des Langues du Monde, pp. 173190.Google Scholar
Sardar-Afkhami, Abdol-Hamid. 1996. “An Account of Padma-bkod: A Hidden Land in Southeastern Tibet.” In Kailash 18(3–4), pp. 121.Google Scholar
Sardar-Afkhami, Abdol-Hamid 2001. “The Buddha’s Secret Gardens: End Times and Hidden-lands in Tibetan Imagination.” Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Sárközi, Alice. 2012. “The Fifteen Demons Causing Child-Disease.” In Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 65(2), pp. 223234.Google Scholar
Schenk, Amelia. 1993. “Inducing Trance: On the Training of Ladakhi Oracle Healers.” In Proceedings of the International Seminar on the Anthropology of Tibet and the Himalaya; September 21–28, 1990, Zurich. Ramble, Charles and Brauen, Martin, eds. Druck: BuchsDruck, pp. 331342.Google Scholar
Schuh, Dieter. 2012. “Erdherrengeister (sa-bdag).” In Tibet-Encyclopaedia. Andiast: International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies. www.tibet-encyclopaedia.de/erdherren-sa-bdag.htmlGoogle Scholar
Schuh, Dieter 2013. “Zwischen Grossreich und Phyi-dar: Eine dunkle, kulturlose Zeit? Das Beispiel des Lehrsystems von sinotibetischen Divinationskalkulationen (nag-rtsis), Geomantie (sa-dpyad), gTo-Ritualen und Erdherrengeistern (sa-bdag).” In Tibet after Empire: Culture, Society and Religion between 850–1000: Proceedings of the Seminar Held in Lumbini, Nepal, March 2011. Cüppers, Christoph, Mayer, Robert, and Walter, Michael, eds. Lumbini: Lumbini International Research Institute, pp. 313342.Google Scholar
Sidky, Homayun. 2011. “The State Oracle of Tibet, Spirit Possession, and Shamanism.” In Numen 58, pp. 7199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sihlé, Nicolas. 2002. “Lhachö [Lha mchod] and Hrinän [Sri gnon]: The Structure and Diachrony of a Pair of Rituals (Baragaon, Northern Nepal).” In Religion and Secular Culture in Tibet: Tibetan Studies II. Blezer, Henk, ed. Leiden: Brill, pp. 185206.Google Scholar
Sihlé, Nicolas 2013. Rituels Bouddhiques de Pouvoir et de Violence: la Figure du Tantriste Tibétain. Belgium: Brepols.Google Scholar
Simmer-Brown, Judith. 2001. Dakini’s Warm Breath: The Feminine Principle in Tibetan Buddhism. Boston: Shambhala.Google Scholar
Skorupski, Tadeusz. 1997. “In Praise of the Ḍākinīs.” In Les Habitants du Toit du Monde: Études Recueillies en Hommage à Alexander W. Macdonald. Karmay, Samten and Sagant, Philippe, eds. Recherches sur la Haute Asie 12. Nanterre: Société d’Ethnologie, pp. 309324.Google Scholar
Smith, Alexander, 2015. “Prognostic Structure and the Use of Trumps in Tibetan Pebble Divination.” In Magic, Ritual, and Witchcraft 10(1), pp. 121.Google Scholar
Smith, Frederick M. 2006. The Self Possessed: Deity and Spirit Possession in South Asian Literature and Civilization. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Jonathan Z. 1978. “Towards Interpreting Demonic Powers in Hellenistic and Roman Antiquity.” In Aufstieg und Niedergang der römishen Welt II, 16(1), pp. 425439.Google Scholar
Sneath, David. 2007. “Ritual Idioms and Spatial Orders: Comparing the Rites for Mongolian and Tibetan ‘Local Deities’.” In The Mongolia-Tibet Interface: Opening New Research Terrains in Inner Asia. PIATS 2003: Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Oxford, 2003, vol. 9. Bulag, Uradyn E. and Diemberger, Hildegard, eds. Leiden: Brill, pp. 135158.Google Scholar
Snellgrove, David. 1967. The Nine Ways of Bon. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Snellgrove, David [1987] 2002. Indo-Tibetan Buddhism: Indian Buddhists and Their Tibetan Successors. Boston: Shambhala.Google Scholar
Sobisch, Jan-Ulrich, and Nielsen, Solvej. 2019. Divining with Achi and Tārā: Comparative Remarks on Tibetan Dice and Mālā Divination: Tools, Poetry, Structures, and Ritual Dimensions. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sørensen, Per. 1994. Tibetan Buddhist Historiography: The Mirror Illuminating the Royal Genealogies. An Annotated Translation of the XIVth Century Tibetan Chronicle: rGyal-rabs gsal-ba’i me-long. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Publishing.Google Scholar
Sørensen, Per K., Hazod, Guntram, and Gyalbo, Tsering. 2000. Civilization at the Foot of Mount Sham-po: The Royal House of lHa Bug-pa-can and the History of g.Ya’-bzang. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Sørensen, Per K., Hazod, Guntram, and Gyalbo, Tsering 2005. Thundering Falcon: An Inquiry into the History and Cult of Khra-’brug Tibet’s First Buddhist Temple. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Stein, Rolf A. 1939. “Trente-Trois Fiches de Divination Tibetaines,” In Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 4 (3/4), pp. 297371.Google Scholar
Stein, Rolf A. 1959. Recherches sur l’Épopée et le Barde du Tibet. Bibliothèque de l’Institut des Hautes Études Chinoises 13. Paris: Presses Universitaires.Google Scholar
Stein, Rolf A. 1995. “La Soumission de Rudra et Autres Contes Tantriques,” In Journal Asiatique 283(1), pp. 121160.Google Scholar
Stoddard, Heather. 1997. “The Nine Brothers of the White High. Mi-nyag and ‘King’ Pe-dkar Revisited.” In Les Habitants du Toit du Monde: Études Recueillies en Hommage à Alexander W. Macdonald. Karmay, Samten and Sagant, Philippe, eds. Recherches sur la Haute Asie 12. Nanterre: Société d’Ethnologie, pp. 75109.Google Scholar
Stuart, Kevin, Banmadorji, , and Huangchojia, . 1995. “Mountain Gods and Trance Mediums: A Qinghai Tibetan Summer Festival.” In Asian Folklore Studies 54(2), pp. 219237.Google Scholar
Stuart, Kevin and Dpal-ldan-bkra-shis, . 1998. “Perilous Novelties: The A-mdo Tibetan klu-rol Festival in Gling-rgyal Village.” In Anthropos 93, pp. 3153.Google Scholar
Sutherland, Gail Hinich. 1991. The Disguises of the Demon: The Development of the Yakṣa in Hinduism and Buddhism. Albany: SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Tenzin, Khempo Sangyay and Oleshey, Gomchen. 1975. “The Nyingma Icons: A Collection of Line Drawings of 94 Deities and Divinities of Tibet.” In Kailash 3(4), pp. 319416.Google Scholar
Samphel, Tenzin. 2008. “Les bKa’ Brgyad – Sources Canoniques et Tradition de Nyang ral Nyi ma ’Od zer.” In Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines 15, pp. 251274.Google Scholar
Tewari, Ramesh Chandra. 1987. “Pre-Buddhist Elements in Himalayan Buddhism: The Institution of the Oracles.” In The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 10(1), pp. 135155.Google Scholar
Tibetan Academy of Social Sciences, ed. 2009. Dpal ldan ’bras spungs dgon gyi dkar chag dri med dwangs gsal shel gyi me long. Beijing: Krung go’i bod rig pa dpe skrun khang.Google Scholar
Toussaint, Gustave-Charles. 1933. Le Dict de Padma: Padma thang yig, Ms. de Lithang. Paris: Librarie Ernest Leroux.Google Scholar
Tucci, Giuseppe. 1965. “The Tibetan Tradition of Geography.” In Bulletin of Tibetology 2(1), pp. 1725.Google Scholar
Tucci, Giuseppe [1949] 1999. Tibetan Painted Scrolls, 3 vols. Bangkok: SDI Publications.Google Scholar
Pelgen, Ugyen. 2007. “Rituals and Pilgrimage Devoted to Aum Jo mo Re ma ti by the ’Brog pas of Me rag of Eastern Bhutan.” In Bhutan: Traditions and Changes. PIATS 2003: Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Oxford, 2003, vol. 5. Ardussi, John and Pommaret, Françoise, eds. Leiden: Brill, pp. 121134.Google Scholar
Vargas-O’Bryan, Ivette. 2013. “Falling Rain, Reigning Power in Reptilian Affairs: The Balancing of Religion and the Environment,” In Charming Beauties and Frightful Beasts: Non-Human Animals in South Asian Myth, Ritual and Folklore. Ferrari, Fabrizio M. and Dähnhardt, Thomas, eds. Sheffield: Equinox, pp. 99114.Google Scholar
von Glahn, Richard. 2004. The Sinister Way: The Divine and the Demonic in Chinese Religious Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waddell, L. A. 1895. “The Tibetan House-Demon.” In Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 24, pp. 3941.Google Scholar
Waddell, L. A. [1893] 1973. Lamaism in Sikhim. Delhi: Oriental Publishers.Google Scholar
Walter, Michael. 1996. “Scapula Cosmography and Divination in Tibet.” In Kailash 18(3/4), pp. 107114.Google Scholar
Walter, Michael 2009. Buddhism and Empire: The Political and Religious Culture of Early Tibet. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wangdu, Pasang and Diemberger, Hildegard, trans. 2000. dBa’ bzhed: The Royal Narrative Concerning the Bringing of the Buddha’s Doctrine to Tibet. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Watt, Jeff. 2019. “Tibetan Worldly Spirits, Sprites & Ogres.” Himalayan Art Resources. www.himalayanart.org/search/set.cfm?setid=2554.Google Scholar
Williamson, Laila, and Young, Serinity, eds. 2009. Body and Spirit: Tibetan Medical Paintings. New York: American Museum of Natural HistoryGoogle Scholar
Willis, Janice. 1987. “Dakini: Some Comments on Its Nature and Meaning.” In Feminine Ground: Essays on Women in Tibet. Willis, Janice, ed. Ithica: Snow Lion, pp. 5775.Google Scholar
Willson, Martin and Brauen, Martin, eds. 2000. Deities of Tibetan Buddhism: The Zürich Paintings of the Icons Worthwhile to See (Bris sku mthoṅ ba don ldan). Boston: Wisdom Publications.Google Scholar
Wylie, Turrell. 1959. “A Standard System of Tibetan Transcription.” In Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 22, pp. 261267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wylie, Turrell 1962. The Geography of Tibet According to the ’Dzam-Gling-Rgyas-Bshad. Rome: Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente.Google Scholar
Yamamoto, Carl. 2012. Vision and Violence: Lama Zhang and the Politics of Charisma in Twelfth-Century Tibet. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Tibetan Demonology
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Tibetan Demonology
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Tibetan Demonology
Available formats
×