Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T18:30:56.268Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

6 - Re-envisioning Fire and Vegetation Feedbacks

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 June 2022

Kevin Speer
Affiliation:
Florida State University
Scott Goodrick
Affiliation:
US Forest Service
Get access

Summary

This chapter describes the interactions between three-dimensional fuel metrics, intrinsic fuel properties, plant functional traits, and physical characteristics of fuels that inform a new understanding of fire and vegetation feedbacks. The integration of these themes introduces a new synthetic model of fire–vegetation feedbacks. Interrelated concepts of fire, fluid flow, functional traits, and computational fluid dynamics fire behavior models are discussed within the synthetic model framework.

Type
Chapter
Information
Wildland Fire Dynamics
Fire Effects and Behavior from a Fluid Dynamics Perspective
, pp. 156 - 182
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agee, JK (1993) Methods of evaluating forest fire history. Journal of Northeast Forestry University 4(2), 110.Google Scholar
Agee, JK (1996) Fire Ecology of Pacific Northwest Forests. Washington, DC: Island Press.Google Scholar
Agee, JK (1998) The landscape ecology of western forest fire regimes. Northwest Science 72(Special Issue), 2434.Google Scholar
Agee, JK, Bahro, B, Finney, MA, Omi, N, Sapsis, DB, Skinner, CN, Van Wagtendonk, JW, Weatherspoon, CP (2000) The use of shaded fuelbreaks in landscape fire management. Forest Ecology and Management 127(1–3), 5566.Google Scholar
Agee, JK, Skinner, CN (2005) Basic principles of forest fuel reduction treatments. Forest Ecology and Management 211(1–2), 8396.Google Scholar
Anderson, HE (1969) Heat Transfer and Fire Spread. Ogden, UT: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.Google Scholar
Anderson, HE (1970) Forest fuel ignitability. Fire Technology 6, 312319.Google Scholar
Anderson, HE (1982) Aids to Determining Fuel Models for Estimating Fire Behavior. Ogden, UT: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.Google Scholar
Anderson, HE (1990) Predicting Equilibrium Moisture Content of Some Foliar Forest Litter in the Northern Rocky Mountains. Research Paper – US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, no. INT-429.Google Scholar
Banwell, EM, Varner, JM, Knapp, EE, Van Kirk, RW (2013) Spatial, seasonal, and diel forest floor moisture dynamics in Jeffrey pine–white fir forests of the Lake Tahoe Basin, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 305(October), 1120.Google Scholar
Bond, WJ, Keeley, JE (2005) Fire as a global “Herbivore”: The ecology and evolution of flammable ecosystems. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 20(7), 387394.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burgan, RE, Rothermel, RC (1984) BEHAVE: Fire Behavior Prediction and Fuel Modeling System: FUEL Subsystem. General Technical Report INT-167. Ogden, UT: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Byram, GM (1959) Combustion of forest fuels. In: Davis, KP, ed. Synthesis of Knowledge of Extreme Fire Behavior: Volumie I for Fire Managers. New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 6189.Google Scholar
Cansler, CA, McKenzie, D, Halpern, CB (2018) Fire enhances the complexity of forest structure in alpine treeline ecotones. Ecosphere 9(2), 121.Google Scholar
Chapman, HH (1932) Is the longleaf type a climax? Ecology 13(4), 328334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chrosciewicz, Z (1986) Foliar moisture content variations in four coniferous tree species of central Alberta. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16(1), 157162.Google Scholar
Clarke, PJ, Lawes, MJ, Midgley, JJ, Lamont, BB, Ojeda, F, Burrows, GE, Enright, NJ, Knox, KJE (2013) Resprouting as a key functional trait: How buds, protection and resources drive persistence after fire. New Phytologist 197(1), 1935.Google Scholar
Coop, JD, Parks, SA, Stevens-Rumann, CS, Crausbay, SD, Higuera, PE, Hurteau, MD, Tepley, A, Whitman, E, Assal, T, Collins, BM, Davis, KT, Dobrowski, S, Falk, DA, Fornwalt, PJ, Fulé, PZ, Harvey, BJ, Kane, VR, Littlefield, CE, Margolis, EQ, North, M, Parisien, MA, Prichard, S, Rodman, KC (2020) Wildfire-driven forest conversion in Western North American landscapes. BioScience 70(8), 659673.Google Scholar
Cushwa, CT, Martin, RE, Miller, RL (1968) The effects of fire on seed germination. Journal of Range Management 21, 250254.Google Scholar
Delagrange, S, Potvin, C, Messier, C, Coll, L (2008) Linking multiple-level tree traits with biomass accumulation in native tree species used for reforestation in Panama. Trees – Structure and Function 22(3), 337349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeSiervo, MH, Jules, ES, Safford, HD (2015) Disturbance response across a productivity gradient: Postfire vegetation in serpentine and nonserpentine forests. Ecosphere 6(4), 119.Google Scholar
Ellair, DP, Platt, WJ (2013) Fuel composition influences fire characteristics and understorey hardwoods in pine savanna. Journal of Ecology 101(1), 192201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emery, N, Roth, K, Pivovaroff, AL (2020) Flowering phenology indicates plant flammability in a dominant shrub species. Ecological Indicators 109, 105745.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engber, EA, Varner, JM (2012) Patterns of flammability of the California oaks: The role of leaf traits. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 42(11), 19651975.Google Scholar
Engber, EA, Varner, JM, Arguello, LA, Sugihara, NG (2011) The effects of conifer encroachment and overstory structure on fuels and fire in an oak woodland landscape. Fire Ecology 7(2), 3250.Google Scholar
Fill, JM, Moule, BM, Varner, JM, Mousseau, TA (2016) Flammability of the keystone savanna bunchgrass Aristida stricta. Plant Ecology 217(3), 331342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fonda, RW (2001) Burning characteristics of needles from eight pine species. Forest Science 47(2), 390396.Google Scholar
Fosberg, MA, Lancaster, JW, Schroeder, MJ (1970) Fuel moisture response: Drying relationships under standard and field conditions. Forest Science 16(1), 121128.Google Scholar
Fowler, C, Konopik, E (2007) The history of fire in the southern United States. Human Ecology Review 14(2), 165176.Google Scholar
Fowler, JF, Sieg, CH (2004) Postfire Mortality of Ponderosa Pine and Douglas-Fir: A Review of Methods to Predict Tree Death. USDA Forest Service: General Technical Report RMRS-GTR, no. 132 RMRS-GTR: 1–27.Google Scholar
Glitzenstein, JS, Platt, WJ, Streng, DR (1995) Effects of fire regime and habitat on tree dynamics in North Florida longleaf pine savannas. Ecological Monographs 65(4), 441.Google Scholar
Glitzenstein, JS, Streng, DR, Wade, DD (2003) Fire frequency effects on longleaf pine (Pinus Palustris P. Miller) vegetation in South Carolina and Northeast Florida, USA. Natural Areas Journal 23(1), 2237.Google Scholar
Gresham, CA (1982) Litterfall patterns in mature loblolly and longleaf pine stands in coastal South Carolina. Forest Science 28(2), 223231.Google Scholar
Grimm, V (1994) Mathematical models and understanding in ecology. Ecological Modelling 75–76(September), 641651.Google Scholar
Gruell, GE, Brown, JK, Bushey, CL (1986) Prescribed Fire Opportunities in Grasslands Invaded by Douglas-Fir: State-of-the-Art Guidelines. General Technical Report, Intermountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service No. INT-19: 19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gutsell, SL, Johnson, EA (1996) How fire scars are formed: Coupling a disturbance process to its ecological effect. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26(2), 166174.Google Scholar
Hagmann, RK, Merschel, AG, Reilly, MJ (2019) Historical patterns of fire severity and forest structure and composition in a landscape structured by frequent large fires: Pumice Plateau ecoregion, Oregon, USALandscape Ecology 34551568.Google Scholar
Hare, RC (1965) Contribution of bark to fire resistance of southern trees. Journal of Forestry 63(4), 248251.Google Scholar
Hart, SJ, Henkelman, J, McLoughlin, PD, Nielsen, SE, Truchon‐Savard, A, Johnstone, JF (2019) Examining forest resilience to changing fire frequency in a fire‐prone region of boreal forest. Global Change Biology 25(3), 869884.Google Scholar
Hengst, GE, Dawson, JO (1993) Bark thermal properties of selected central hardwood species. In North Central Forest Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 28:5241–44. 9th Central Hardwood Forest Conference: Proceedings of a Meeting Held at Purdue Univeristy [sic], West Lafayette, IN, March 8–10. St. Paul, MN: North Central Forest Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. p. 5.Google Scholar
Hermann, SH (1993) The longleaf pine ecosystem: Ecology, restoration and management. In Proceedings of the 18th Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference, May 30–June 2, 1991, Tallahassee, FL.Google Scholar
Hessburg, PF, Miller, CL, Parks, SA, Povak, NA, Taylor, AH, Higuera, PE, Prichard, SJ, North, MP, Collins, BM, Hurteau, MD, Larson, AJ, Allen, CD, Stephens, SL, Rivera-Huerta, H, Stevens-Rumann, CS, Daniels, LD, Gedalof, Z, Gray, RW, Kane, VR, Churchill, DJ, Hagmann, RK, Spies, TA, Cansler, CA, Belote, RT, Veblen, TT, Battaglia, MA, Hoffman, C, Skinner, CN, Safford, HD, Salter, RM (2019) Climate, environment, and disturbance history govern resilience of western North American forests. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 7(July), 239.Google Scholar
Hiers, JK, O’Brien, JJ, Mitchell, RJ, Grego, JM, Loudermilk, EL (2009) The wildland fuel cell concept: An approach to characterize fine-scale variation in fuels and fire in frequently burned longleaf pine forests. International Journal of Wildland Fire 18(3), 315325.Google Scholar
Hoff, V, Rowell, E, Teske, C, Queen, L, Wallace, T (2019) Assessing the relationship between forest structure and fire severity on the north rim of the Grand Canyon. Fire 2(1), 122.Google Scholar
Hoffman, CM, Linn, R, Parsons, R, Sieg, C, Winterkamp, J (2015) Modeling spatial and temporal dynamics of wind flow and potential fire behavior following a mountain pine beetle outbreak in a lodgepole pine forest. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 204, 7993.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, WA, Geiger, EL, Gotsch, SG, Rossatto, DR, Silva, LCR, Lau, OL, Haridasan, M, Franco, AC (2012) Ecological thresholds at the savanna–forest boundary: How plant traits, resources and fire govern the distribution of tropical biomes. Ecology Letters 15(7), 759768.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, WA, Orthen, B, Kielse, P, Nascimento, VDO (2003) Comparative fire ecology of tropical savanna and forest trees. Functional Ecology 17(6), 720726.Google Scholar
Hood, SM, McHugh, CW, Ryan, KC, Reinhardt, E, Smith, SL (2007) Evaluation of a post-fire tree mortality model for Western USA conifers. International Journal of Wildland Fire 16(6), 679689.Google Scholar
Hood, SM, Varner, JM, Van Mantgem, P, Cansler, CA (2018) Fire and tree death: Understanding and improving modeling of fire-induced tree mortality. Environmental Research Letters 13(11), 117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, JF, Adams, DC, Jackson, UB (1999) Allometry of constitutive defense: A model and a comparative test with tree bark and fire regime. American Naturalist 153(6), 614632.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jolly, WM, Hadlow, AM, Huguet, K (2014) De-coupling seasonal changes in water content and dry matter to predict live conifer foliar moisture content. International Journal of Wildland Fire 23(4), 480489.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kane, JM, Varner, JM, Hiers, J (2008) The burning characteristics of southeastern oaks: Discriminating fire facilitators from fire impeders. Forest Ecology and Management 256(12), 20392045.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kane, VR, Lutz, JA, Cansler, CA, Povak, NA, Churchill, DJ, Smith, DF, Kane, JT, North, MP (2015) Water balance and topography predict fire and forest structure patterns. Forest Ecology and Management 338, 113.Google Scholar
Keane, RE (2015) Wildland Fuel Fundamentals and Applications. Cham: Springer International Publishing.Google Scholar
Keeley, JE (2001) Fire and invasive species in Mediterranean-climate ecosystems of California. In Galley, KEM, Wilson, TP, eds. Proceedings of the Invasive Species Workshop: The Role of Fire in the Control and Spread of Invasive Species. Miscellaneous Publication Number 11. Tallahassee, FL: Tall Timbers Research Station, pp. 8194.Google Scholar
Keeley, JE (2012) Ecology and evolution of pine life histories. Annals of Forest Science 69(4), 445453.Google Scholar
Keeley, JE, Zedler, PH (1998) Evolution of life histories in Pinus. In: Richardson, D, ed. Ecology and Biogeography of Pines. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 219251.Google Scholar
Kemp, KB, Higuera, PE, Morgan, P (2016) Fire legacies impact conifer regeneration across environmental gradients in the U.S. Northern Rockies. Landscape Ecology 31(3), 619636.Google Scholar
Kolden, CA, Abatzoglou, JT, Lutz, JA, Cansler, CA, Kane, JT, Van Wagtendonk, JW, Key, CH (2015) Climate contributors to forest mosaics: Ecological persistence following wildfire. Northwest Science 89(3), 219238.Google Scholar
Krawchuk, MA, Meigs, GW, Cartwright, JM, Coop, JD, Davis, R, Holz, A, Kolden, C, Meddens, AJH (2020) Disturbance refugia within mosaics of forest fire, drought, and insect outbreaks. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 18(5), 235244.Google Scholar
Krawchuk, MA, Moritz, MA, Parisien, M-A, Van Dorn, J, Hayhoe, K (2009) Global pyrogeography: The current and future distribution of wildfire. PLoS ONE 4(4), e5102.Google Scholar
Kreye, JK, Varner, JM, Hamby, GW, Kane, JM (2018) Mesophytic litter dampens flammability in fire-excluded pyrophytic oak–hickory woodlands. Ecosphere 9(1), e02078.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kreye, JK, Varner, JM, Hiers, JK, Mola, J (2013) Toward a mechanism for eastern North American forest mesophication: differential litter drying across 17 species. Ecological Applications 23(8), 19761986.Google Scholar
Linn, RR, Cunningham, P (2005) Numerical simulations of grass fires using a coupled atmosphere–fire model: Basic fire behavior and dependence on wind speed. Journal of Geophysical Research 11(1–14), 167.Google Scholar
Linn, RR, Sieg, CH, Hoffman, CM, Winterkamp, JL, McMillin, JD (2013) Modeling wind fields and fire propagation following bark beetle outbreaks in spatially-heterogeneous pinyon-juniper woodland fuel complexes. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 173, 139153.Google Scholar
Little, CHA (1970) Seasonal changes in carbohydrate and moisture content in needles of balsam fir (Abies Balsamea). Canadian Journal of Botany 48(11), 20212028.Google Scholar
Loudermilk, EL, Dyer, L, Pokswinski, S, Hudak, AT, Hornsby, B, Richards, L, Dell, J, Goodrick, SL, Hiers, JK, O’Brien, JJ (2019) Simulating groundcover community assembly in a frequently burned ecosystem using a simple neutral model. Frontiers in Plant Science 10(September), 1107.Google Scholar
de Magalhães, RMQ, Schwilk, DW (2012) Leaf traits and litter flammability: Evidence for non-additive mixture effects in a temperate forest. Journal of Ecology 100(5), 11531163.Google Scholar
Mäkelä, A (1997) A carbon balance model of growth and self-pruning in trees based on structural relationships. Forest Science 43(1), 724.Google Scholar
Mandelbrot, BB (1983) The Fractal Geometry of Nature, Revised and Enlarged ed. New York: IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center.Google Scholar
Marlon, JR, Bartlein, PJ, Walsh, MK, Harrison, SP, Brown, KJ, Edwards, ME, Higuera, PE, Power, MJ, Anderson, RS, Briles, C, Brunelle, A, Carcaillet, C, Daniels, M, Hu, FS, Lavoie, M, Long, C, Minckley, T, Richard, PJH, Scott, AC, Shafer, DS, Tinner, W, Umbanhowar, CE, Whitlock, C (2009) Wildfire responses to abrupt climate change in North America. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 106(8), 25192524.Google Scholar
Marshall, G, Thompson, DK, Anderson, K, Simpson, B, Linn, R, Schroeder, D (2020) The impact of fuel treatments on wildfire behavior in North American boreal fuels: A simulation study using FIRETEC. Fire 3(2), 114.Google Scholar
McKenzie, D, Littell, J (2017) Climate change and the eco-hydrology of fire: Will area burned increase in a warming western USA? Ecological Applications 27(1), 2636.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKenzie, D, Miller, C, Falk, DA (2011) The Landscape of Ecology of Fire. New York: Springer Science and Media.Google Scholar
McLauchlan, KK, Higuera, PE, Miesel, J, Rogers, BM, Schweitzer, J, Shuman, JK, Tepley, AJ, Varner, JM, Veblen, TT, Adalsteinsson, SA, Balch, JK, Baker, P, Batllori, E, Bigio, E, Brando, P, Cattau, M, Chipman, ML, Coen, J, Crandall, R, Daniels, L, Enright, N, Gross, WS, Harvey, BJ, Hatten, JA, Hermann, S, Hewitt, RE, Kobziar, LN, Landesmann, JB, Loranty, MM, Maezumi, SY, Mearns, L, Moritz, M, Myers, JA, Pausas, JG, Pellegrini, AFA, Platt, WJ, Roozeboom, J, Safford, H, Santos, F, Scheller, RM, Sherriff, RL, Smith, KG, Smith, MD, Watts, AC (2020) Fire as a fundamental ecological process: Research advances and frontiers. Journal of Ecology 108(5), 20472069.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mell, W, Jenkins, MA, Gould, J, Cheny, P (2007) A physics based approach to modeling grassland fires. International Journal of Wildand Fire 16(1), 1.Google Scholar
Millar, CI (1998) Early evolution of pines. In: Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Minnich, RA, Barbour, MG, Burk, JH, and Fernau, RF (1995) Sixty years of change in Californian conifer forests of the San Bernardino Mountains. Conservation Biology 9(4), 902914.Google Scholar
Myers, RL, White, DL (1987) Landscape history and changes in sandhill vegetation in north-central and south-central Florida. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 114(1), 21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, RM, Hiers, JK (2008) The influence of fuelbed properties on moisture drying rates and timelags of longleaf pine litter. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38(9), 23942404.Google Scholar
North, M, Chen, J, Oakley, B, Song, B, Rudnicki, M, Gray, A, Innes, J (2004) Forest stand structure and pattern of old-growth western hemlock/douglas-fir and mixed-conifer forests. Forest Science 50(3), 299311.Google Scholar
O’Brien, JJ, Hiers, JK, Varner, JM, Hoffman, CM, Dickinson, MB, Michaletz, ST, Loudermilk, EL, Butler, BW (2018) Advances in mechanistic approaches to quantifying biophysical fire effects. Current Forestry Reports 4(4), 161177.Google Scholar
O’Brien, JJ, Loudermilk, EL, Hornsby, B, Hudak, AT, Bright, BC, Dickinson, MB, Hiers, JK, Teske, C, Ottmar, RD (2016a) High-resolution infrared thermography for capturing wildland fire behavior – RxCADRE 2012. International Journal of Wildland Fire 25(1), 6275.Google Scholar
O’Brien, JJ, Loudermilk, EL, Hornsby, B, Polswinski, S, Hudak, A, Strother, RE, Bright, B (2016b) Canopy derived fuels drive patterns of in-fire energy release and understory plant mortality in a longleaf pine (Pinus Palustris) sandhill in Northwest FL, USA. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 42(5), 489500.Google Scholar
Ottmar, RD, Burns, MF, Hall, JN, Hanson, AD (1992) CONSUME [1.0] Users Guide. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-304. Portland, OR: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.Google Scholar
Ottmar, RD, Sandberg, DV, Riccardi, CL, Prichard, SJ (2007) An overview of the fuel characteristic classification system: Quantifying, classifying, and creating fuelbeds for resource planning. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, 23832393.Google Scholar
Pallardy, SG (2008) Physiology of Woody Plants, 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Parks, SA, Abatzoglou, JT (2020) Warmer and drier fire seasons contribute to increases in area burned at high severity in Western US forests from 1985–2017. Geophysical Research Letters 47(22), e2020GL089858.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parks, SA, Holsinger, LM, Miller, C, Nelson, CR (2015) Wildland fire as a self-regulating mechanism: The role of previous burns and weather in limiting fire progression. Ecological Applications 25(6), 14781492.Google Scholar
Parks, SA, Holsinger, LM, Voss, MA, Loehman, RA, Robinson, NP (2018) Mean composite fire severity metrics computed with Google Earth engine offer improved accuracy and expanded mapping potential. Remote Sensing 10(6), 115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parks, SA, Miller, C, Holsinger, LM, Baggett, LS, Bird, BJ (2016) Wildland fire limits subsequent fire occurrenceInternational Journal of Wildland Fire 25(2), 182190.Google Scholar
Parks, SA, Miller, C, Nelson, CR, Holden, ZA (2014) Previous fires moderate burn severity of subsequent wildland fires in two large western US wilderness areas. Ecosystems 17(1), 2942.Google Scholar
Parsons, RA, Mell, WE, McCauley, P (2011) Linking 3D spatial models of fuels and fire: Effects of spatial heterogeneity on fire behavior. Ecological Modelling 222(3), 679691.Google Scholar
Pausas, JG (2015) Bark thickness and fire regime. Functional Ecology 29(3), 315327.Google Scholar
Pausas, JG, Bradstock, RA (2007) Fire persistence traits of plants along a productivity and disturbance gradient in Mediterranean shrublands of South-East Australia. Global Ecology and Biogeography 16(3), 330340.Google Scholar
Pausas, JG, Paula, S (2012) Fuel shapes the fire–climate relationship: Evidence from Mediterranean ecosystems. Global Ecology and Biogeography 21(11), 10741082.Google Scholar
Perry, DA, Hessburg, PF, Skinner, CN, Spies, TA, Stephens, SL, Taylor, AH, Franklin, JF, McComb, B, Riegel, G (2011) The ecology of mixed severity fire regimes in Washington, Oregon, and Northern California. Forest Ecology and Management 262(5), 703717.Google Scholar
Pickett, BM, Isackson, C, Wunder, R, Fletcher, TH, Butler, BW, Weise, DR (2009) Flame interactions and burning characteristics of two live leaf samples. International Journal of Wildland Fire 18(7), 865.Google Scholar
Pickett, BM, Isackson, C, Wunder, R, Fletcher, TH, Butler, BW, Weise, DR (2010) Experimental measurements during combustion of moist individual foliage samples. International Journal of Wildland Fire 19(2), 153162.Google Scholar
Pile, LS, Wang, GG, Knapp, BO, Liu, G, Yu, D (2017) Comparing morphology and physiology of southeastern US Pinus seedlings: implications for adaptation to surface fire regimes. Annals of Forest Science 74, 68.Google Scholar
Pimont, F, Dupuy, JL, Linn, RR, Dupont, S (2011) Impacts of tree canopy structure on wind flows and fire propagation simulated with FIRETEC. Annals of Forest Science 68(3), 523530.Google Scholar
Platt, WJ (1999) Southeastern pine savannas. In: Anderson, RC, Fralish, JS, Baskin, JM, eds. Savannas, Barrens, and Rockoutcrop Plant Communities of North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Prichard, SJ, Kennedy, MC, Wright, CS, Cronan, JB, Ottmar, RD (2017) Predicting forest floor and woody fuel consumption from prescribed burns in southern and western pine ecosystems of the United States. Data in Brief 15, 742746.Google Scholar
Prichard, SJ, Ottmar, RD, Anderson, GK (2006) Consume 3.0 User’s Guide. Seattle, WA: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Pacific Wildland Fire Sciences Laboratory, Fire and Environmental Research Applications Team.Google Scholar
Reeves, MC, Ryan, KC, Rollins, MG, Thompson, TG (2009) Spatial fuel data products of the LANDFIRE project. International Journal of Wildland Fire 18(3), 250267.Google Scholar
Reid, AM, Robertson, KM (2012) Energy content of common fuels in upland pine savannas of the south-eastern US and their application to fire behaviour modelling. International Journal of Wildland Fire 21(5), 591595.Google Scholar
Reilly, MJ, Monleon, VJ, Jules, ES, Butz, RJ (2019) Range-wide population structure and dynamics of a serotinous conifer, knobcone pine (Pinus Attenuata L.), under an anthropogenically-altered disturbance regime. Forest Ecology and Management 441(March), 182191.Google Scholar
Reinhardt, E, Keane, RE, Brown, JK (1997) First Order Fire Effects Model: FOFEM 4.0, User’s Guide. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, General Technical Report INT-GTR-344.Google Scholar
Renninger, HJ, Carlo, NJ, Clark, KL, Schäfer, KVR (2015) Resource use and efficiency, and stomatal responses to environmental drivers of oak and pine species in an Atlantic coastal plain forest. Frontiers in Plant Science 6, 297.Google Scholar
Rodríguez-Trejo, DA, Fulé, PZ (2003) Fire ecology of Mexican pines and a fire management proposal. International Journal of Wildland Fire 12(1), 2337.Google Scholar
Rollins, MG (2009) LANDFIRE: A nationally consistent vegetation, wildland fire, and fuel assessment. International Journal of Wildland Fire 18(3), 235249.Google Scholar
Rothermel, RC (1972) A Mathematical Model for Predicting Fire Spread in Wildland Fuels. Research Paper, INT-115. Ogden, UT: US Department of Agriculture, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.Google Scholar
Rothermel, RC (1991) Predicting Behavior and Size of Crown Fires in the Northern Rocky Mountains. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Research Paper, no. January: 46.Google Scholar
Rowell, E, Loudermilk, EL, Hawley, C, Pokswinski, S, Seielstad, C, Queen, L, O’Brien, JJ, Hudak, AT, Goodrick, S, Hiers, JK (2020) Coupling terrestrial laser scanning with 3D fuel biomass sampling for advancing wildland fuels characterization. Forest Ecology and Management 462(April), 117945.Google Scholar
Sackett, SS, Haase, SM, Harrington, MG (1996) Lessons learned from fire use for restoring southwestern Ponderosa pine ecosystems. In Covington, WW, Wagner, PK, eds., Conference on Adaptive Ecosystem Restoration and Management: Restoration of Codilleran Conifer Landscapes of North America, June 6–8, 1996, Flagstaff, AZ. General Technical Report GTR-RM-278. Fort Collins, CO, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 54–61.Google Scholar
Sandberg, DV, Riccardi, CL, Schaaf, MD (2007) Fire potential rating for wildland fuelbeds using the fuel characteristic classification system. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37(12), 24562463.Google Scholar
Schwilk, DW, Ackerly, DD (2001) Flammability and serotiny as strategies: Correlated evolution in pines. Oikos 94(2), 326336.Google Scholar
Scott, JH, Burgan, RE (2005) Standard Fire Behavior Fuel Models: A Comprehensive Set for Use with Rothermel’s Surface Fire Spread Model. USDA Forest Service – General Technical Report RMRS-GTR, no. 153 RMRS-GTR: 1–76.Google Scholar
Spearpoint, MJ (1999Predicting the Ignition and Burning Rate of Wood in the Cone Calorimeter Using an Integral Model. Gaitherburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology.Google Scholar
Stephens, SL, Libby, WJ (2006) Anthropogenic fire and bark thickness in coastal and island pine populations from Alta and Baja, California. Journal of Biogeography 33(4), 648652.Google Scholar
Stevens, JT, Kling, MM, Schwilk, DW, Varner, JM, Kane, JM (2020) Biogeography of fire regimes in Western U.S. conifer forests: A trait-based approach. Global Ecology and Biogeography 29(5), 944955.Google Scholar
Stevens, JT, Safford, HD, Harrison, S, Latimer, AM (2015) Forest disturbance accelerates thermophilization of understory plant communities. Journal of Ecology 103(5), 12531263.Google Scholar
Stoddard, MT, Fulé, PZ, Huffman, DW, Sánchez Meador, AJ, Roccaforte, JP (2020) Ecosystem management applications of resource objective wildfires in forests of the Grand Canyon National Park, USA. International Journal of Wildland Fire 29(2), 190200.Google Scholar
Van Wagner, CE (1975) “Convection temperatures above low intensity forest fires.” Bi-Monthly Research Notes Canadian Forest Service 31(2), 21.Google Scholar
Van Wagner, CE (1977) Conditions for the start and spread of crown fire. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 7(1), 2334.Google Scholar
Varner, JM, Hiers, JK, Ottmar, RD, Gordon, DR, Putz, FE, Wade, DD (2007) Overstory tree mortality resulting from reintroducing fire to long-unburned longleaf pine forests: The importance of duff moisture. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37(8), 13491358.Google Scholar
Varner, JM, Kane, JM, Hiers, JK, Kreye, JK, Veldman, JW (2016) Suites of fire-adapted traits of oaks in the Southeastern USA: Multiple strategies for persistence. Fire Ecology 12(2), 4864.Google Scholar
Varner, JM, Kane, JM, Kreye, JK, Engber, E (2015) The flammability of forest and woodland litter: A synthesis. Current Forestry Reports 1(2), 9199.Google Scholar
Vincent, G, Harja, D (2008) Exploring ecological significance of tree crown plasticity through three-dimensional modelling. Annals of Botany 101(8), 12211231.Google Scholar
Vines, RG (1968) Heat transfer through bark, and the resistance of trees to fire. Australian Journal of Botany 16(3), 499.Google Scholar
Viney, NR (1991) A review of fine fuel moisture modelling. International Journal of Wildland Fire 1(4), 215.Google Scholar
Wang, GG (2002) Fire severity in relation to canopy composition within burned boreal mixedwood stands. Forest Ecology and Management 163, 8592.Google Scholar
Waring, RH, Running, SW (1998) Forest Ecosystems: Analysis at Multiple Scales. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Williamson, GB, Black, EM (1981) High temperature of forest fires under pines as a selective advantage over oaks. Nature 293(5834), 643644.Google Scholar
Woolley, T, Shaw, DC, Ganio, LM, Fitzgerald, S (2012) A review of logistic regression models used to predict post-fire tree mortality of western North American conifers. International Journal of Wildland Fire 21(1), 1.Google Scholar
Zeide, B (1993) Analysis of growth equations. Forest Science 39(3), 594616.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×