Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T15:01:46.282Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
Series:   Elements in Politics and Society in Latin America

The Politics of LGBTQ Rights Expansion in Latin America and the Caribbean

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 December 2021

Javier Corrales
Javier Corrales
Affiliation:
Amherst College, Massachusetts

Summary

The first section of this Element reviews the history of LGBTQ rights in the region since the 1960s. The second section reviews explanations for the expansion of rights and setbacks, especially since the mid 2000s. Explanations are organized according to three themes: (1) the (re-)emergence of a religious cleavage; (2) the role of political institutions such as presidential leadership, political parties, federalism, courts, and transnational forces; and (3) the role of social movement strategies, and especially, unity. The last section compares the progress on LGBTQ rights (significant) with reproductive rights (insignificant). This Element concludes with an overview of the causes and possible future direction of the current backlash against LGBTQ rights.
Get access

Keywords

LGBTQ rightsabortionreligionCatholicsEvangelicalssecularismmachismofeminismtrans-feminismAIDShomophobiatransphobiahate crimespublic opinionsame-sex marriagetolerance
Type
Element
Information
Series: Elements in Politics and Society in Latin America
Online ISBN: 9781108993609
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 07 April 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Bibliography

Adrián, Tamara. 2020. Entrevista con Tamara Adrián, primera diputada transgénero de Venezuela. GlobalVoices, June 24.Google Scholar
Almeida, Guilherme. 2012. ‘Homens Trans’: Novos Matizes na Aquarela das Masculinidades? Revista Estudos Feministas 20(2): 513–523.Google Scholar
Almendral, Aurora and Villasana, Danielle. 2021. What‘s next for these transgender asylum seekers stranded in Mexico? National Geographic.Google Scholar
Altman, Dennis. 1999. Globalization, Political Economy, and HIV/AIDS. Theory and Society 28(4): 559–584.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
International, Amnesty. 2017. No Safe Place. Report. Amnesty International.Google Scholar
Arenas, Reinaldo. 1992. Antes que anochezca. Barcelona, Tusquets Editores S.A.Google Scholar
Arrubia, Eduardo J. 2019. The Human Right to Gender Identity: From the International Human Rights Scenario to Latin American Domestic Legislation. International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family 33(3): 360–379.Google Scholar
Aultman, B. 2014. Cisgender. TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly 1(1–2): 61–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
AVERT. 2019, 10 October. Transgender People, HIV and AIDS. www.avert.org/professionals/hiv-social-issues/key-affected-populations/transgender#fsootnote29_tq12tz4.Google Scholar
Ayoub, Phillip M. and Douglas Page. 2020. When Do Opponents of Gay Rights Mobilize? Explaining Political Participation in Times of Backlash against Liberalism. Political Research Quarterly 73(3): 696–713.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Badgett, M. V. Lee, Sheila Nezhad, Kees, Waaldijk and van der Meulen Rodgers, Yana. 2014. The Relationship between LGBT Inclusion and Economic Development: An Analysis of Emerging Economies. Los Angeles: The Williams Institute, University of California Los Angeles School of Law.Google Scholar
Badgett, M. V. Lee, Waaldijk, Kees and Rodgers, Yana van der Meulen. 2019. The Relationship between LGBT Inclusion and Economic Development: Macro-Level Evidence. Science Direct.Google Scholar
Basabe-Serrano, Santiago. 2014. Some Determinants of Internal Judicial Independence: A Comparative Study of the Courts in Chile, Peru and Ecuador. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice 42(2): 130–145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bellucci, Mabel. 2020. Entrevista por Dolores Curia: “De los gays aprendí a relacionarme amorosamente: cero cortejo.” Página 12.Google Scholar
Ben, Pablo. 2004. Latin America: Colonial. In glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture. C. J. Summers (ed.). www.glbtqarchive.com/sshindex.htmlGoogle Scholar
Ben, Pablo and Insausti, Santiago Joaquin. 2017. Dictatorial Rule and Sexual Politics in Argentina: The Case of the Frente de Liberación Homosexual, 1967–1976. Hispanic American Historical Review 97(2): 297–325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biroli, Flávia and Caminotti, Mariana. 2020. The Conservative Backlash against Gender in Latin America. Politics & Gender 16(1): 1–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bleir, Garet and Smith, Kyle Andrew. 2019. Fleeing to Survive: The Long Journey of LGBT Members of the Migrant Caravan. Toward Freedom, February 15.Google Scholar
Boas, Taylor C. 2021. Expanding the Public Square: Evangelicals and Electoral Politics in Latin America. In The Inclusionary Turn in Contemporary Latin America. Diana Kapiszewski, Steven Levitsky and Deborah J. Yashar, (eds.). New York: Cambridge University Press, 362–398.Google Scholar
Brown, Stephen. 2002. “Con discriminación y represión no hay democracia”: The Lesbian and Gay Movement in Argentina. Latin American Perspectives 29(2): 119–138.Google Scholar
Bueno-Hansen, Pascha. 2017. The Emerging LGBTI Rights Challenge to Transitional Justice in Latin America. International Journal of Transitional Justice 12(1): 126–145.Google Scholar
López, Buriticá, Cristina, Isabel. 2013. Travesti: la construcción de la identidad individual y colectiva desde el cuerpo y el ejercicio de la prostitución. La manzana de la discordia 8(2): 71–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubio, Bustos, Miguel and Demelsa Benito Sánchez. 2020. La aporofobia como agravante penal de discriminación. Agenda Pública/El País, July 4.Google Scholar
Cabezas, Amalia L. 2019. Latin American and Caribbean Sex Workers: Gains and Challenges in the Movement. Anti-Trafficking Review 12: 37–56.Google Scholar
Campana, Maximiliano and Vaggione, Juan Marco. 2021. Courts and Same-Sex Marriage in Latin America. Oxford Research Encyclopedias: Politics.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acuña, Cardona, Angela, Luz. 2019. Sotavento y Barlovento: El impacto de las interacciones societales y socio-estatales sobre los cambios legales relativos a la diversidad sexual en Perú y Ecuador (1980–2018). Social Sciences, Sociology, PhD dissertation, FLACSO México.Google Scholar
Carvalho, Mario and Carrara, Sergio. 2013. Em Direção a Um Futuro Trans? Contribuição para a História do Movimento de Travestis e Transexuais no Brasil. Sexualidad, Salud y Sociedad – Revista Latinoamericana 14: 319–351.Google Scholar
CBMW (Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood). 2017. Nashville Statement. https://cbmw.org/nashville-statement/.Google Scholar
Center for Reproductive Rights. 2020. The World’s Abortion Laws. www.reproductiverights.org/worldabortionlaws#law-policy-guide.Google Scholar
Chaux, Enrique, León, Manuela, Cuellar, Lina and Martínez, Juliana. 2021. Public Opinion toward LGBT People and Rights in Latin America and the Caribbean. Oxford Research Encyclopedia.Google Scholar
Chávez, Daniel Brittany. 2016. Transmaculine Insurgency: Masculinity and Dissidence in Feminist Movements in México. TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly 3(1–2): 58–64.Google Scholar
Choi, Soon Kyu, Divsalar, Shahrzad, Flórez-Donado, Jennifer, Krystal Kittle, Ilan H. Meyer and Prince Torres-Salaza. 2020. Stress, Health, and Well-being of LGBT People in Colombia: Results from A National Survey. Los Angeles and Bogota: The Williams Institute and the Colombia Collaborative Project.Google Scholar
Corrales, Javier. 2017. Understanding the Uneven Spread of LGBT rights in Latin America and the Caribbean, 1999–2013. Journal of Research in Gender Studies 7: 52–82.Google Scholar
Corrales, Javier. 2018. How Argentina Has Made Halting Progress on Abortion Rights. The New York Times, August 10. www.nytimes.com/2018/08/10/opinion/how-argentina-has-made-halting-progress-on-abortion-rights.html.Google Scholar
Corrales, Javier. 2020a. The Expansion of LGBT Rights in Latin America and the Backlash. In The Oxford Handbook of Global LGBT and Sexual Diversity Politics. Michael J. Bosia, Sandra M. McEvoy and Momin Rahman (eds.), New York: Oxford University Press, 185–200: 185–200.Google Scholar
Corrales, Javier. 2020b. The 2020 Top Ten LGBT Stories from Latin America and the Caribbean. Global Americans, December 28. https://theglobalamericans.org/2020/12/the-2020-top-ten-lgbt-stories-from-latin-america-and-the-caribbean/.Google Scholar
Corrales, Javier and Pecheny, Mario. 2010. Introduction. In The Politics of Sexuality in Latin America. Javier Corrales and Mario Pecheny (eds.). Pittsburgh, PA: Pittsburgh University Press, 1–30.Google Scholar
Corrales, Javier and Sagarzazu, Iñaki. 2019. Not all ‘Sins’ Are Rejected Equally: Resistance to LGBT Rights across Religions in Colombia. Politics and Religion 13(2): 351–377.Google Scholar
Cossette, Laura and Perez., Kenia Saba 2019. The Fear of the “Gender Ideology”: Erasing Sexual and Gender Minorities from the Colombian Peace Process. Accessed May 29, 2020, www.lawg.org/the-fear-of-the-gender-ideology-erasing-sexual-and-gender-minorities-from-the-colombian-peace-process/.Google Scholar
Crahan, Margaret E. 1989. Catholicism in Cuba. Cuban Studies 19: 3–24.Google Scholar
Crehan, Phil, Rezende, Liam, Wolf, John, Jordan, Peter and Altincekic, Ceren. 2021. The Economic Case for LGBT+ Inclusion in the Caribbean. London: Open for Business.Google Scholar
Curiel, Ochy. 2013. La nación heterosexual. Análisis del discurso jurídico y el régimen heterosexual desde la antropología de la dominación. Bogota: Brecha Lésbica.Google Scholar
Curiel, Ochy, Masson, Sabine and Falquet, Jules. 2005. Féminismes dissidents en Amérique latine et aux Caraïbes. Nouvelles Questions Féministes 24(2): 4–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daby, Mariela and Moseley, Mason. 2021. Feminist Mobilization and the Abortion Debate in Latin America: Lessons from Argentina. Politics & Gender, 1–35.Google Scholar
Daich, Deborah. 2012. ¿Abolicionismo o reglamentarismo? Aportes de la antropología feminista para el debate local sobre la prostitución. Runa 23(1): 71–84.Google Scholar
Daudelin, Jean and Hewitt, W. E.. 1995. Churches and Politics in Latin America: Catholicism at the Crossroads. Third World Quarterly 16(2): 221–236.Google Scholar
de Abreu Maia, Lucas, Chiu, Albert and Desposato, Scott. 2020. LGBT Civil Rights Do Not Provoke Backlash: Evidence from Latin America. SSRN Social Science Research Network.Google Scholar
Jaqueline, De Jesus Gomes and Hailey Alves. 2012 . Feminismo Transgênero e Movimentos de Mulheres Transexuais. Revista Cronos 11(2): 8–19.Google Scholar
Rafael, de la Dehesa. 2010. Queering the Public Sphere in Mexico and Brazil: Sexual Rights Movements in Emerging Democracies. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
DW (Deutsche Welle). 2020. “Visibilidad lésbica: ‘El lesbofeminismo llegó para quedarse.’” DW América Latina, April 22.Google Scholar
Díez, Jordi. 2015. The Politics of Gay Marriage in Latin America: Argentina, Chile, and Mexico. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Díez, Jordi and Dion, Michelle L.. 2018. New Media and Support for Same-Sex Marriage. Latin American Research Review 53(3): 466–484.Google Scholar
Dion, Michelle L. and Díez, Jordi. 2017. Democratic values, religiosity, and support for same‐sex marriage in Latin America. Latin American Politics and Society 59(4): 75–98.Google Scholar
Dion, Michelle L. and Díez, Jordi. 2020. Social Contact with Same-Sex Married Couples and Support for Marriage Equality: Evidence from Argentina. Politics, Groups, and Identities, 1–19.Google Scholar
Dixon, Kwame. 2020. Afro-Latin Social Movements in Latin America and the Caribbean. Oxford Research Encyclopedia, Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Domínguez-Ruvalcaba, Héctor. 2016. Translating the Queer: Body Politics and Transnational Conversations. London: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Bastian, Duarte, , Ángela Ixkic. 2012. From the Margins of Latin American Feminism: Indigenous and Lesbian Feminisms. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 38(1): 153–178.Google Scholar
ECLAC. 2020. Femicide or Feminicide. https://oig.cepal.org/en/indicators/femicide-or-feminicide.Google Scholar
Encarnación, Omar. G. 2011. Latin America’s Gay Rights Revolution. Journal of Democracy 22(2): 104–118.Google Scholar
Encarnación, Omar. G. 2014. Why Latin American Courts Favor Gay Rights. The New York Times, January 29.Google Scholar
Encarnación, Omar. G. 2015. Out in the Periphery. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Encarnación, Omar G. 2018. A Latin American Puzzle: Gay Rights Landscapes in Argentina and Brazil. Human Rights Quarterly 40(1): 194–218.Google Scholar
Lésbico, Encuentro Feminista de Yala, Abya. 2016. Memoria: X Encuentro Lésbico Feminista de Abya Yala del 9 al 14 de octubre Chnauta-Colombia.Google Scholar
Faber, Tom. 2018. Welcome to Jamaica – No Longer “the Most Homophobic Place on Earth.” The Guardian, December 6.Google Scholar
Facchini, Regina. 2003. Movimento Homossexual no Brasil: Recompondo um histórico. Cad. AEL, Universidad Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Arquivo Edgar Leuenroth 10(18/19).Google Scholar
Facchini, Regina and França, Isadora Lins. 2013. On Hues, Tints and Shades: Subjects, Connections and Challenges in the Brazilian LGBT Movement. In Sexuality, Culture and Politics: A South American Reader. S. C. Horácio Sívori, Jane Russo et. al. (eds.). Rio de Janeiro: CEPESC, 89–108: 82–123.Google Scholar
Fassin, Éric. 2020. Anti-Gender Campaigns, Populism, and Neoliberalism in Europe and Latin America. LASA Forum 51(2): 67–71.Google Scholar
Faur, Eleonor and Vigoya, Mara Viveros. 2020. La ofensiva conservadora contra la “ideología de género” y sus estrategias de avanzada en América Latina. LASA Forum 51(2): 11–16.Google Scholar
Anderson, Fernández, Cora. 2018. In Argentina, Feminists versus the Catholic Church. NACLA Report on the Americas, June 7.Google Scholar
Anderson, Fernández, Cora. 2020. Fighting for Abortion Rights in Latin America: Social Movements, State Allies and Institutions. New York: Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar
Figari, Carlos. 2010. El movimiento LGBT en América Latina: institucionalizaciones oblicuas. In Movilizaciones, protestas e identidades colectivas en la Argentina del bicentenario. Astor Massetti, Ernesto Villanueva and Marcelo Gómez, (eds.), Buenos Aires: Nueva Trilce, 225–240.Google Scholar
Frasca, Tim. 2005. AIDS in Latin America. London: Palgrave MacMillan.Google Scholar
Friedman, Elisabeth Jay. 2009. Gender, Sexuality and the Latin American Left: Testing the Transformation. Third World Quarterly 30(2): 415–433.Google Scholar
Friedman, Elisabeth Jay. 2012. Constructing “The Same Rights with the Same Names”: The Impact of Spanish Norm Diffusion on Marriage Equality in Argentina. Latin American Politics and Society 54(4): 29–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedman, Elisabeth Jay and Tabbush, Constanza. 2019. Introduction. In Seeking Rights from the Left: Gender, Sexuality and the Latin American Pink Tide. Elisabeth Jay Friedman (ed.). Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1–47.Google Scholar
Gamson, Joshua. 1995. Must Identity Movements Self-Destruct? A Queer Dilemma. Social Problems 42(3): 390–407.Google Scholar
Garrard, Virginia. 2019. Dissenting Religion: Protestantism in Latin America. In The Oxford History of Protestant Dissenting Traditions, Vol. IV: The Twentieth Century: Traditions in a Global Context. Jehu J. Hanciles (ed.). New York: Oxford University Press, 359–383.Google Scholar
Garriga-López, Claudia Sofía. 2016. Transfeminist Crossroads: Reimagining the Ecuadorian State. TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly 3(1–2): 104–119.Google Scholar
Garriga-López, Claudia Sofía. 2019. Transfeminism. In Global Encylopedia of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer (LGBTQ) History. Howard Chiang, Anjali Arondekar, Marc Epprecht et al. (eds.). Farmington Hills, MI: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1619–1622.Google Scholar
Garza, Rebeca. 2018. Trans*: entre lo personal y lo político: violencias de género y participación política electoral de las personas trans* en México 1990–2016 dentro del sistema electoral mexicano. www.academia.edu/39330925/TRANS_ENTRE_LO_PERSONAL_Y_LO_POL%C3%8DTICO_Violencias_de_g%C3%A9nero_y_participaci%C3%B3n_pol%C3%ADtica_electoral_de_las_personas_trans_en_M%C3%A9xico_1990_2016_dentro_del_sistema_electoral_mexicano_Rebeca_Garza.Google Scholar
Gomez, Eduardo J. 2010. Friendly Government, Cruel Society: AIDS and the Politics of Homosexual Strategic Mobilization in Brazil. In The Politics of Sexuality in Latin America. Javier Corrales and Mario Pecheny (eds.). Pittsburgh, PA: Pittsburgh University Press, 223–250.Google Scholar
Gonzalez-Rostani, Valentina, Morgenstern, Scott and Olijar, Marika. 2020. Latin American Legislators Support for Same-Sex Marriage. Evidence from the PELA-USAL Database.Google Scholar
González, María Virginia. 2013. Una aproximación a la construcción de la alteridad “negra” y a los debates instaurados por las afrodescendientes en el feminismo latinoamericano. Anuario de la Facultad de Ciencias Humanas 10(2): 1–12.Google Scholar
Green, James N. 2012. “Who Is the Macho Who Wants to Kill Me?”: Male Homosexuality, Revolutionary Masculinity, and the Brazilian Armed Struggle of the 1960s and 70s. Hispanic American Historical Review 92(3): 437–469.Google Scholar
Green, James N. 2019. The LGBTT Movement, the Brazilian Left, and the Process of Democratization. In The Brazilian Left in the 21st Century: Conflict and Conciliation in Peripheral Capitalism. Vladimir Puzone and Luis Felipe Miguel (eds.). London: Palgrave Macmillan, 183–204.Google Scholar
Grey, Cornel and Attai, Nikoli. 2020. LGBT Rights, Sexual Citizenship, and Blacklighting in the Anglophone Caribbean: What Do Queers Want, What Does Colonialism Need? In The Oxford Handbook of Global LGBT and Sexual Diversity Politics. Michael J. Bosia, Sandra M. McEvoy and Momin Rahman (eds.). New York: Oxford University Press, 249–266.Google Scholar
Guy, Donna J. 2010. Gender and Sexuality in Latin America. In The Oxford Handbook of Latin American History. Jose C. Moya (ed.). New York: Oxford University Press, 367–375.Google Scholar
Hagopian, Frances. 2008. Latin American Catholicism in an Age of Religious and Political Pluralism: A Framework for Analysis. Comparative Politics 40(2): 149–168.Google Scholar
Halliday, Terence C. and Shaffer, Gregory. 2015. Transnational Legal Orders. In Transnational Legal Orders. Terence C. Halliday and Gregory Shaffer (eds.). New York: Cambridge University Press, 3–72.Google Scholar
Holbrook, Joseph. 2010. The Catholic Church in Cuba, 1959–1962: The Clash of Ideologies. International Journal of Cuban Studies 2(3/4): 264–275.Google Scholar
Hunter, Wendy and Power, Timothy J.. 2019. Bolsonaro and Brazil’s Illiberal Backlash. Journal of Democracy 30(1): 68–82.Google Scholar
Htun, Mala. 2003. Sex and the State: Abortion, Divorce, and the Family Under Latin American Dictatorships and Democracies.. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Htun, Mala. 2009. Life, Liberty, and Family Values: Church and State in the Struggle Over Abortion in Latin America. In Religious Pluralism, and the Catholic Church in in Latin America. Frances Hagopian (ed.). Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 335–364.Google Scholar
ILGA World: Lucas Ramon Mendos. December 2019. State-Sponsored Homophobia 2019: Global Legislation Overview Update. December 10.Google Scholar
World, ILGA : Mendos, Lucas Ramon. 2020. Curbing Deception: A World Survey on Legal Regulation of So-Called “Conversion Therapies.” Geneva: ILGA World.Google Scholar
International Human Rights Law Clinic. 2012. Sexual Diversity in El Salvador: A Report on the Human Rights Situation of the LGBT Community. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Iricibar, Valen. 2019. Trans Exclusion Bid Underlines Growing Pains of Feminist Movement. Buenos Aires Times, March 9.Google Scholar
Jr, J. E.W.. 1966. Editorial: Church and State in Latin America. Journal of Church and State 8(2): 173–185.Google Scholar
Jackman, Mahalia. 2017. Protecting the Fabric of Society? Heterosexual Views on the Usefulness of the Anti-Gay Laws in Barbados, Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago. Culture, Health & Sexuality 19(1): 91–106.Google Scholar
Johnson, Richard Greggory, McCandless, Sean and Renderos, Hugo. 2020. An Exploratory Study of Transgender Inmate Populations in Latin America. Public Integrity 22(4): 330–343.Google Scholar
Joseph, Janice. 2017. Victims of Femicide in Latin America: Legal and Criminal Justice Responses. Temida 20(1): 3–21.Google Scholar
Kaas, Hailey. 2016. Birth of Transfeminism in Brazil. TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly 3(1–2): 145–149.Google Scholar
Kane, Gillian. 2008. Abortion Law Reform in Latin America: Lessons for Advocacy. Gender and Development 16(2): 361–375.Google Scholar
Kapur, Ratna. 2018. There’s a Problem with the LGBT Rights Movement – It’s Limiting Freedom. The Conversation, September 17.Google Scholar
Kirk, Emily J. and Huish, Robert. 2018. Transsexuals’ Right to Health? A Cuban Case Study. Health and Human Rights 20(2): 215–222.Google Scholar
Kollman, Kelly and Sagarzazu, Iñaki. 2017. LGBTI Rights Expansion in the Global South: Explaining the Diffusion of Same-Sex Unions Policy in Latin America. Paper presented at the MPSA meeting. Chicago, IL, April 6–9.Google Scholar
Kosciw, Joseph G. and Zongrone, Adrian. 2019. A Global School Climate Crisis: Insights on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual,Transgender & Queer Students in Latin America. New York: GLSEN.Google Scholar
Lawrence, La Fountain-Stokes. 2004. De sexilio(s) y diáspora(s) homosexual(es) latina(s): El caso de la cultura puertorriqueña y nuyorican ‘queer.’ Debate Feminista(29): 138–157.Google Scholar
Latinobarómetro. 2014. Las religiones en tiempos del Papa Francisco. April 16, Santiago, Chile.Google Scholar
Lecuona, Laura. 2020. México, el Parlamento de Mujeres, el lobby trans y los derechos de las mujeres basados en el sexo. Tribuna Feminista, August 10.Google Scholar
Leiner, Marvin. 1994. Sexual Politics in Cuba: Machismo, Homosexuality, and AIDS. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Lester, Toni. 2012. Machismo at the Crossroads: Recent Developments in Costa Rican Gay Rights Law. Michigan State International Law Review 20(2): 421.Google Scholar
Longaker, Jacob R. and Haider-Markel, Donald P.. 2014. Transgender Policy in Latin American Countries An Overview and Comparative Perspective on Framing. In Transgender Rights and Politics. D. P. Haider-Markel and J. K. Taylor (eds.). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 49–80.Google Scholar
López, Jairo Antonio. 2017. Los derechos LGBT en México: Acción colectiva a nivel subnacional. European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 104: 69–88.Google Scholar
López, Jairo Antonio. 2018. Movilización y contramovilización frente a los derechos LGBTI. Respuestas conservadoras al reconocimiento de los derechos humanos. Estudios sociológicos 36: 161–187.Google Scholar
Lopez, Oscar. 2018. Fleeing Persecution, LGBT+ Migrants Seek Refuge in South America. Reuters, December 19.Google Scholar
Lowy, Michael and Pompan, Claudia. 1993. Marxism and Christianity in Latin America. Latin American Perspectives 20(4): 28–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lumsden, Ian. 1996. Machos, Maricones and Gays: Cuba and Homosexuality. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Malamud, Carlos. 2018. The Political Expansion of Evangelical Churches in Latin America. Madrid: Instituto Real Elcano, December 12.Google Scholar
Malta, Monica, Cardoso, Reynaldo, Montenegro, Luiz et al. 2019. Sexual and Gender Minorities Rights in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Multi-Country Evaluation. BMC International Health and Human Rights 19(1): 31–31.Google Scholar
Marcus-Delgado, Jane. 2020. The Politics of Abortion in Latin America: Public Debates, Private Lives. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Marsiaj, Juan. 2006. Social Movements and Political Parties: Gays, Lesbians and Travestis and the Struggle for Inclusion in Brazil. Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 31(62): 167–196.Google Scholar
Martinez-Reyes, Consuelo. 2018. Hispanic Caribbean Sexiles, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Neto, Mascarenhas, Rubens and Vinícious Zanoli. 2019. Black, LGBT and from the Favelas: An Ethnographic Account on Disidentificatory Performances of an Activist Group in Brazil. Culture Unbound: Journal of Current Cultural Research 11(1): 124–140.Google Scholar
Mathema, Silva. 2018. They Are (Still) Refugees: People Continue to Flee Violence in Latin American Countries. Washington, DC: Center for American Progress, June 1.Google Scholar
Matos, Marlise. 2019. Gender and Sexuality in Brazilian Public Policy: Progress and Regression in Depatriarchalizing and Deheteronormalizing the State. In Seeking Rights from the Left: Gender, Sexuality and the Latin American Pink Tide. Elisabeth Jay Friedman (ed.). Durham, NC, Duke University Press, 144–172.Google Scholar
McGee, Marcus J. and Kampwirth, Karen. 2015. The Co-optation of LGBT Movements in Mexico and Nicaragua: Modernizing Clientelism? Latin American Politics and Society 57(4): 51–73.Google Scholar
Mejores Empleos. 2019. #TransLaboral: la discriminación laboral de la comunidad trans. Mejores Empleos: La revista del mundo laboral.Google Scholar
Merentes, José Ramón. 2010. Gay Rights in Venezuela under Hugo Chávez, 1999–2009. In The Politics of Sexuality in Latin America. Javier Corrales and Mario Pecheny (eds.). Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 220–223.Google Scholar
Mogrovejo, Norma. 1996. El amor es b x h/2: una propuesta de análisis histórico-metodológica del movimiento lésbico y sus amores con los movimientos homosexual y feminista en América Latina. Mexico City: Centro de Documentación y Archivo Histórico Lésbico.Google Scholar
Mogrovejo, Norma. 2000. Un amor que se atrevió a decir su nombre: La lucha de las lesbianas y su relación con los movimientos homosexuales y feministas de América Latina. Mexico City: Centro de Documentación y Archivo Histórico Lésbico.Google Scholar
Mogrovejo, Norma. 2018. Del Sexilio al Matrimonio: Ciudadanía sexual en la era del consumo neoliberal, 3rd ed. Bilbao: DDT Liburuak.Google Scholar
Molyneux, Maxine. 2017. The Battle over ‘Gender Ideology’. International Politics and Society. December 8. www.ips-journal.eu/regions/latin-america/the-battle-over-gender-ideology-2472/Google Scholar
Morad, Moshe. 2008. ‘Invertidos’ in Afro-Cuban Religion. The Gay and Lesbian Review: 26–28.Google Scholar
Morcillo, Santiago and Karina Felitti. 2017. ‘Mi cuerpo es mío’. Debates y disputas de los feminismos argentinos en torno al aborto y al sexo comercial, Amerika [On line], July 1.Google Scholar
Morgan, Lynn M. 2014. Claiming Rosa Parks: Conservative Catholic Bids for ‘Rights’ in Contemporary Latin America. Culture, Health & Sexuality 16(10): 1245–1259.Google Scholar
Morgan, Lynn M. 2015. Reproductive Rights or Reproductive Justice? Lessons from Argentina. Health and Human Rights 17(1): 136–147.Google Scholar
Muñoz-Pogossian, Betilde. 2020. Democracia y derechos de las personas LGBTI en América Latina: reformas para garantizar el derecho a la identidad y el derecho al voto de las personas trans, 2012–2020. Revista Derecho Electoral(20): 87–109.Google Scholar
Murray, Laura R., Garcia, Jonathan, Muñoz-Laboy, Miguel and Parker, Richard G.. 2011. Strange Bedfellows: The Catholic Church and Brazilian National AIDS Program in the Response to HIV/AIDS in Brazil. Social Science & Medicine 72(6): 945–952.Google Scholar
Murray, Stephen O. 1995a. Homosexual Categorization in Cross-Cultural Context. In Latin American Male Homosexualities. Stephen O. Murray (ed.). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar
Murray, Stephen O. 1995b. Machismo, Male Homosexuality and Latino Culture. Latin American Male Homosexualities. Stephen O. Murray (ed.). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar
Navarro, María Camila, Barrientos, Jaime, Gómez, Fabiola and Bahamondes, Joaquín. 2019. Tolerance of Homosexuality in South American Countries: A Multilevel Analysis of Related Individual and Sociocultural Factors. International Journal of Sexual Health 31(3): 257–268.Google Scholar
Neel, Robert. 2016. Stretching Hearts: Understanding Sexuality Politics and Institutional Homophobia in the Anglo-Caribbean. Bachelor Thesis in Political Science. Amherst, MA, Amherst College.Google Scholar
Nesvig, Martin. 2001. The Complicated Terrain of Latin American Homosexuality. Hispanic American Historical Review 81(3–4).Google Scholar
Pecheny, Mario. 2010. Sociability, Secrets, and Identities: Key Issues in Sexual Politics in Latin America. In The Politics of Sexuality in Latin America. Javier Corrales and Mario Pecheny (eds.). Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Pérez Díaz, Vanessa. 2019. La comunidad Lgbt movió el año pasado US$253.000 millones en América Latina. La República (Colombia).Google Scholar
Guadalupe, Pérez, Luis, José and Grundberger, Sebastian. 2017. Between God and Emperor: On the Political Influence of Evangelical Churches in Latin America. Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, December 22.Google Scholar
Center, Pew Research. 2014. Religion in Latin America: Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region. Pew Research Center.Google Scholar
Picq, Manuela. 2018. Vernacular Sovereignties. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Pierceson, Jason. 2013. Variations in the Judicialization of Same-Sex Marriage Politics in Latin America. In Same-Sex Marriage in Latin America: Promise and Resistance. Jason Pierceson, Adriana Piatta-Crocker and Shawn Schulenberg (eds.). Plymouth, UK: Lexington Books, 53–69.Google Scholar
Piscitelli, Adriana. 2014. Transnational Sisterhood? Brazilian Feminisms Facing Prostitution. Latin American Policy 5(2): 221–235.Google Scholar
Poushter, Jacob and Kent, Nicholas O.. 2020. The Global Divide on Homosexuality Persists. Pew Research Center, June 25.Google Scholar
Prieur, Annick. 1998. Mema’s House, Mexico City: On Transvestites, Queens and Machos. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Rahman, Momin. 2000. Sexuality and Democracy: Identities and Strategies in Lesbian and Gay Politics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Ramos, Deysi. 2015. Así nació el movimiento gay en Venezuela. Sin Etiquetas: Plataforma Digital. February 9. http://sinetiquetas.org/2015/02/09/asi-nacio-el-movimiento-gay-en-venezuela/.Google Scholar
Ratzinger, Joseph Cardinal. 1986. Letter to the Bishops of the Catholic Church on the Pastoral Care of Homosexual Persons, Vatican, Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith.Google Scholar
LacTrans, Red. 2018. Violaciones a los Derechos Humanos de Mujeres Trans en Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras y Panama.Google Scholar
LacTrans, Red. 2018. Waiting to Die: Regional Report 2016–2017.Google Scholar
LacTrans, Red. 2019. Plan estratégico 2019–2023: Incidencia política.Google Scholar
Brandão, Reis, Elaine and Cristiane da Cabral, Silva. 2019. Sexual and Reproductive Rights Under Attack: The Advance of Political and Moral Conservatism in Brazil. Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters 27(2): 76–86.Google Scholar
Reynolds, Andrew. 2020. Queer Politics: LGBT Members of Parliament in Total (National Assembly), 1976–2020. Unpublished paper, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. www.queerpolitics.org/.Google Scholar
Richardson, Diane. 2017. Rethinking Sexual Citizenship. Sociology 51(2): 208–224.Google Scholar
Rios, Roger Raupp. 2018. Por um direito democrático da sexualidade. In Direitos sexuais e direito de família em perspectiva queer. Daniel Borrillo, Fernando Seffner and Roger Raupp Rios (eds.). Porto Alegre: Editora da UFCSPA (Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre), 79–117.Google Scholar
Rodríguez-Rondón, Manuel Alejandro and Claudia Rivera-Amarillo. 2020. Producción de conocimiento y activismo antigénero en América Latina. LASA Forum 51(2).Google Scholar
Schulenberg, Shawn. 2013. Lavender Tide? LGBT Rights and the Latin American Left Today. In Same-Sex Marriage in Latin America: Promise and Resistance. Jason Pierceson, Adriana Piatta-Crocker and Shawn Schulenberg (eds.). Plymouth, UK: Lexington Books: 23–39.Google Scholar
Serrano-Amaya, José Fernando. 2018. Homophobic Violence in Armed Conflict and Political Transition. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Simonetto, Patricio. 2017. Movimientos de liberación homosexual en América Latina. Aportes historiográficos desde una perspectiva comparada entre Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia y México (1967–1982). Iberoamericana 17(65): 157–177.Google Scholar
Singh, Susheela, Remez, Lisa, Sedgh, Gilda, Kwok, Lorraine and Onda, Tsuyoshi. 2018. Abortion Worldwide 2017: Uneven Progress and Unequal Access. New York: Guttmacher Institute.Google Scholar
Smallman, Shawn C. 2007. The AIDS Pandemic in Latin America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Smith, Amy Erica. 2019. Religion and Brazilian Democracy: Mobilizing the People of God. Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Smith, Amy Erica and Boas, Taylor C.. 2020. Religion, Sexuality Politics, and the Transformation of Latin American Electorates. Paper prepared for APSA.Google Scholar
Somma, Nicolás M., Bargsted, Matías A and Valenzuela, Eduardo. 2017. Mapping Religious Change in Latin America. Latin American Politics and Society 59(1): 119–142.Google Scholar
Somma, Nicolás M., Rossi, Federico M. and Donoso, Sofía. 2019. The Attachment of Demonstrators to Institutional Politics: Comparing LGBTIQ Pride Marches in Argentina and Chile. Bulletin of Latin American Research 39(3): 380–397.Google Scholar
Stepan, Alfred C. 2000. Religion, Democracy, and the "Twin Tolerations." Journal of Democracy 11(4): 37–57.Google Scholar
Su, Yvonne and Valiquette, Tyler. 2020. More Protection Urgently Needed for Venezuelan LGBTQ+ Refugees in Brazil. The Conversation, February 3, https://theconversation.com/more-protection-urgently-needed-for-venezuelan-lgbtq-refugees-in-brazil-129040.Google Scholar
Summers, Claude J. 2004. Roman Catholicism. In glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture C. J. Summers (ed.). www.glbtqarchive.com/sshindex.html.Google Scholar
Symons, Jonathan and Altman, Dennis. 2015. International Norm Polarization: Sexuality as a Subject of Human Rights Protection. International Theory 7(1): 61–95.Google Scholar
Télam. 2020. Un panorama federal sobre identidad de género, a 8 años de la sanción de la ley en Argentina. Télam, August 5.Google Scholar
Thayer, Millie. 1997. Identity, Revolution, and Democracy: Lesbian Movements in Central America. Social Problems 44(3): 386–407.Google Scholar
Torres-Ruiz, Antonio. 2011. HIV/AIDS and Sexual Minorities in Mexico: A Globalized Struggle for the Protection of Human Rights. Latin American Research Review 46(1): 30–53.Google Scholar
Monitor, Trans Murder. 2019. TMM Update Trans Day of Remembrance 2019.Google Scholar
UNAIDS. 2014. The Gap Report. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). http://files.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/unaidspublication/2014/UNAIDS_Gap_report_en.pdf, UNAIDS: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS.Google Scholar
Vasconi, Tomás A., Martell, Elina Peraza and Murphy, Fred. 1993. Social Democracy and Latin America. Latin American Perspectives 20(1): 99–113.Google Scholar
City, Vatican. 2019. ‘Male and Female He Created Them’: Towards a Path of Dialogue on the Question of Gender Theory in Education. Vatican City: Vatican Press.Google Scholar
Barba, Vela, Estefanía. 2017. La verdadera ideología de género. New York Times Edición Español, July 11.Google Scholar
Velasco, Kristopher. 2019. A Growing Queer Divide: The Divergence between Transnational Advocacy Networks and Foreign Aid in Diffusing LGBT Policies. International Studies Quarterly 64(1): 120–132.Google Scholar
Velasco, Kristopher. 2020. Queering the World Society: Global Norms, Rival Transnational Networks, and the Contested Case of LGBT Rights. Queer Politics, Webinar.Google Scholar
Weeks, Jeffrey. 2007. The World We Have Won. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Weiss, Meredith L. and Bosia, Michael J. (eds.). 2013. Global Homophobia: States, Movements and the Politics of Oppression. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Wilets, Jim. 2010. Divergence between LGBTI Legal, Political, and Social Progress in the Caribbean and Latin America. In The Politics of Sexuality in Latin America. Javier Corrales and Mario Pecheny (eds.). Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 349–357.Google Scholar
Winter, Sam, Diamond, Milton, Green, Jamison, Karasic, Dan, , Terry Reed, Whittle, Stephen and Wylie, Kevan. 2016. Transgender People: Health at the Margins of Society. The Lancet 388(10042): 390–400.Google Scholar
Wright, Timothy. 2000. Gay Organizations, NGOs, and the Globalization of Sexual Identity: The Case of Bolivia. Journal of Latin American Anthropology 5(2): 89–111.Google Scholar
Wood, Susan, Abracinskas, Lilián, Correa, Sonia and Pecheny, Mario. 2016. Reform of Abortion Law in Uruguay: Context, Process and Lessons Learned. Reproductive Health Matters 24(48): 102–110.Google Scholar
Xie, Selena and Corrales, Javer. 2010. LGBT Rights in Ecuador’s 2008 Constitution: Victories and Setbacks. In The Politics of Sexuality. Javier Corrales and Mario Pecheny (eds.). Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 224–229.Google Scholar
Youde, Jeremy. 2020. The Global HIV/AIDS and LGBT Movement. In The Oxford Handbook of Global LGBT and Sexual Diversity Politics. Michael J. Bosia, Sandra M. McEvoy and Momin Rahman (eds.). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Zilla, Claudia. 2018. Evangelicals and Politics in Latin America. Berlin: German Institute for International and Security Affairs. SWP Comment No. 4646.Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

The Politics of LGBTQ Rights Expansion in Latin America and the Caribbean
  • Javier Corrales, Amherst College, Massachusetts
  • Online ISBN: 9781108993609
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

The Politics of LGBTQ Rights Expansion in Latin America and the Caribbean
  • Javier Corrales, Amherst College, Massachusetts
  • Online ISBN: 9781108993609
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

The Politics of LGBTQ Rights Expansion in Latin America and the Caribbean
  • Javier Corrales, Amherst College, Massachusetts
  • Online ISBN: 9781108993609
Available formats
×