Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T09:27:34.527Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Food in Ancient China

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 December 2023

Yitzchak Jaffe
Affiliation:
University of Haifa, Israel

Summary

This Element provides an overview of food and foodways in Ancient China, from the earliest humans (~500k BP) up to its historical beginnings: the foundation of the Zhou dynasty (at the start of the 1st millennium BCE). While textual data provides insights on food and diet during China's historical periods, archaeological data is the main source for studying the deep past and reconstructing what people ate, how they ate and with whom they ate it. This Element introduces the plants and animals that formed the building blocks of ancient diets and cuisines, as well as how they created localized lifeways and unifying constructs across ancient China. Foodways, how food was grown, prepared and consumed, was central in the development of differing social, economic and political realities, as it shaped ritual and burial practices, differentiated ethnic groups, solidified community ties and deepened or assuaged social inequalities.
Get access
Type
Element
Information
Online ISBN: 9781009408370
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 21 December 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Bibliography

Allaby, R., Stevens, C., Kistler, L. & Fuller, D. (2022). Emerging evidence of plant domestication as a landscape-level process. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 37(3), 268279.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
An, J., Kirleis, W., Zhao, C. & Jin, G. (2022). Understanding crop processing and its social meaning in the Xinzhai period (1850–1750 cal BCE): A case study on the Xinzhai site, China. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 31(3), 261277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
An, J. & Wang, Y. (1972). Mi Xian Dahuting Han dai huaxiang shimu he bihua mu (Han dynasty stone relief and mural tombs at Dahuting Village in Mi County). Wenwu, 1972(10), 4962.Google Scholar
Anderson, E. N. (1988). The food of China. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Barton, L. & An, C. (2014). An evaluation of competing hypotheses for the early adoption of wheat in East Asia. World Archaeology, 46(5), 775798.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barton, L., Bingham, B., Sankaranarayanan, K. et al. (2020). The earliest farmers of Northwest China exploited grain-fed pheasants not chickens. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 2556. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59316-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barton, L., Newsome, S. D., Chen, F. H. et al. (2009). Agricultural origins and the isotopic identity of domestication in northern China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(14), 55235528.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bar-Yosef, O. (2002). The Upper Paleolithic revolution. Annual Review of Anthropology, 31, 363393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bar-Yosef, O., Eren, M. I., Yuan, J., Cohen, D. J. & Li, Y. (2012). Were bamboo tools made in prehistoric Southeast Asia? An experimental view from South China. Quaternary International, 269, 921.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bestel, S., Bao, Y., Zhong, H., Chen, X. & Liu, L. (2018). Wild plant use and multi-cropping at the Early Neolithic Zhuzhai site in the Middle Yellow River region, China. The Holocene, 28(2), 195207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boaretto, E., Wu, X., Yuan, J. et al. (2009). Radiocarbon dating of charcoal and bone collagen associated with early pottery at Yuchanyan Cave, Hunan Province, China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(24), 95959600.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bogaard, A., Allaby, R., Arbuckle, N. et al. (2021). Reconsidering domestication from a process archaeology perspective. World Archaeology, 53(1), 5677.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boivin, N., Fuller, D. Q. & Crowther, A. (2012). Old World globalization and the Columbian exchange: Comparison and contrast. World Archaeology, 44(3), 452469.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bray, T. (ed.) (2003). The archaeology and politics of food and feasting in early states and empires. New York: Plenum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brunson, K., He, N. & Dai, X. (2016). Sheep, cattle, and specialization: New zooarchaeological perspectives on the Taosi Longshan. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 26(3), 460475.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brunson, K., Lele, R., Xin, Z. et al. (2020). Zooarchaeology, ancient mtDNA, and radiocarbon dating provide new evidence for the emergence of domestic cattle and caprines in the Tao River Valley of Gansu Province, Northwest China. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 31, 102262.Google Scholar
Cai, D., Zhang, N., Zhu, S. et al. (2018). Ancient DNA reveals evidence of abundant aurochs (Bos primigenius) in Neolithic Northeast China. Journal of Archaeological Science, 98, 7280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, R. (2018). Violence, kinship and the early Chinese state: The Shang and their world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, R. (2023). Feeding the great settlement: Preliminary notes on the Shang animal economy. In Atici, L. & Arbuckle, B. (eds.), Food provisioning in complex societies. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, pp. 92107.Google Scholar
Campbell, R., Jaffe, Y., Kim, C., Sturm, C. & Jaang, L. (2022). Chinese Bronze Age political economies: A complex polity provisioning approach. Journal of Archaeological Research, 30(1), 69116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CASS (Chinese Academy of Social Sciences) (2001). Mengcheng Yuchisi-Wanbei xinshiqi shidai juluo yicun de fajue yu yanjiu (Mengcheng Yuchisi: Excavation and research of the Neolithic settlement in Wanbei). Beijing: Kexue Press.Google Scholar
CASS, IA (Chinese Academy of Social Sciences) (2010). Zhongguo kaoguxue: Xinshiqi shidaijuan (Chinese archaeology: Neolithic). Beijing: Kexue Press.Google Scholar
Chang, K. C. (ed.) (1977). Food in Chinese culture: Anthropological and historical perspectives. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Chang, K. C. (1983). Art, myth, and ritual: The path to political authority in Ancient China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chang, K. C. (1986). The archaeology of Ancient China. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Chen, N., Cai, Y., Chen, Q. et al. (2018). Whole-genome resequencing reveals world-wide ancestry and adaptive introgression events of domesticated cattle in East Asia. Nature Communications, 9(1), 2337. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04737-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, X., Yu, S.-Y., Wang, Q. et al. (2020). More direct evidence for early dispersal of bread wheat to the eastern Chinese coast ca. 2460–2210 BC. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 12(10), 233. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04737-0CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheung, C., Jing, Z., Tang, J. & Richards, M. P. (2017). Social dynamics in early Bronze Age China: A multi-isotope approach. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 16, 90101.Google Scholar
Cohen, D. J., Bar-Yosef, O., Wu, X., Patania, I. & Goldberg, P. (2017). The emergence of pottery in China: Recent dating of two early pottery cave sites in South China. Quaternary International, 441, 3648.Google Scholar
Craig, O. E., Saul, H., Lucquin, A. et al. (2013). Earliest evidence for the use of pottery. Nature, 496(7445), 351354.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crawford, G. (2017). Plant domestication in East Asia. In Habu, J., Lape, P. V. & Olsen, J. W. (eds.), Handbook of East and Southeast Asian archaeology. New York: Springer, pp. 421435.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crawford, G., Underhill, A., Zhao, Z. et al. (2005). Late Neolithic plant remains from northern China: Preliminary results from Liangchengzhen, Shandong. Current Anthropology, 46(2), 309317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cucchi, T., Hulme-Beaman, A., Yuan, J. & Dobney, K. (2011). Early Neolithic pig domestication at Jiahu, Henan Province, China: Clues from molar shape analyses using geometric morphometric approaches. Journal of Archaeological Science, 38(1), 1122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dai, L. L., Li, Z. P., Zhao, C. Q. et al. (2016). An isotopic perspective on animal husbandry at the Xinzhai site during the initial stage of the legendary Xia dynasty (2070–1600 BC). International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 26(5), 885896.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dal Martello, R. (2022). The origins of multi-cropping agriculture in southwestern China: Archaeobotanical insights from third to first millennium B.C. Yunnan. Asian Archaeology, 6(1), 6585.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
d’Alpoim Guedes, J. (2011). Millets, rice, social complexity, and the spread of agriculture to the Chengdu Plain and Southwest China. Rice, 4(3), 104113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
d’Alpoim Guedes, J., Lu, H., Hein, A. M. & Schmidt, A. H. (2015). Early evidence for the use of wheat and barley as staple crops on the margins of the Tibetan Plateau. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(18), 56255630.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
d’Alpoim Guedes, J., Lu, H., Li, Y. et al. (2014). Moving agriculture onto the Tibetan Plateau: The archaeobotanical evidence. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 6(3), 255269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dennell, R., Martinón-Torres, M., Bermúdez de Castro, J.-M. & Xing, G. (2020). A demographic history of late Pleistocene China. Quaternary International, 559, 413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
d’Errico, F., Pitarch Martí, A., Wei, Y. et al. (2021). Zhoukoudian Upper Cave personal ornaments and ochre: Rediscovery and reevaluation. Journal of Human Evolution, 161, 103088.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dietler, M. & Hayden, B. (eds.) (2001). Feasts: Archaeological and ethnographic perspectives on food, politics, and power. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
Dodson, J., Dodson, E., Banati, R. et al. (2014). Oldest directly dated remains of sheep in China. Scientific Reports, 4(1), 7170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dong, N. & Yuan, J. (2020). Rethinking pig domestication in China: Regional trajectories in Central China and the Lower Yangtze Valley. Antiquity, 94(376), 864879.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dong, Y., Chen, S., Ambrose, S. H. et al. (2021). Social and environmental factors influencing dietary choices among Dawenkou culture sites, Late Neolithic China. The Holocene, 31(2), 271284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dong, Y., Lin, L., Zhu, X., Luan, F. & Underhill, A. P. (2019). Mortuary ritual and social identities during the late Dawenkou period in China. Antiquity, 93(368), 378392.Google Scholar
Drennan, R. D., Lu, X., & Peterson, C. E. (2017). A place of pilgrimage? Niuheliang and its role in Hongshan society. Antiquity, 91(355), 4356.Google Scholar
Eda, M., Itahashi, Y., Kikuchi, H. et al. (2022). Multiple lines of evidence of early goose domestication in a 7,000-y-old rice cultivation village in the lower Yangtze River, China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(12), e2117064119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eda, M., Lu, P., Kikuchi, H. et al. (2016). Reevaluation of early Holocene chicken domestication in northern China. Journal of Archaeological Science, 67, 2531.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elston, R. G. & Brantingham, P. J. (2002). Microlithic technology in northern Asia: A risk-minimizing strategy of the Late Paleolithic and Early Holocene. Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association, 12(1), 103116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elston, R. G., Guanghui, D. & Dongju, Z. (2011). Late Pleistocene intensification technologies in northern China. Quaternary International, 242(2), 401415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elvin, M. (2004). The retreat of the elephants: An environmental history of China. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Falkenhausen, L. (1999). Late Western Zhou taste. E´tudes Chinoises 18: 134178.Google Scholar
Feng, S., Liu, L., Wang, J. et al. (2021). Red beer consumption and elite utensils: The emergence of competitive feasting in the Yangshao culture, North China. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 64, 101365.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Festa, M. & Monteith, F. (2022). Between plain and plateau: Micro-transitions in zooarchaeological landscapes in the Guanzhong region of Northwest China. Land, 11(8), 1269. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11081269CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flad, R. (2018). Where did the Silk Road come from? In Rudolph, J. & Szonyi, M. (eds.), The China Questions: Critical insights into a rising power. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 237243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flad, R. (2010). Early wheat in China: Results from new studies at Donghuishan in the Hexi Corridor. The Holocene, 20(6), 955965.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flad, R. (2005). Evaluating fish and meat salting at prehistoric Zhongba, China. Journal of Field Archaeology, 30(3), 231253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flad, R., Zhu, J., Wang, C. et al. (2005). Archaeological and chemical evidence for early salt production in China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102(35), 1261812622.Google Scholar
Frantz, L. A. F., Mullin, V. E., Pionnier-Capitan, M. et al. (2016). Genomic and archaeological evidence suggest a dual origin of domestic dogs. Science, 352(6290), 12281231.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fullagar, R., Hayes, E., Chen, X., Ma, X., & Liu, L. (2021). A functional study of denticulate sickles and knives, ground stone tools from the Early Neolithic Peiligang culture, China. Archaeological Research in Asia, 26, 100265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuller, D. Q., Qin, L., Zheng, Y. et al. (2009). The domestication process and domestication rate in rice: Spikelet bases from the Lower Yangtze. Science, 323(5921), 16071610.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuller, D. Q. & Rowlands, M. (2011). Ingestion and food technologies: Maintaining differences over the long-term in West, South and East Asia. In Wilkinson, T. J., Sherratt, S. & Bennett, J. W. (eds.), Interweaving worlds: Systematic interactions in Eurasia, 7th to 1st millennia BC. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 3660.Google Scholar
Fuller, D. Q. & Stevens, C. J. (2019). Between domestication and civilization: The role of agriculture and arboriculture in the emergence of the first urban societies. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 28(3), 263282.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gao, X., Guan, Y., Chen, F. et al. (2014). The discovery of Late Paleolithic boiling stones at SDG 12, north China. Quaternary International, 347, 9196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gao, Y. (2021) Zhongguo Dongbei diqu gongyuanqian sanqiannianqian de wenhua yanjin yu shehuui fazhan (Cultural evolution and social development in Northeast China before 3000 BC). Doctoral Diss. Jilin University.Google Scholar
Ge, W., Liu, L., Chen, X., & Jin, Z. (2011). Can noodles be made from millet? An experimental investigation of noodle manufacture together with starch grain analyses. Archaeometry, 53(1), 194204.Google Scholar
Ge, W., Liu, L., Huang, W. et al. (2021). Neolithic bone meal with acorn: Analyses on crusts in pottery bowls from 7000 BP Hemudu, China. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 31(6), 11381154.Google Scholar
Goldin, P. R. (ed.). (2018). Routledge handbook of Early Chinese history. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graeber, D. & Wengrow, D. (2021). The dawn of everything: A new history of humanity. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.Google Scholar
Guo, R. & Jin, G. (2019). Xianqin shiqi haidai diqu de maizuo nongye (Study on the wheat agriculture in the pre-Qin period of Haidai Region), Disiji Yanjiu, 39(1), 144160.Google Scholar
Hastorf, C. A. (2016). The social archaeology of food: Thinking about eating from prehistory to the present. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hastorf, C. A. & Foxhall, L. (2017). The social and political aspects of food surplus. World Archaeology, 49(1), 2639.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayden, B. (2009). The proof is in the pudding: Feasting and the origins of domestication. Current Anthropology, 50(5), 597601.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
He, N. (2018). Taosi: An archaeological example of urbanization as a political center in prehistoric China. Archaeological Research in Asia, 14, 2032.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
He, Y., Liu, L., Sun, Z., Shao, J. & Di, N. (2021). “Proposing a toast” from the first urban center in the north Loess Plateau, China: Alcoholic beverages at Shimao. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 64, 101352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheng Wenwu Yanjiusuo, Hebei et al. (2010). 1997 nian Hebei Xushui Nanzhuangtou yizhi fajue baogao (Report on the 1997 Excavations at the Nanzhuangtou Site, Xushui County, Hebei Province, Kaogu Xuabao 2010(3), 361392.Google Scholar
Henan First Team, CASS et al. (2020), Henan Xinzheng Peiligang yizhi 2018–2019 fajue (The excavation of the Peiligang site of Xinzheng city, Henan, 2018–2019) Kaogu Xuebao 2020 (4), 521546.Google Scholar
Höllmann, T. (2014). The land of the five flavors: A cultural history of Chinese cuisine. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Honeychurch, W. & Makarewicz, C. A. (2016). The archaeology of pastoral nomadism. Annual Review of Anthropology, 45(1), 341359.Google Scholar
Hou, Y., Campbell, R., Zhang, Y. & Li, S. (2019). Animal use in a Shang village: The Guandimiao zooarchaeological assemblage. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 29(2), 335345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hou, L., Li, J., Deng, H. & Guo, Y. (2021). Hubei Xushui Nanzhuangtou yizhi dongwu goge de wending tongweisu fenxi (Stable isotope analysis of animal skeletons at Nanzhuangtou Site, Xushui, Hebei Province). Kaogu, 2021 (5), 107114.Google Scholar
Hu, Y., Shang, H., Tong, H. et al. (2009). Stable isotope dietary analysis of the Tianyuan 1 early modern human. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(27), 1097110974.Google Scholar
Hua, Z., Xinwei, L., Weilin, W., Liping, Y. & Zhijun, Z. (2020). Preliminary research of the farming production pattern in the Central Plain area during the Miaodigou Period. Quaternary Sciences, 40(2), 472485.Google Scholar
Huan, X., Lu, H., Jiang, L. et al. (2021). Spatial and temporal pattern of rice domestication during the early Holocene in the lower Yangtze region, China. The Holocene, 31(9), 13661375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunt, H. V., Shang, X. & Jones, M. K. (2018). Buckwheat: A crop from outside the major Chinese domestication centres? A review of the archaeobotanical, palynological and genetic evidence. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 27(3), 493506.Google ScholarPubMed
Jaffe, Y. & Campbell, R. (2021). To eat or not to eat? Animals and categorical fluidity in Shang society. Asian Perspectives, 60(1), 157177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaffe, Y., Castellano, L., Shelach-Lavi, G. & Campbell, R. B. (2021a). Mismatches of scale in the application of paleoclimatic research to Chinese archaeology. Quaternary Research, 99, 1433.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaffe, Y. & Flad, R. K. (2018). Prehistoric globalizing processes in the Tao River Valley, Gansu, China? In Boivin, N. & Frachetti, M. (eds.), Globalization in prehistory: Contact, exchange, and the “people without history,” pp. 131161. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jaffe, Y. & Hein, A. (2021). Considering change with archaeological data: Reevaluating local variation in the role of the ~4.2 k BP event in Northwest China. The Holocene, 31(2), 169182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaffe, Y., Hein, A., Womack, A. et al. (2021b). Complex pathways towards emergent pastoral settlements: New research on the Bronze Age Xindian culture of Northwest China. Journal of World Prehistory, 34(4), 595647.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaffe, Y., Wei, Q. & Zhao, Y. (2018). Foodways and the archaeology of colonial contact: Rethinking the Western Zhou expansion in Shandong. American Anthropologist, 120(1), 5571.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jeong, C., Wilkin, S., Amgalantugs, T. et al. (2018). Bronze Age population dynamics and the rise of dairy pastoralism on the eastern Eurasian steppe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(48), E11248E11255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jia, S., Zhang, J., Yang, Y. et al. (2018). Zhengzhou Shangcheng yizhi tanhua zhiwu yicun fuxuan jieguo yu fenxi (A preliminary study of the charred plant remains from the Zhengzhou Shangcheng site). Jianghan Kaogu, 2018(2), 97114.Google Scholar
Jiang, L. (2013). The Kuahuqiao site and culture. In Underhill, A. (ed.), A companion to Chinese archaeology. Malden, MA: Wiley, pp. 535554.Google Scholar
Jin, G., Chen, S., Li, H. et al. (2020). The Beixin Culture: Archaeobotanical evidence for a population dispersal of Neolithic hunter-gatherer-cultivators in northern China. Antiquity, 94(378), 14261443.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jin, G., Wagner, M., Tarasov, P. E., Wang, F. & Liu, Y. (2016). Archaeobotanical records of Middle and Late Neolithic agriculture from Shandong Province, East China, and a major change in regional subsistence during the Dawenkou Culture. The Holocene, 26(10), 16051615.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jin, G., Wu, W., Zhang, K., Wang, Z., & Wu, X. (2014). 8000-Year old rice remains from the north edge of the Shandong highlands, East China. Journal of Archaeological Science, 51, 3442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jin, Y., Mo, D., Li, Y. et al. (2019). Ecology and hydrology of early rice farming: Geoarchaeological and palaeo-ecological evidence from the Late Holocene paddy field site at Maoshan, the Lower Yangtze. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 11(5), 18511863.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jordan, P. & Zvelebil, M. (eds.). (2009). Ceramics before farming: The dispersal of pottery among prehistoric Eurasian hunter-gatherers. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kuzmina, E. (2008). The prehistory of the Silk Road. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lander, B. (2021). The king’s harvest: A political ecology of China from the first farmers to the first empire. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Lander, B., Schneider, M. & Brunson, K. (2020). A history of pigs in China: From curious omnivores to industrial pork. Journal of Asian Studies, 79(4), 865889.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larson, G., Karlsson, E. K., Perri, A. et al. (2012). Rethinking dog domestication by integrating genetics, archeology, and biogeography. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(23), 88788883.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larson, G., Liu, R., Zhao, X. et al. (2010). Patterns of East Asian pig domestication, migration, and turnover revealed by modern and ancient DNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(17), 76867691.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, G., Crawford, G. W., Liu, L. & Chen, X. (2007). Plants and people from the Early Neolithic to Shang periods in North China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(3), 10871092.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, G., Crawford, G. W., Liu, L., Sasaki, Y. & Chen, X. (2011). Archaeological soybean (Glycine max) in East Asia: Does size matter? PLOS ONE, 6(11), e26720.Google Scholar
Lee, Y. (2007). Centripetal settlement and segmentary social formation of the Banpo tradition. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 26(4), 630675.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, F., Kuhn, S. L., Chen, F. et al. (2018a). The easternmost Middle Paleolithic (Mousterian) from Jinsitai Cave, North China. Journal of Human Evolution, 114, 7684.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, M. (2022). Libation ritual and the performance of kingship in early China. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 65, 101370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, S., Campbell, R. B. & Hou, Y. (2018b). Guandimiao: A Shang village site and its significance. Antiquity, 92(366), 15111529.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, W., Tsoraki, C., Lan, W. et al. (2019a). Cereal processing technique inferred from use-wear analysis at the Neolithic site of Jiahu, Central China. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 23, 939945.Google Scholar
Li, X. (2013). The later Neolithic period in the Central Yellow River Valley area, c.4000–3000 BC. In A. Underhill (ed.), A companion to Chinese archaeology. Malden, MA: Wiley, pp. 213235.Google Scholar
Li, X., Song, X., Xiaomin, W. et al. (2019b). Preliminary study on the living environment of hominin occupation at Fuyan cave, Daoxian County, Hunan. Quaternary Sciences, 39(6), 14761486.Google Scholar
Li, Y. (2021). Agriculture and palaeoeconomy in prehistoric Xinjiang, China (3000–200 BC). Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 30(2), 287303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, Y., Zhang, C., Chen, H., Wang, Z. & Qian, Y. (2021). Sika deer in Bronze Age Guanzhong: Sustainable wildlife exploitation in ancient China? Antiquity, 95(382), 940954.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, Z. (2011). Yinxu Xiaomintun yizhi chutu jiazhu de siwang nianling yu xiangguan wenti yanjiu (A study on death age of domestic pig excavated from Xiaomintun site of Yin dynasty and related research), Jianghan Kaogu 2011(4), 8996.Google Scholar
Li, Z., Wu, X.-J., Zhou, L. et al. (2017). Late Pleistocene archaic human crania from Xuchang, China. Science, 355(6328), 969972.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lister, D., Jones, H., Oliveira, H. et al. (2018). Barley heads east: Genetic analyses reveal routes of spread through diverse Eurasian landscapes. PLOS ONE, 13(7), e0196652.Google Scholar
Liu, B., Wang, N., Chen, M. et al. (2017a). Earliest hydraulic enterprise in China, 5,100 years ago. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(52), 13637.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, L. (2021). Communal drinking rituals and social formations in the Yellow River Valley of Neolithic China. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 63, 101310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, L. & Chen, X. (2012). The archaeology of China: From the Late Paleolithic to the early Bronze Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, L., Ge, W., Bestel, S. et al. (2011). Plant exploitation of the last foragers at Shizitan in the Middle Yellow River Valley China: Evidence from grinding stones. Journal of Archaeological Science, 38(12), 35243532.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, L. & Ma, X. (2017). The zooarchaeology of Neolithic China. In Albarella, U., Rizzetto, M., Russ, H., Vickers, K. & Viner-Daniels, S. (eds.), The Oxford handbook of zooarchaeology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 304318.Google Scholar
Liu, L., Wang, J., Chen, R., Chen, X. & Liang, Z. (2022). The quest for red rice beer: Transregional interactions and development of competitive feasting in Neolithic China. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 14(4), 78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-022-01545-yCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, L., Wang, J., Levin, M. et al. (2019a). The origins of specialized pottery and diverse alcohol fermentation techniques in Early Neolithic China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(26), 1276712774.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, T., Liu, Y., Sun, Q. et al. (2017b). Early Holocene groundwater table fluctuations in relation to rice domestication in the middle Yangtze River basin, China. Quaternary Science Reviews, 155, 7985.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, W., Martinón-Torres, M., Cai, Y. et al. (2015). The earliest unequivocally modern humans in southern China. Nature, 526(7575), 696699.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, X., Jones, P., Motuzaite, G. et al. (2019b). From ecological opportunism to multi-cropping: Mapping food globalisation in prehistory. Quaternary Science Reviews, 206, 2128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, X., Lightfoot, E., O’Connell, T. et al. (2014). From necessity to choice: Dietary revolutions in west China in the second millennium BC. World Archaeology, 46(5), 661680.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, X., Lister, D., Zhao, Z. et al. (2017c). Journey to the east: Diverse routes and variable flowering times for wheat and barley en route to prehistoric China. PLOS ONE, 12(11), e0187405.Google Scholar
Liu, X. & Reid, R. (2020). The prehistoric roots of Chinese cuisines: Mapping staple food systems of China, 6000 BC–220 AD. PLOS ONE, 15(11), e0240930.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Long, T., Leipe, C., Jin, G. et al. (2018). The early history of wheat in China from 14 C dating and Bayesian chronological modelling. Nature Plants, 4(5), 272279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lu, H., Li, Y., Zhang, J. et al. (2014). Component and simulation of the 4,000-year-old noodles excavated from the archaeological site of Lajia in Qinghai, China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 59(35), 51365152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lu, H., Yang, X., Ye, M. et al. (2005). Culinary archaeology: Millet noodles in Late Neolithic China. Nature, 437(7061), 967968.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lu, P., Brunson, K., Yuan, Ji. & Li, Z. (2017). Zooarchaeological and genetic evidence for the origins of domestic cattle in Ancient China. Asian Perspectives, 56(1), 92120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lu, R. (2022). Houli wenhua de fenqi niandai yu difang leixing (The periodization, dating and regional type of the Houli culture). Dongnan Wenhua 2022(1), 91103.Google Scholar
, T. (2010). Early pottery in South China. Asian Perspectives, 49(1), 142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luan, F. (2013). The Dawenkou culture in the lower Yellow River and Huai River basin areas. In Underhill, A. (ed.), A companion to Chinese archaeology. Malden, MA: Wiley, pp. 411434.Google Scholar
Luo, Y. (2012). Zhongguo guda zhu lei xunhua siyang yu yishi xing [The domestication, feeding and ritual uses of pigs in ancient China]. Beijing: Kexue Press.Google Scholar
Ma, M., Ren, L., Li, Z. et al. (2021). Early emergence and development of pastoralism in Gan-Qing region from the perspective of isotopes. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 13(6), 93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-021-01331-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ma, X. (2005). Emergent social complexity in the Yangshao culture: Analyses of settlement patterns and faunal remains from Lingbao, western Henan, China (c. 4900–3000 BC), Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Ma, Y. & Jin, G. (2017). Haidai Longshan wenhua nongzuowu leixing ji quyu tedian fenxi (Crop assemblages and regional characteristics of Longshan culture in Haidai region). In Luan, F., Wang, F. & Dong, Y. (eds.). Longshan wenhua yu zaoqi wenming. Beijing: Wenhua Press, pp. 161178Google Scholar
Matuzevičiūtė, G., & Liu, X. (2021). Prehistoric agriculture in China: Food globalization in prehistory. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.168CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mcbrearty, S. & Brooks, A. S. (2000). The revolution that wasn’t: A new interpretation of the origin of modern human behavior. Journal of Human Evolution, 39(5), 453563.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGovern, P., Zhang, J., Tang, J. et al. (2004). Fermented beverages of pre- and proto-historic China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101(51), 1759317598.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nakajima, T., Hudson, M. J., Uchiyama, J., Makibayashi, K. & Zhang, J. (2019). Common carp aquaculture in Neolithic China dates back 8,000 years. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 3(10), 14151418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Owlett, T., Hu, S., Sun, Z. & Shao, J. (2018). Food between the country and the city: The politics of food production at Shimao and Zhaimaoliang in the Ordos Region, northern China. Archaeological Research in Asia, 14, 4660.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pan, Y. & Yuan, J. (2018). Xinshiqi shidai zhi xian Qin shiqi changjiang xiaoyou de shengye xingtai yanjiu (Study on the subsistence of the lower Yangtze River region from Neolithic to Pre-Qin period). Nanfang Wenwu, 2018(4), 111125.Google Scholar
Pan, Y., Zheng, Y. & Chen, C. (2017). Human ecology of the Early Neolithic Kuahuqiao culture in East Asia. In Habu, J., Lape, P. V. & Olsen, J. W. (eds.), Handbook of East and Southeast Asian archaeology, New York: Springer, pp. 347377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patania, I., Goldberg, P., Cohen, D. et al. (2019). Micromorphological and FTIR analysis of the Upper Paleolithic early pottery site of Yuchanyan cave, Hunan, South China, Geoarchaeology, 35(2), 143163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patania, I. & Jaffe, Y. (2021). Collaboration, not competition: A geoarchaeological approach to the social context of the earliest pottery. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 62, 101297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pechenkina, E. A., Benfer, R. A. & Zhijun, W. (2002). Diet and health changes at the end of the Chinese Neolithic: The Yangshao/Longshan transition in Shaanxi Province. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 117(1), 1536.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pechenkina, K. (2018). Of millets and wheat: Diet and health on the central plain of China during the Neolithic and Bronze Age. In Goldin, P. (ed.), Routledge handbook of early Chinese history. New York: Routledge, pp. 3960.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peng, F., Wang, H. & Gao, X. (2014). Blade production of Shuidonggou Locality 1 (Northwest China): A technological perspective. Quaternary International, 347, 1220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peterson, C. & Shelach, G. (2012). Jiangzhai: Social and economic organization of a Middle Neolithic Chinese village. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 31(3), 265301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pines, Y. (2005). Beasts or humans: Pre-imperial origins of Sino-Barbarian dichotomy. In Amitai, R. & Biran, M. (eds.), Mongols, Turks, and Others: Eurasian nomads and the sedentary world. Leiden: Brill, pp. 59102.Google Scholar
Prendergast, M. E., Yuan, J. & Bar-Yosef, O. (2009). Resource intensification in the Late Upper Paleolithic: A view from southern China. Journal of Archaeological Science, 36(4), 10271037.Google Scholar
Price, M. (2021). Evolution of a taboo: Pigs and people in the ancient Near East. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, M. & Hongo, H. (2019). The archaeology of pig domestication in Eurasia. Journal of Archaeological Research, 28, 557615.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, T. & Bar-Yosef, O. (2011). The origins of agriculture: New data, new ideas. An introduction to supplement 4. Current Anthropology, 52(S4), S163S174.Google Scholar
Puett, M. 2002. To become a god: Cosmology, sacrifice, and self-divinization in early China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Qu, T., Bar-Yosef, O., Wang, Y. & Wu, X. (2013). The Chinese Upper Paleolithic: Geography, chronology, and techno-typology. Journal of Archaeological Research, 21(1), 173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ran, W. (2022). Sustaining ritual: Provisioning a Hongshan pilgrimage center at Niuheliang, PhD thesis, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.Google Scholar
Reed, K. (2021). Food systems in archaeology: Examining production and consumption in the past. Archaeological Dialogues, 28(1), 5175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reinhart, K. (2015). Ritual feasting and empowerment at Yanshi Shangcheng. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 39, 76109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ren, L., Yang, Y., Qiu, M. et al. (2022). Direct dating of the earliest domesticated cattle and caprines in northwestern China reveals the history of pastoralism in the Gansu-Qinghai region. Journal of Archaeological Science, 144, 105627.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Selbitschka, A. (2018). The early Silk Road(s). In Ludden, D. (ed.), Oxford research encyclopedia of Asian history. New York: Oxford University Press. https://oxfordre.com/asianhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277727-e-2Google Scholar
Shandong Institute of Archaeology and Cultural Relics (1991). Juxian Dazhujiacun Dawenkou wenhua muzang (Tombs of the Dawenkou culture at Dazhujia village, Juxian county). Kaogu Xuebao, 1991(2), 167206.Google Scholar
Shandong Institute of Archaeology and Cultural Relics and Linqu County Cultural Relics Preservation Office (1989). Linquxian Xizhufeng Longshan wenhua chongguomu de qingli (Excavation of the Longshan Cultural burial with double outer coffins at Xizhufeng, Linqu County). Haidai Kaogu, 1989, 219224.Google Scholar
Shandong Institute of Archaeology and Cultural Relics and Chengziya Museum (2012). Zhangqiushi Xihe Yizhi 2008 nian kaogu fajue baogao (Excavation report of the Xihe site in 2008, Zhangqiu). Haidai Kaogu 2012, 67138.Google Scholar
Shang, H., Tong, H., Zhang, S., Chen, F. & Trinkaus, E. (2007). An early modern human from Tianyuan Cave, Zhoukoudian, China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(16), 65736578.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shelach, G. (2006). Economic adaptation, community structure, and sharing strategies of households at early sedentary communities in northeast China. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 25(3), 318345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shelach, G. (2015). The archaeology of early China from prehistory to the Han dynasty. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shelach, G. & Jaffe, Y. (2014). The earliest states in China: A long-term trajectory approach. Journal of Archaeological Research, 22(4), 327364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shelach, G., Raphael, K. & Jaffe, Y. (2011). Sanzuodian: The structure, function and social significance of the earliest stone fortified sites in China. Antiquity, 85(327), 1126.Google Scholar
Shelach-Lavi, G., Teng, M., Goldsmith, Y. et al. (2019). Sedentism and plant cultivation in northeast China emerged during affluent conditions. PLOS ONE, 14(7), e0218751.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shelach-Lavi, G., Teng, M., Goldsmith, Y. et al. (2016). Human adaptation and socioeconomic change in northeast China: Results of the Fuxin Regional Survey. Journal of Field Archaeology, 41(4), 467485.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shelach-Lavi, G. & Tu, D. (2017). Food, pots and socio-economic transformation: The beginning and intensification of pottery production in North China. Archaeological Research in Asia, 12, 110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shen, H. & Li, X. (2021). From extensive collection to intensive cultivation, the role of fruits and nuts in subsistence economy on Chinese Loess Plateau. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 13(4), 61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheng, P., Hu, Y., Sun, Z. et al. (2020). Early commensal interaction between humans and hares in Neolithic northern China. Antiquity, 94(377), 1395–1395.Google Scholar
Sheng, P., Shang, X., Zhou, X. et al. (2021). Feeding Shimao: Archaeobotanical and isotopic investigation into early urbanism (4200–3000 BP) on the northern Loess Plateau, China. Environmental Archaeology. DOI: 10.1080/14614103.2021.2009995Google Scholar
Shi, T. (2022). Understanding the transition to agropastoralism in North China: Archaeobotanical and zooarchaeological evidence. Archaeological Research in Asia, 29, 100345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shoda, S., Lucquin, A., Sou, C. I. et al. (2018). Molecular and isotopic evidence for the processing of starchy plants in Early Neolithic pottery from China. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 17044.Google Scholar
Smith, M. L. (2015). Feasts and their failures. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 22(4), 12151237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Song, G. (2013). Recent research on the Hemudu culture and the Tianluoshan site. In Underhill, A. (ed.), A companion to Chinese archaeology. Malden, MA: Wiley, pp. 555573.Google Scholar
Song, J., Wang, L. & Fuller, D. Q. (2019a). A regional case in the development of agriculture and crop processing in northern China from the Neolithic to Bronze Age: Archaeobotanical evidence from the Sushui River survey, Shanxi Province. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 11(2), 667682.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Song, Y., Cohen, D. J., Shi, J. et al. (2017). Environmental reconstruction and dating of Shizitan 29, Shanxi Province: An early microblade site in north China. Journal of Archaeological Science, 79, 1935.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Song, Y., Grimaldi, S., Santaniello, F. et al. (2019b). Re-thinking the evolution of microblade technology in East Asia: Techno-functional understanding of the lithic assemblage from Shizitan 29 (Shanxi, China). PLOS ONE, 14(2), e0212643.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Song, Y., Sun, B., Gao, Y. & Yi, H. (2019c). The environment and subsistence in the lower reaches of the Yellow River around 10,000 BP: Faunal evidence from the bianbiandong cave site in Shandong Province, China. Quaternary International, 521, 3543.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Song, Y., Wang, J., Liu, Y. & Wang, Z. (2021). Xihe yizhi 2008 nian chutu dongwu yicun fenxi-jianlun Houli wenhua shiqi de yulei xiaofei (Animal remains unearthed in the 2008 excavation at the Xihe site: With a discussion on fish consumption in the Houli Cultural Period). Jianghan Kaogu, 2021(1), 112119.Google Scholar
Spengler, R. (2020). Anthropogenic seed dispersal: Rethinking the origins of plant domestication. Trends in Plant Science, 25(4), 340348.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sterckx, R. (2004). Food and philosohy in early China. In Sterckx, R. (ed.), Of tripod and palate: Food, politics and religion in traditional China. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 3461.Google Scholar
Stevens, C. J. & Fuller, D. Q. (2017). The spread of agriculture in eastern Asia: Archaeological bases for hypothetical farmer/language dispersals. Language Dynamics and Change, 7(2), 152186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stevens, C. J., Shelach-Lavi, G., Zhang, H., Teng, M. & Fuller, D. Q. (2021). A model for the domestication of Panicum miliaceum (common, proso or broomcorn millet) in China. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 30(1), 2133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Su, K. & Kidder, T. (2019). Humans and climate change in the middle and lower Yellow River of China. Quaternary International, 521, 111117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sun, B., Wagner, M., Zhao, Z. et al. (2014). Archaeological discovery and research at Bianbiandong Early Neolithic cave site, Shandong, China. Quaternary International, 348, 169182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sun, H. & Jiang, L. (2016). Zhejiang Pujiang Shangshan yizhi Shangshan wenhua taoqi leixingxue yanjiu jixiangguan wenti (Typological research and related issues of the Shangshan cultural pottery from the Shangshan site, Pujiang, Zhejiang). Nanfang Wenwu 2016(3), 89108.Google Scholar
Sun, X., Wen, S., Lu, C. et al. (2021). Ancient DNA and multimethod dating confirm the late arrival of anatomically modern humans in southern China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(8), e2019158118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sun, Z., Shao, J., Liu, L. et al. (2018). The first Neolithic urban center on China’s north Loess Plateau: The rise and fall of Shimao. Archaeological Research in Asia, 14, 3345.Google Scholar
Taché, K., Jaffe, Y., Craig, O. et al. (2021). What do “barbarians” eat? Integrating ceramic use-wear and residue analysis in the study of food and society at the margins of Bronze Age China. PLOS ONE, 16(4), e0250819.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tong, H. (2008). Quaternary hystrix (rodentia, mammalia) from North China: Taxonomy, stratigraphy and zoogeography, with discussions on the distribution of hystrix in Palearctic Eurasia. Quaternary International, 179(1), 126134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tu, D., Shelach-Lavi, G. & Fung, Y. (2022). Economy, sharing strategies and community structure in the Early Neolithic village of Chahai, Northeast China. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 67, 101420.Google Scholar
Twiss, K. (2019). The archaeology of food: Identity, politics, and ideology in the prehistoric and historic past. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Underhill, A. (2002). Craft production and social change in Northern China, New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Underhill, A. (ed.). (2013). A companion to Chinese archaeology. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Underhill, A. (2018). Urbanization and new social contexts for consumption of food and drink in northern China. Archaeological Research in Asia, 14, 719.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Underhill, A., Cunnar, G., Luan, F. et al. (2021). Urbanization in the eastern seaboard (Haidai) area of northern China: Perspectives from the Late Neolithic site of Liangchengzhen. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 62, 101288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Underhill, A., Feinman, Gary. M. et al. (2008). Changes in regional settlement patterns and the development of complex societies in southeastern Shandong, China. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 27(1), 129.Google Scholar
Vaiglova, P., Reid, R. E. B., Lightfoot, E. et al. (2021). Localized management of non-indigenous animal domesticates in northwestern China during the Bronze Age. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 15764.Google Scholar
Wang, C., Lu, H., Gu, W. et al. (2019). The development of Yangshao agriculture and its interaction with social dynamics in the Middle Yellow River region, China. The Holocene, 29(1), 173180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, J. & Jiang, L. (2022). Intensive acorn processing in the early Holocene of southern China. The Holocene, 32(11), 13051316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, J., Jiang, L. & Sun, H. (2021). Early evidence for beer drinking in a 9000-year-old platform mound in southern China. PLOS ONE, 16(8), e0255833.Google Scholar
Wang, L. & Qu, X. (2018) Pengtoushan wenhua fenqi yu leixing (The classification and periodization of Pengtoushan culture), Jianghan Kaogu 2018 (3), 68-80.Google Scholar
Wang, L. & Sebillaud, P. (2019). The emergence of early pottery in East Asia: New discoveries and perspectives. Journal of World Prehistory, 32(1), 73110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, Y., Zhang, S., Gu, W. et al. (2015). Lijiagou and the earliest pottery in Henan Province, China. Antiquity, 89(344), 273291.Google Scholar
Wei, Q. (2016). Ceramic management at salt production sites during the early Bronze Age in northern Shandong, China. Asian Archaeology 4, 3346.Google Scholar
Wei, X., Li, Y., Wen, T. et al. (2022). Zhongguo kaogu de guoji hua fenxi-cong Zhongwai kaogu qikan lunwen shuju chufa (Analyses of Internationalisation of Chinese archaeology: Based on the data of papers published in Chinese and foreign archaeological journals). Cultural Relics in Southern China, 2022(1), 3040Google Scholar
Weisskopf, A., Deng, Z., Qin, L. & Fuller, D. Q. (2015). The interplay of millets and rice in Neolithic Central China: Integrating phytoliths into the archaeobotany of Baligang. Archaeological Research in Asia, 4, 3645.Google Scholar
Wilkin, S., Ventresca Miller, A., Taylor, W. T. et al. (2020). Dairy pastoralism sustained eastern Eurasian steppe populations for 5,000 years. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 4(3), 346355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, W. (2019). Haidai diqu Houli wenhua shengye jingji de yanjiu yu sikao (The study and reflection on the subsistence economy of the Houli culture in the Haidai area). Kaogu, 2019(8), 103115.Google Scholar
Wu, X., Zhang, C., Goldberg, P. et al. (2012). Early pottery at 20,000 years ago in Xianrendong cave, China. Science, 336(6089), 16961700.Google Scholar
Wu, Y., Tao, D., Wu, X., Liu, W. & Cai, Y. (2022a). Diet of the earliest modern humans in East Asia. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.989308Google ScholarPubMed
Wu, Y., Wang, C., Zhang, Z. & Ge, Y. (2022b). Subsistence, environment, and society in the Taihu lake area during the Neolithic era from a dietary perspective. Land, 11(8), 1229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xiang, H., Gao, J., Yu, B. et al. (2014). Early Holocene chicken domestication in northern China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(49), 1756417569.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Xie, L. (2018). Scapulae for shovels: Does raw material choice reflect technological ease and low cost in production? Journal of Archaeological Science, 97, 7789.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xie, L., Lu, X., Sun, G. & Huang, W. (2017). Functionality and morphology: Identifying si agricultural tools among Hemudu scapular implements in eastern China. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 24(2), 377423.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Xie, M., Shevchenko, A., Wang, B. et al. (2016). Identification of a dairy product in the grass woven basket from Gumugou Cemetery (3800 BP, northwestern China). Quaternary International, 426, 158165.Google Scholar
Xu, Z. & Chen, S. (2019). Shangshan wenhua juzhi liudongxing fenxi: Zaoqi nongye xingtai yanjiu (Analysis on the liquidity of Shangshan cultural residence: Study on early agricultural forms). Nanfang Wenwu 2019 (4): 165173.Google Scholar
Yang, J., Zhang, D., Yang, X. et al. (2022). Sustainable intensification of millet–pig agriculture in Neolithic North China. Nature Sustainability, 5(9), 780786.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, S., Deng, C., Zhu, R. & Petraglia, M. (2020). The Paleolithic in the Nihewan Basin, China: Evolutionary history of an early to late Pleistocene record in eastern Asia. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews, 29(3), 125142.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yang, X., Chen, Q., Ma, Y. et al. (2018a). New radiocarbon and archaeobotanical evidence reveal the timing and route of southward dispersal of rice farming in South China. Science Bulletin, 63(22), 14951501.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yang, X., Wan, Z., Perry, L. et al. (2012). Early millet use in northern China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(10), 37263730.Google Scholar
Yang, X., Wu, W., Perry, L. et al. (2018b). Critical role of climate change in plant selection and millet domestication in North China. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 7855.Google Scholar
Yang, Y., Ren, L., Dong, G. et al. (2019). Economic change in the prehistoric Hexi Corridor (4800–2200 bp), North-West China. Archaeometry, 61(4), 957976.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, Y., Shevchenko, A., Knaust, A. et al. (2014). Proteomics evidence for kefir dairy in early Bronze Age China. Journal of Archaeological Science, 45, 178186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yi, H., Ga, H. & Xu, J. (2021a). Jiangsu dongtai Kaizhuang yizhi dongwu yicun yanjiu baogao (A study of faunal remains from the Kaizhuang site in Dongtai, Jiangsu Province). Nanfang Wenwu 2021(3), 8091.Google Scholar
Yi, M., Gao, X., Chen, F., Pei, S. & Wang, H. (2021b). Combining sedentism and mobility in the Palaeolithic–Neolithic transition of northern China: The site of Shuidonggou locality 12. Antiquity, 95(380), 292309.Google Scholar
You, Y. & Wu, Q. (2021). The uses of domesticated animals at the early bronze age city of wangjinglou, China. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 31(5), 789800.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yuan, J. (1999). Lun Zhongguo Xinshiqi shidai jumin huoqu roushi ziyuan de fangshi (On the ways people in Neolithic settlements in China obtained meat resources). Kaogu Xuebao 1999(1), 122.Google Scholar
Yuan, J., Campbell, R., Castellano, L. & Xianglong, C. (2020). Subsistence and persistence: Agriculture in the central plains of China through the Neolithic to Bronze Age transition. Antiquity, 94(376), 900915.Google Scholar
Yuan, J. & Dong, N. (2018). Zhongguo jiayang dongwu qiyuan de zai sikao (Rethinking the origin of domesticated animals in China archaeology). Kaogu, 2018(9), 113120.Google Scholar
Yuan, J. & Flad, R. (2005). New zooarchaeological evidence for changes in Shang dynasty animal sacrifice. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 24(3), 252270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yuan, J., Flad, R. & Yunbing, L. (2008). Meat-acquisition patterns in the Neolithic Yangzi River Valley, China. Antiquity, 82(316), 351366.Google Scholar
Yuan, J. & Li, J. (2010). Hebei Xushui Nanzhuangtou yizhi chutu dongwu yicun yanjiu baogao (Research report on animal remains excavated in the Nanzhuangtou site). Acta Archaeologica Sinica, 2010(3), 385391.Google Scholar
Yuan, J., Pan, Y., Dong, N. & Storozum, M. (2020). Liangzhu wenhua de shengye jingji yu shenhui xingshuai (The rise and fall of the Liangzhu society in the perspective of subsistence economy). Kaogu, 2020(2), 8392.Google Scholar
Zeder, M. (2015). Core questions in domestication research. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(11), 31913198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, C. & Hung, H. (2013). Jiahu 1: Earliest farmers beyond the Yangtze River. Antiquity, 87(335), 4663.Google Scholar
Zhang, J., Chen, Z., Lan, F. et al. (2018). Henan Wuyang Jiahu yizhi zhiwu kaogu yanjiu de xin jinzhan (New progress of archaeobotanical research at the Jiahu site in Wuyang, Henan). Kaogu, 2018(4), 100110.Google Scholar
Zhang, J., Wang, X., Qiu, W. et al. (2011). The Paleolithic site of Longwangchan in the Middle Yellow River, China: Chronology, paleoenvironment and implications. Journal of Archaeological Science, 38(7), 15371550.Google Scholar
Zhang, Q., Hou, Y., Li, X., Styring, A. & Lee-Thorp, J. (2021). Stable isotopes reveal intensive pig husbandry practices in the Middle Yellow River region by the Yangshao period (7000–5000 BP). PLOS ONE, 16(10), e0257524.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, S., d’Errico, F., Backwell, L. R. et al. (2016). Ma’anshan cave and the origin of bone tool technology in China. Journal of Archaeological Science, 65, 5769.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, X., Xing, G., Chen, S., Chen, F. & Chun, C. (2010). A functional study of the points from the Hutouliang site, North China. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 29(04), 337.Google Scholar
Zhao, Z. (2010). New data and new issues for the study of origin of rice agriculture in China. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 2(2), 99105.Google Scholar
Zhao, Z. (2011). New archaeobotanic data for the study of the origins of agriculture in China. Current Anthropology, 52(S4), S295S306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhao, Z. & He, N. (2006). Taosi yizhi 2002 niandu faxian jieguo ji fenxi (Discoveries at the Taosi walled settlement in 2002 and their analyses). Kaogu, 2006(5), 7786.Google Scholar
Zhao, Z., Zhao, C., Yu, J. et al. (2020) Beijing Donghulin yizhi zhiwuyicun fuxuan jieguo (Results of floatation and analysis of floral remains from Donghulin site, Beijing). Kaogu, 2020(7), 99106.Google Scholar
Zheng, Y., Crawford, G. W. & Chen, X. (2014). Archaeological evidence for peach (Prunus persica) cultivation and domestication in China. PLOS ONE, 9(9), e106595.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zheng, Y., Crawford, G. W., Jiang, L. & Chen, X. (2016). Rice domestication revealed by reduced shattering of archaeological rice from the Lower Yangtze Valley. Scientific Reports, 6(1), 28136.Google Scholar
Zhong, H., Zhao., C., Wei., J. & Zhao., Z. (2016). Henan Xinmi, Xinzhai yizhi 2014 nian fuxuan jieguo ji fenxi (Flotation results and analysis from the 2014 season of the Xinzhai site, Hena). Nongye Kaogu, 2016(1), 2129.Google Scholar
Zhou, X., Yu, J., Spengler, R. N. et al. (2020). 5,200-year-old cereal grains from the eastern Altai Mountains redate the trans-Eurasian crop exchange. Nature Plants, 6(2), 7887.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhu, Y. (2013). The Early Neolithic in the Central Yellow River Valley, c.7000–4000 BC. In A companion to Chinese archaeology. Malden, MA: Wiley, pp. 169193.Google Scholar
Zuo, X., Lu, H., Jiang, L. et al. (2017). Dating rice remains through phytolith carbon-14 study reveals domestication at the beginning of the Holocene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(25), 64866491.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Food in Ancient China
  • Yitzchak Jaffe, University of Haifa, Israel
  • Online ISBN: 9781009408370
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Food in Ancient China
  • Yitzchak Jaffe, University of Haifa, Israel
  • Online ISBN: 9781009408370
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Food in Ancient China
  • Yitzchak Jaffe, University of Haifa, Israel
  • Online ISBN: 9781009408370
Available formats
×