Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T04:54:12.099Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

4 - Fire Line Geometry and Pyroconvective Dynamics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 June 2022

Kevin Speer
Affiliation:
Florida State University
Scott Goodrick
Affiliation:
US Forest Service
Get access

Summary

This chapter presents a synopsis of some of the latest developments in our understanding of pyroconvective interactions, their links to fire geometrym and their role in driving dynamic fire behavior and extreme wildfire development. We highlight the need to augment traditional quasi-steady wildfire modeling paradigms with more sophisticated approaches that combine highly-instrumented, larger-scale experimental studies with state-of-the-art computational modeling. We identify the need to take maximum advantage of technical advances in remote sensing technology to provide new ways of observing extreme fire events.

Type
Chapter
Information
Wildland Fire Dynamics
Fire Effects and Behavior from a Fluid Dynamics Perspective
, pp. 77 - 128
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abram, NJ, Henley, BJ, Gupta, AS, Lippmann, TJR, Clarke, H, Dowdy, AJ, Sharples, JJ, Nolan, RH, Zhang, T, Wooster, MJ, Wurtzel, JB, Meissner, KJ, Pitman, AJ, Ukkola, AM, Murphy, BP, Tapper, NJ, Boer, MM (2021) Connections of climate change and variability to large and extreme forest fires in southeast Australia. Communications Earth & Environment 2(1), 117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
AFAC (2012) Bushfire Glossary, Melbourne, Australia: AFAC Limited.Google Scholar
Albini, FA (1981) A model for the wind-blown flame from a line fire. Combustion and Flame 43, 155174.Google Scholar
Albini, FA (1982) Response of free-burning fires to nonsteady wind. Combustion Science and Technology 29(3–6), 225241.Google Scholar
Alexander, ME (1985) Estimating the length-to-breadth ratio of elliptical forest fire patterns. In Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Fire and Forest Meteorology, April 29–May 2, Detroit, Michigan. Society of American Foresters, Bethesda, MD, pp. 287–304.Google Scholar
Anderson, DH, Catchpole, EA, De Mestre, NJ Parkes, T (1982) Modelling the spread of grass fires. The Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society. Series B. Applied Mathematics 23(4), 451466.Google Scholar
Arfken, GB, Weber, HJ (1999) Mathematical Methods for Physicists. San Diego, CA: AAPT.Google Scholar
Attiwill, PM, Adams, MA (2013) Mega-fires, inquiries and politics in the eucalypt forests of Victoria, south-eastern Australia. Forest Ecology and Management 294, 4553.Google Scholar
Attiwill, PM, Binkley, D (2013) Exploring the mega-fire reality 2011: A forest ecology and management conference, Florida State University Conference Center, Florida, USA, 14-17 November 2011. Forest Ecology and Management 294, 1261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Badlan, RL, Sharples, JJ, Evans, JP, McRae, R (2017) The role of deep flaming in violent pyroconvection. In 22nd International Congress on Modelling and Simulation, December 3–8, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.Google Scholar
Badlan, RL, Sharples, JJ, Evans, JP, McRae, R (2019) Insights into the role of fire geometry and violent pyroconvection. In 23rd International Congress on Modelling and Simulation, December 1–6, Canberra, ACT, Australia.Google Scholar
Badlan, RL, Sharples, JJ, Evans, JP, McRae, R (2021a) Factors influencing the development of violent pyroconvection. Part I: Fire size and stability. International Journal of Wildland Fire 30(7), 484497.Google Scholar
Badlan, RL, Sharples, JJ, Evans, JP, McRae, R (2021b) Factors influencing the development of violent pyroconvection. Part II: Fire geometry and intensity. International Journal of Wildland Fire 30(7), 498512.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Batchelor, CK, Batchelor, GK (2000) An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanchi, R, Leonard, J, Leicester, RH (2006) Bushfire risk at the rural/urban interface. In Proceedings of the Australasian Bushfire Conference, June 6–9, Brisbane.Google Scholar
Boer, MM, Nolan, RH, De Dios, VR, Clarke, H, Price, OF, Bradstock, RA (2017) Changing weather extremes call for early warning of potential for catastrophic fire. Earth’s Future 5(12), 11961202.Google Scholar
Briggs, GA (1975) Plume rise predictions. In Haugen, DA, ed. Lectures on Air Pollution and Environmental Impact Analyses. Boston: American Meteorological Society, pp. 59111.Google Scholar
Butler, BW (1998) Fire Behavior Associated with the 1994 South Canyon Fire on Storm King Mountain, Colorado (No. 9). Research Paper RMRS-RP-9, US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Ogden, UT.Google Scholar
Byram, GM (1959) Combustion of forest fuels. In: Davis, KP, ed. Forest Fire: Control and Use. New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 6189.Google Scholar
Canfield, JM, Linn, RR, Sauer, JA, Finney, M, Forthofer, J (2014) A numerical investigation of the interplay between fireline length, geometry, and rate of spread. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 189, 4859.Google Scholar
Chen, K, McAneney, J (2004) Quantifying bushfire penetration into urban areas in Australia. Geophysical Research Letters 31(12), L12212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheney, NP, Gould, JS, McCaw, WL (2001) The dead-man zone: A neglected area of firefighter safety. Australian Forestry 64(1), 4550.Google Scholar
Cheney, NP, Gould, JS, McCaw, WL, Anderson, WR (2012) Predicting fire behaviour in dry eucalypt forest in southern Australia. Forest Ecology and Management 280, 120131.Google Scholar
Clark, TL, Coen, JL, Latham, D (2004) Description of a coupled atmosphere–fire model. International Journal of Wildland Fire 13(1), 4963.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, TL, Jenkins, MA, Coen, JL, Packham, DR (1996a) A coupled atmosphere–fire model: Role of the convective Froude number and dynamic fingering at the fireline. International Journal of Wildland Fire 6(4), 177190.Google Scholar
Clark, TL, Jenkins, MA, Coen, JL, Packham, DR (1996b) A coupled atmosphere fire model: Convective feedback on fire-line dynamics. Journal of Applied Meteorology 35(6), 875901.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coen, JL (2013) Modeling Wildland Fires: A Description of the Coupled Atmosphere–Wildland Fire Environment Model (CAWFE). NCAR Technical Note NCAR/TN-500+ STR. Boulder, CO.Google Scholar
Coen, JL, Cameron, M, Michalakes, J, Patton, EG, Riggan, PJ, Yedinak, KM (2013) WRF-Fire: Coupled weather–wildland fire modeling with the weather research and forecasting model. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 52(1), 1638.Google Scholar
Coen, JL, Schroeder, W (2017) Coupled weather–fire modeling: From research to operational forecasting. Fire Management Today 75(1), 3945.Google Scholar
Coen, JL, Schroeder, W, Conway, S, Tarnay, L (2020) Computational modeling of extreme wildland fire events: A synthesis of scientific understanding with applications to forecasting, land management, and firefighter safety. Journal of Computational Science, 45, 101152.Google Scholar
Countryman, CM (1971) Fire Whirls, Why, When, and Where. Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, US Forest Service, Berkeley, CA.Google Scholar
Cruz, MG, Alexander, ME (2017) Modelling the rate of fire spread and uncertainty associated with the onset and propagation of crown fires in conifer forest stands. International Journal of Wildland Fire 26(5), 413426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cruz, MG, Gould, JS, Kidnie, S, Bessell, R, Nichols, D, Slijepcevic, A (2015) Effects of curing on grassfires: II. Effect of grass senescence on the rate of fire spread. International Journal of Wildland Fire 24(6), 838848.Google Scholar
Cruz, MG, McCaw, WL, Anderson, WR, Gould, JS (2013) Fire behaviour modelling in semi-arid mallee-heath shrublands of southern Australia. Environmental Modelling & Software 40, 2134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cruz, MG, Sullivan, AL, Bessell, R, Gould, JS (2020) The effect of ignition protocol on the spread rate of grass fires: A comment on the conclusions of Sutherland et al. (2020). International Journal of Wildland Fire 29(12), 11331138.Google Scholar
Cruz, MG, Sullivan, AL, Gould, JS, Sims, NC, Bannister, AJ, Hollis, JJ, Hurley, RJ (2012) Anatomy of a catastrophic wildfire: The Black Saturday Kilmore East fire in Victoria, Australia. Forest Ecology and Management 284, 269285.Google Scholar
Cunningham, P, Goodrick, SL, Hussaini, MY, Linn, R (2005) Coherent vortical structures in numerical simulations of buoyant plumes from wildland fires, International Journal of Wildland Fire 14(1), 6175.Google Scholar
Cunningham, P, Reeder, MJ (2009) Severe convective storms initiated by intense wildfires: Numerical simulations of pyro‐convection and pyro‐tornadogenesis. Geophysical Research Letters 36(12), L12912.Google Scholar
Densmore, VS (2019) Key factors contributing to two pyrocumulonimbus clouds erupting during a prescribed burn in Western Australia. 6th International Fire Behaviour and Fuels Conference, Sydney, April–May 2019.Google Scholar
Di Virgilio, G, Evans, JP, Blake, SA, Armstrong, M, Dowdy, AJ, Sharples, JJ, McRae, R (2019) Climate change increases the potential for extreme wildfires. Geophysical Research Letters 46(14), 85178526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dold, J (2011) Fire spread near the attached and separated flow transition, including surge and stall behaviour. In Proceedings of the 19th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation, December, Perth.Google Scholar
Dold, J, Scott, K, Sanders, J (2011) The processes driving an ember storm. In Proceedings of the 19th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation, December, Perth.Google Scholar
Dold, JW, Zinoviev, A (2009) Fire eruption through intensity and spread rate interaction mediated by flow attachment. Combustion Theory and Modelling 13(5), 763793.Google Scholar
Drysdale, DD, Macmillan, AJR, Shilitto, D (1992) The King’s Cross fire: Experimental verification of the “Trench effect.” Fire Safety Journal 18(1), 7582.Google Scholar
Edgar, RA, Sharples, JJ, Sidhu, HS (2015a) Investigation of flame attachment and accelerated fire spread. In Asia Pacific Confederation of Chemical Engineering Congress 2015: APCChE 2015, incorporating CHEMECA 2015. Engineers Australia. September 27–October 1, Melbourne, p. 507.Google Scholar
Edgar, RA, Sharples, JJ, Sidhu, HS (2015b) Revisiting the King’s Cross underground disaster with implications for modelling wildfire eruption. In Proceedings of the 21st International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. November 29–December 4, Broadbeach, Queensland, pp. 215–221.Google Scholar
Edgar, RA, Sharples, JJ, Sidhu, HS (2016) Examining the effects of convective intensity on plume attachment in three-dimensional trenches. In: Chemeca 2016: Chemical Engineering–Regeneration, Recovery and Reinvention. September 25–28, Adelaide. Melbourne: Engineers Australia, pp. 613621.Google Scholar
Filkov, AI, Duff, TJ, Penman, TD (2020a) Frequency of dynamic fire behaviours in Australian forest environments. Fire, 3(1), 117.Google Scholar
Filkov, AI, Ngo, T, Matthews, S, Telfer, S, Penman, TD (2020b) Impact of Australia’s catastrophic 2019/20 bushfire season on communities and environment. Retrospective analysis and current trends. Journal of Safety Science and Resilience 1(1), 4456.Google Scholar
Finney, MA (1998) FARSITE: Fire Area Simulator: Model Development and Application. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station Research Paper RMRS-RP-4. Ogden, UT.Google Scholar
Finney, MA, Cohen, JD, Forthofer, JM, McAllister, SS, Gollner, MJ, Gorham, DJ, Saito, K, Akafuah, NK, Adam, BA, English, JD (2015) Role of buoyant flame dynamics in wildfire spread. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112(32), 98339838.Google Scholar
Finney, MA, McAllister, SS (2011) A review of fire interactions and mass fires. Journal of Combustion 2011, 548328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forthofer, JM (2019) Fire tornadoes. Scientific American 321(6), 6067.Google Scholar
Forthofer, JM, Goodrick, SL (2011) Review of vortices in wildland fire. Journal of Combustion 2011, 984363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fromm, M, Bevilacqua, R, Servranckx, R, Rosen, J, Thayer, JP, Herman, J, Larko, D (2005) Pyro‐cumulonimbus injection of smoke to the stratosphere: Observations and impact of a super blowup in northwestern Canada on 3–4 August 1998. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 110(D8), D08205.Google Scholar
Fromm, M, Lindsey, DT, Servranckx, R, Yue, G, Trickl, T, Sica, R, Doucet, P, Godin-Beekmann, S (2010) The untold story of pyrocumulonimbus. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 91(9), 11931210.Google Scholar
Fromm, M, Shettle, EP, Fricke, KH, Ritter, C, Trickl, T, Giehl, H, Gerding, M, Barnes, JE, O’Neill, M, Massie, ST, Blum, U (2008a) Stratospheric impact of the Chisholm pyrocumulonimbus eruption: 2. Vertical profile perspective. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 113(D8), D08203.Google Scholar
Fromm, M, Torres, O, Diner, D, Lindsey, D, Vant Hull, B, Servranckx, R, Shettle, EP, Li, Z (2008b) Stratospheric impact of the Chisholm pyrocumulonimbus eruption: 1. Earth‐viewing satellite perspective. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 113(D8), D08202.Google Scholar
Fromm, M, Tupper, A, Rosenfeld, D, Servranckx, R, McRae, R (2006) Violent pyro‐convective storm devastates Australia’s capital and pollutes the stratosphere. Geophysical Research Letters 33(5), L05815.Google Scholar
Gill, AM (2005) Landscape fires as social disasters: an overview of “the bushfire problem.” Global Environmental Change Part B: Environmental Hazards 6(2), 6580.Google Scholar
Glickman, TS (2000) Glossary of Meteorology, 2nd ed. Boston, MA: American Meteorological Society.Google Scholar
Goens, DW (1978) Fire Whirls. Missoula, MT: NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS WR-129.Google Scholar
Graham, TL, Makhviladze, GM, Roberts, JP (1995) On the theory of flashover development. Fire Safety Journal, 25(3), 229259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, DG (1983) Shapes of simulated fires in discrete fuels. Ecological Modelling 20(1), 2132.Google Scholar
Green, DG, Gill, AM, Noble, IR (1983) Fire shapes and the adequacy of fire-spread models. Ecological Modelling 20(1), 3345.Google Scholar
Grumstrup, TP, McAllister, SS, Finney, MA (2017) Qualitative flow visualization of flame attachment on slopes. In Proccedings of the 10th US National Combustion Meeting Organized by the Eastern States Section of the Combustion Institute; April 23–26, 2017; College Park, MD. Pittsburgh, PA: The Combustion Institute.Google Scholar
Hasson, AEA, Mills, GA, Timbal, B, Walsh, K (2009) Assessing the impact of climate change on extreme fire weather events over southeastern Australia. Climate Research 39(2), 159172.Google Scholar
Hilton, JE, Garg, N, (2021) Rapid wind-terrain correction for wildfire simulations. International Journal of Wildland Fire 30(6), 410427.Google Scholar
Hilton, JE, Garg, N, Sharples, JJ (2019) Incorporating firebrands and spot fires into vorticity-driven wildfire behaviour models. In 23rd International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. December 1–6, Canberra, ACT, Australia.Google Scholar
Hilton, JE, Miller, C, Sharples, JJ, Sullivan, AL (2016) Curvature effects in the dynamic propagation of wildfires. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 25(12), 12381251.Google Scholar
Hilton, JE, Miller, C, Sullivan, AL, Rucinski, C (2015) Effects of spatial and temporal variation in environmental conditions on simulation of wildfire spread. Environmental Modelling and Software 67, 118127.Google Scholar
Hilton, JE, Sharples, JJ, Sullivan, AL, Swedosh, W (2017) Simulation of spot fire coalescence with dynamic feedback. In 22nd International Congress on Modelling and Simulation, Hobart, Tasmania.Google Scholar
Hilton, JE, Sullivan, A, Swedosh, W, Sharples, J, Thomas, C (2018) Incorporating convective feedback in wildfire simulations using pyrogenic potential. Environmental Modelling and Software 107, 1224.Google Scholar
Kinniburgh, DC (2020) Dynamics of Coupled Fire–Atmosphere Interactions. PhD Thesis. Monash University. https://doi.org/10.26180/5f04329f6f2efGoogle Scholar
Kochanski, AK, Jenkins, MA, Mandel, J, Beezley, JD, Clements, CB, Krueger, S (2013) Evaluation of WRF-SFIRE performance with field observations from the FireFlux experiment. Geoscientific Model Development 6(4), 11091126.Google Scholar
Koo, E, Linn, RR, Pagni, PJ, Edminster, CB (2012) Modelling firebrand transport in wildfires using HIGRAD/FIRETEC. International Journal of Wildland Fire 21(4), 396417.Google Scholar
Koo, E, Pagni, PJ, Weise, DR, Woycheese, JP (2010) Firebrands and spotting ignition in large-scale fires. International Journal of Wildland Fire 19(7), 818843.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuwana, K, Sekimoto, K, Saito, K, Williams, FA, Hayashi, Y, Masuda, H (2007) Can we predict the occurrence of extreme fire whirls? AIAA Journal 45(1), 1619.Google Scholar
Lahaye, S, Curt, T, Fréjaville, T, Sharples, JJ, Paradis, L, Hély, C (2018a) What are the drivers of dangerous fires in Mediterranean France? International Journal of Wildland Fire 27(3), 155163.Google Scholar
Lahaye, S, Sharples, J, Matthews, S, Heemstra, S, Price, O (2017) What are the safety implications of dynamic fire behaviours? In: 22nd International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Decembere 3–8, Hobart, Tasmania , pp. 1125–1130.Google Scholar
Lahaye, S, Sharples, JJ, Matthews, S, Heemstra, S, Price, O, Badlan, R (2018b) How do weather and terrain contribute to firefighter entrapments in Australia? International Journal of Wildland Fire 27(2), 8598.Google Scholar
Lareau, NP, Clements, CB (2016) Environmental controls on pyrocumulus and pyrocumulonimbus initiation and development. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16(6), 40054022.Google Scholar
Lareau, NP, Clements, CB (2017) The mean and turbulent properties of a wildfire convective plume. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 56(8), 22892299.Google Scholar
Lareau, NP, Nauslar, NJ, Abatzoglou, JT (2018) The Carr Fire vortex: A case of pyrotornadogenesis? Geophysical Research Letters 45(23), 13107.Google Scholar
Linn, R, Cunningham, P (2005) Numerical simulations of grass fires using a coupled atmosphere–fire model: Basic fire behavior and dependence on wind speed. Journal of Geophysical Research 110(D13), D13107.Google Scholar
Linn, R, Reisner, J, Colman, JJ, Winterkamp, J (2002) Studying wildfire behavior using FIRETEC. International Journal Wildland Fire 11(4), 233246.Google Scholar
Liu, N, Liu, Q, Deng, Z, Kohyu, S, Zhu, J (2007) Burn-out time data analysis on interaction effects among multiple fires in fire arrays. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 31(2), 25892597.Google Scholar
Liu, N, Wu, J, Chen, H, Zhang, L, Deng, Z, Satoh, K, Viegas, DX, Raposo, J (2015) Upslope spread of a linear flame front over a pine needle fuel bed: The role of convection cooling. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 35(3), 26912698.Google Scholar
Luderer, G, Trentmann, J, Winterrath, T, Textor, C, Herzog, M, Graf, HF, Andreae, MO (2006) Modeling of biomass smoke injection into the lower stratosphere by a large forest fire (Part II): sensitivity studies. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 6(12), 52615277.Google Scholar
Luke, RH, McArthur, AG (1978) Bushfires in Australia. Canberra: AGPS.Google Scholar
Mandel, J, Amram, S, Beezley, JD, Kelman, G, Kochanski, AK, Kondratenko, VY, Lynn, BH, Regev, B, Vejmelka, M (2014) Recent advances and applications of WRF-SFIRE. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 14(10), 2829.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, RE, Finney, MA, Molina, DM, Sapsis, DB, Stephens, SL, Scott, JH, Weise, DR (1991) Dimensional analysis of flame angles versus wind speed. In Andrews, PL, Potts, DF, eds. Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Fire and Forest Meteorology, April 16–19, 1991, Missoula, MT. Bethesda, MD: Society of American Foresters, pp. 212217.Google Scholar
McArthur, AG (1967) Fire Behaviour in Eucalypt Forests. Leaflet 107. Canberra: Forestry and Timber Bureau.Google Scholar
McCarthy, N. (2020) Bushfire Thunderstorms: Radar Analysis of Fire-driven Convection in Australia. PhD Thesis. University of Queensland. https://doi.org/10.14264/uql.2020.704Google Scholar
McCarthy, N, McGowan, H, Guyot, A, Dowdy, A (2018) Mobile X-Pol radar: A new tool for investigating pyroconvection and associated wildfire meteorology. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 99(6), 11771195.Google Scholar
McRae, RHD, Sharples, JJ (2013) A process model for forecasting conditions conducive to blow-up fire events. In Proceedings of the 2013 MODSIM Conference, December 1–6, Adelaide, Australia.Google Scholar
McRae, RHD, Sharples, JJ (2014) Forecasting conditions conducive to blow-up fire events. CAWCR Research Letters (11), 1419.Google Scholar
McRae, RHD, Sharples, JJ, Fromm, M (2015) Linking local wildfire dynamics to pyroCb development. Natural Hazards and Earth Systems Science 15(3), 417428.Google Scholar
McRae, RHD, Sharples, JJ, Wilkes, SR, Walker, A (2013) An Australian pyro-tornadogenesis event. Natural Hazards 65, 18011811.Google Scholar
Mell, W, Charney, J, Jenkins, MA, Cheney, P, Gould, J (2013) Numerical simulations of grassland fire behavior from the LANL-FIRETEC and NIST-WFDS models. In: Qu, JJ, Sommers, WT, Yang, R, Riebau, AR, eds. Remote Sensing and Modeling Applications to Wildland Fires. Berlin: Springer, pp. 209225.Google Scholar
Miller, C, Hilton, J, Sullivan, A, Prakash, M (2015) SPARK: A bushfire spread prediction tool. In Denzer, R, Argent, RM, Schimak, G, Hřebíček, J, eds. Environmental Software Systems. Infrastructures, Services and Applications: 11th IFIP WG 5.11 International Symposium, ISESS 2015, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, March 25–27, 2015, Proceedings, Vol. 448. Cham: Springer, pp. 262271.Google Scholar
Mills, GA, McCaw, WL (2010) Atmospheric stability environments and fire weather in Australia: extending the Haines Index. CAWCR Technical report No. 20, March 2010.Google Scholar
Morton, BR, Taylor, GI, Turner, JS (1956) Turbulent gravitational convection from maintained and instantaneous sources. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences 234(1196), 123.Google Scholar
Ndalila, MN, Williamson, GJ, Fox-Hughes, P, Sharples, J, Bowman, DM (2020) Evolution of a pyrocumulonimbus event associated with an extreme wildfire in Tasmania, Australia. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 20(5), 14971511.Google Scholar
Nolan, RH, Blackman, CJ, de Dios, VR, Choat, B, Medlyn, BE, Li, X, Bradstock, RA, Boer, MM (2020) Linking forest flammability and plant vulnerability to drought. Forests 11(7), 779.Google Scholar
Nolan, RH, Boer, MM, Resco de Dios, V, Caccamo, G, Bradstock, RA (2016) Large‐scale, dynamic transformations in fuel moisture drive wildfire activity across southeastern Australia. Geophysical Research Letters 43(9), 42294238.Google Scholar
NWCG (2012) Glossary of Wildland Fire Terminology. National Wildfire Coordinating Group, Incident Operations Standards Working Team. www.nwcg.gov/glossary/a-z, Last accessed November 23, 2021.Google Scholar
Osher, S, Sethian, JA (1988) Fronts propagating with curvature-dependent speed: Algorithms based on Hamilton-Jacobi formulations. Journal of Computational Physics 79(1), 1249.Google Scholar
Page, WG, Butler, BW (2017) An empirically based approach to defining wildland firefighter safety and survival zone separation distances. International Journal of Wildland Fire 26(8), 655667.Google Scholar
Peace, M, Kepert, JD, Ye, H (2018) The ACCESS-Fire coupled fire-atmosphere model. In 33rd Conference on Agricultural and Forest Meteorology/12th Fire and Forest Meteorology Symposium/Fourth Conference on Biogeosciences. American Meteorological Society.Google Scholar
Peterson, DA, Hyer, EJ, Campbell, JR, Solbrig, JE, Fromm, MD (2017) A conceptual model for development of intense pyrocumulonimbus in western North America. Monthly Weather Review 145(6), 22352255.Google Scholar
Pinto, C, Viegas, D, Almeida, M, Raposo, J (2017) Fire whirls in forest fires: An experimental analysis. Fire Safety Journal 87, 3748.Google Scholar
Porterie, B, Zekri, N, Clerc, JP, Loraud, JC (2005) Influence des brandons sur la propagation d’un feu de forêt. Comptes Rendus Physique, 6(10), 11531160.Google Scholar
Potter, BE (2005) The role of released moisture in the atmospheric dynamics associated with wildland fires. International Journal of Wildland Fire 14(1), 7784.Google Scholar
Potter, BE (2012a) Atmospheric interactions with wildland fire behaviour: I. Basic surface interactions, vertical profiles and synoptic structures. International Journal of Wildland Fire 21(7), 779801.Google Scholar
Potter, BE (2012b) Atmospheric interactions with wildland fire behaviour: II. Plume and vortex dynamics. International Journal of Wildland Fire 21(7), 802817.Google Scholar
Quill, R, Sharples, JJ (2015) Dynamic development of the 2013 Aberfeldy fire. In Proceedings of the 21st International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. November 29–December 4, Broadbeach, Queensland, pp. 284–290.Google Scholar
Raposo, J, Cabiddu, S, Viegas, D, Salis, M, Sharples, J (2015) Experimental analysis of fire spread across a two-dimensional ridge under wind conditions. International Journal of Wildland Fire 24(7), 10081022.Google Scholar
Raposo, J, Viegas, D, Xie, X, Almeida, M, Figueiredo, A, Porto, L, Sharples, J (2018) Analysis of the physical processes associated with junction fires at laboratory and field scales. International Journal Wildland Fire 27(1), 5268.Google Scholar
Raposo, J (2016) Extreme Fire Behaviour Associated with the Merging of Two Linear Fire Fronts. Doctoral dissertation. Coimbra. Tese de doutoramento. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/31020Google Scholar
Rothermel, RC (1972) A Mathematical Model for Predicting Fire Spread in Wildland Fuels, Research Paper INT-115. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Intermountain Forest and Range, Ogden, UT.Google Scholar
Rothermel, RC (1984) Fire behavior consideration of aerial ignition. In Proceedings of the Prescribed Fire by Aerial Ignition, Proceedings of a Workshop, October 30–November 1, Missoula, MT, USA (Vol. 30).Google Scholar
SCFAIT (1994) Report of the South Canyon Fire Investigation Team: South Canyon Fire Investigation of the 14 Fatalities that Occurred on July 6, 1994 near Glenwood Springs, Colorado. Washington, DC: US Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management.Google Scholar
Sethian, JA (1985) Curvature and the evolution of fronts. Communications in Mathematical Physics, 101, 487499.Google Scholar
Sethian, JA (1999) Level Set Methods and Fast Marching Methods: Evolving Interfaces in Computational Geometry, Fluid Mechanics, Computer Vision, and Materials Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sharples, JJ, Cary, GJ, Fox-Hughes, P, Mooney, S, Evans, JP, Fletcher, MS, Fromm, M, Grierson, PF, McRae, R, Baker, P (2016) Natural hazards in Australia: Extreme bushfire. Climatic Change 139, 8599.Google Scholar
Sharples, JJ, Cechet, RP (2017) Reassessing the validity of AS3959 in the presence of dynamic bushfire propagation. In: 22nd International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. December 3–8, Hobart, Tasmania.Google Scholar
Sharples, JJ, Gill, AM, Dold, JW (2010) The trench effect and eruptive wildfires: Lessons from the King’s Cross Underground disaster. In Proceedings of Australian Fire and Emergency Service Authorities Council 2010 Conference. September 8–10, Darwin, Australia, Vol. 2010, pp. 8–10.Google Scholar
Sharples, JJ, Hilton, JE (2020) Modeling vorticity-driven wildfire behavior using near-field techniques. Frontiers in Mechanical Engineering, 5, 69.Google Scholar
Sharples, JJ, Kiss, A, Raposo, J, Viegas, D, Simpson, C (2015) Pyrogenic vorticity from windward and lee slope fires. In Proceedings of the 21st International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. November 29–December 4, Broadbeach, Queensland, pp. 291–297.Google Scholar
Sharples, JJ, McRae, RHD (2011) Evaluation of a very simple model for predicting the moisture content of eucalypt litter. International Journal of Wildland Fire 20(8), 10001005.Google Scholar
Sharples, JJ, McRae, RHD, Weber, RO, Gill, AM (2009) A simple index for assessing fuel moisture content. Environmental Modelling & Software 24(5), 637646.Google Scholar
Sharples, JJ, McRae, RHD, Wilkes, S (2012) Wind–terrain effects on the propagation of wildfires in rugged terrain: Fire channelling. International Journal of Wildland Fire 21(3), 282296.Google Scholar
Sharples, JJ, Towers, IN, Wheeler, G, Wheeler, VM, McCoy, JA (2013) Modelling fire line merging using plane curvature flow. In: Proceedings of the 19th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation, December 1–6, Adelaide.Google Scholar
Simcox, S, Wilkes, NS, Jones, IP (1992) Computer simulation of the flows of hot gases from the fire at King’s Cross underground station. Fire Safety Journal 18(1), 4973.Google Scholar
Simpson, CC, Sharples, JJ, Evans, JP (2014) Resolving vorticity-driven lateral fire spread using the WRF-fire coupled atmosphere–fire numerical model. Natural Hazards and Earth Systems Science 14(9), 23592371.Google Scholar
Simpson, CC, Sharples, JJ, Evans, JP (2016) Sensitivity of atypical lateral fire spread to wind and slope. Geophysical Research Letters 43(4), 17441751.Google Scholar
Simpson, CC, Sharples, JJ, Evans, JP, McCabe, M (2013) Large eddy simulation of atypical wildland fire spread on leeward slopes. International Journal of Wildland Fire 22(5), 599614.Google Scholar
Storey, MA, Price, OF, Bradstock, RA, Sharples, JJ (2020a) Analysis of variation in distance, number, and distribution of spotting in southeast Australian wildfires. Fire 3(2), 10.Google Scholar
Storey, MA, Price, OF, Sharples, JJ, Bradstock, RA (2020b) Drivers of long-distance spotting during wildfires in south-eastern Australia. International Journal of Wildland Fire 29(6), 459472.Google Scholar
Sullivan, AL (2009) Wildland surface fire spread modelling, 1990–2007. 1: Physical and quasi-physical models. International Journal of Wildland Fire 18(4), 349368.Google Scholar
Sullivan, AL, Swedosh, W, Hurley, RJ, Sharples, JJ, Hilton, JE (2019) Investigation of the effects of interactions of intersecting oblique fire lines with and without wind in a combustion wind tunnel. International Journal of Wildland Fire 28(9), 704719.Google Scholar
Sutherland, D, Sharples, JJ, Moinuddin, KA (2020) The effect of ignition protocol on grassfire development. International Journal of Wildland Fire 29(1), 7080.Google Scholar
Tedim, F, Leone, V, Amraoui, M, Bouillon, C, Coughlan, MR, Delogu, GM, Fernandes, PM, Ferreira, C, McCaffrey, S, McGee, TK, Parente, J (2018) Defining extreme wildfire events: difficulties, challenges, and impacts. Fire 1(1), 9.Google Scholar
Thomas, CM (2019) Investigation of Spotting and Intrinsic Fire Dynamics Using a Coupled Atmosphere–Fire Modelling Framework. PhD Thesis. University of New South Wales.Google Scholar
Thomas, CM, Sharples, J. Evans, JP (2017) Modelling the dynamic behaviour of junction fires with a coupled atmosphere–fire model. International Journal of Wildland Fire 26(4), 331344.Google Scholar
Tohidi, A, Gollner, MJ, Xiao, H (2018) Fire whirls. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 50, 187213.Google Scholar
Toivanen, J, Engel, CB, Reeder, MJ, Lane, TP, Davies, L, Webster, S, Wales, S (2019) Coupled atmosphere–fire simulations of the Black Saturday Kilmore East wildfires with the Unified Model. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems 11(1), 210230.Google Scholar
Tolhurst, K, Shields, B, Chong, D (2008) Phoenix: Development and application of a bushfire risk management tool. Australian Journal of Emergency Management 23(4), 47.Google Scholar
Tory, KJ (2019) Pyrocumulonimbus firepower threshold: A pyrocumulonimbus prediction tool. In: Bates, J, ed. AFAC19 powered by INTERSCHUTZ Extended abstracts from the Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC Research Forum. Australian Journal of Emergency Management, Monograph No. 5, pp. 21–27.Google Scholar
Tory, KJ, Kepert, JD (2021) Pyrocumulonimbus firepower threshold: Assessing the atmospheric potential for pyroCb. Weather and Forecasting 36(2), 439456.Google Scholar
Towers, JD (2007) Two methods for discretizing a delta function supported on a level set. Journal of Computational Physics 220(2), 915931.Google Scholar
Trentmann, J, Luderer, G, Winterrath, T, Fromm, MD, Servranckx, R, Textor, C, Herzog, M, Graf, HF, Andreae, MO (2006) Modeling of biomass smoke injection into the lower stratosphere by a large forest fire (Part I): Reference simulation. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 6(12), 52475260.Google Scholar
Turco, M, Jerez, S, Augusto, S, Tarín-Carrasco, P, Ratola, N, Jiménez-Guerrero, P, Trigo, RM (2019) Climate drivers of the 2017 devastating fires in Portugal. Scientific Reports 9, 18.Google Scholar
Tymstra, C, Bryce, RW, Wotton, BM, Taylor, SW, Armitage, OB (2010) Development and structure of Prometheus: The Canadian wildland fire growth simulation model. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry Centre, Information Report NOR-X-417. Edmonton, AB.Google Scholar
Vallis, GK (2017) Atmospheric and Oceanic Fluid Dynamics: Fundamentals and Large-Scale Circulation, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Van Wagner, CE (1977a) Conditions for the start and spread of crown fire. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 7(1), 2334.Google Scholar
Van Wagner, CE (1977b) Effect of slope on fire spread rate. Canadian Forestry Service Bi-monthly Research Notes 33(1), 78.Google Scholar
Viegas, DX (2006) Parametric study of an eruptive fire behaviour model. International Journal of Wildland Fire 15(2), 169177.Google Scholar
Viegas, DX, Pita, LP (2004) Fire spread in canyons. International Journal of Wildland Fire 13(3), 253274.Google Scholar
Viegas, DX, Raposo, J, Davim, DA, Rossa, CG (2012) Study of the jump fire produced by the interaction of two oblique fire fronts. part 1. Analytical model and validation with no-slope laboratory experiments. International Journal of Wildland Fire 21(7), 843856.Google Scholar
Viegas, DX, Simeoni, A, Xanthopoulos, G, Rossa, C, Ribeiro, LM, Pita, LP, Stipanicev, D, Zinoviev, A, Weber, R, Dold, J, Caballero, D (2009) Recent Forest Fire Related Accidents in Europe. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.Google Scholar
Weise, DR, Biging, GS (1996) Effects of wind velocity and slope on flame properties. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26(10), 18491858.Google Scholar
Werth, PA, Potter, BE, Alexander, ME, Cruz, MG, Clements, CB, Finney, MA, Forthofer, JM, Goodrick, SL, Hoffman, C, Jolly, WM, McAllister, SS (2011) Synthesis of Knowledge of Extreme Fire Behavior, Vol. 1. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-854. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. Portland, OR.Google Scholar
Williams, J. (2013) Exploring the onset of high-impact mega-fires through a forest land management prism. Forest Ecology and Management 294, 410.Google Scholar
Wu, Y, Xing, HJ, Atkinson, G (2000) Interaction of fire plume with inclined surface. Fire Safety Journal 35(4), 391403.Google Scholar
Zekri, N, Harrouz, O, Kaiss, A, Clerc, JP, Viegas, XD (2016) Generalized Byram’s formula for arbitrary fire front geometries. International Journal of Thermal Sciences 110, 222228.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×