Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T08:29:48.637Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 2 - Development of the Heart

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 April 2024

Robert H. Anderson
Affiliation:
Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University
Andrew C. Cook
Affiliation:
University College London
Diane E. Spicer
Affiliation:
University of Florida
Anthony M. Hlavacek
Affiliation:
Medical University of South Carolina
Carl L. Backer
Affiliation:
Cincinnati Children's Hospital
Justin T. Tretter
Affiliation:
Cleveland Clinic, Ohio
Get access

Summary

Cardiac surgeons, like paediatric cardiologists, consider that knowledge of cardiac development, and morphogenesis, is a major aid to the understanding of the anatomy of both the normal and the congenitally malformed heart. In previous editions of our textbook, we have eschewed the option of including a chapter on development. We had taken the stance that, until recently, accounts of the complex changes occurring during cardiac development were based on speculations, rather than evidence. Since the turn of the century, all that has changed. Evidence now exists not only to underpin accurate descriptions of the changes in morphology that occur during development, but also to reveal the lineages and molecular biology of the multiple tissues found in the definitive structures.1 In this chapter, however, we will confine ourselves to description of the key morphological features of cardiac development.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Meilhac, SM, Buckingham, ME. The deployment of cell lineages that form the mammalian heart. Nat Rev Cardiol 2018; 15: 705724.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hikspoors, JP, Kruepunga, N, Mommen, G, et al. A pictorial account of the human embryonic heart between 3.5 and 8 weeks of development. Commun Biol 2022; 5: 122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis, CL. Development of the human heart from its first appearance to the stage found in embryos of twenty paired somites. Contributions Embryol, Carnegie Inst 1927; 107: 247284.Google Scholar
O’Rahilly, R, Müller, F. Developmental stages in human embryos: revised and new measurements. Cells Tissues Organs 2010; 192: 7384.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manner, J. On the form problem of embryonic heart loops, its geometrical solutions, and a new biophysical concept of cardiac looping. Ann Anat 2013; 195: 312323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodgers, LS, Lalani, S, Runyan, RB, Camenisch, TD. Differential growth and multicellular villi direct proepicardial translocation to the developing mouse heart. Dev Dyn 2008; 237: 145152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webb, S, Kanani, M, Anderson, RH, Richardson, MK, Brown, NA. Development of the human pulmonary vein and its incorporation in the morphologically left atrium. Cardiol Young 2001; 11: 632642.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jensen, B, Spicer, DE, Sheppard, MN, Anderson, RH. Development of the atrial septum in relation to postnatal anatomy and interatrial communications. Heart 2017; 103: 456462.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hagen, PT, Scholz, DG, Edwards, WD. Incidence and size of patent foramen ovale during the first 10 decades of life: an autopsy study of 965 normal hearts. Mayo Clin Proc 1984; 59: 1720.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lamers, WH, Wessels, A, Verbeek, FJ, et al. New findings concerning ventricular septation in the human heart. Implications for maldevelopment.Circulation 1992; 86: 11941205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Christoffels, VM, Habets, PE, Franco, D, et al. Chamber formation and morphogenesis in the developing mammalian heart. Dev Biol 2000; 223: 266278.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allwork, SP, Anderson, RH. Developmental anatomy of the membranous part of the ventricular septum in the human heart. Heart 1979; 41: 275280.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, RH, Jensen, B, Mohun, TJ, et al. Key questions relating to left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy: is the emperor still wearing any clothes? Can J Cardiol 2017; 33: 747757.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Graham, A, Poopalasundaram, S, Shone, V, Kiecker, C. A reappraisal and revision of the numbering of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat 2019; 235: 10191023.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, RH, Bamforth, SD, Gupta, SK. How best to describe the pharyngeal arch arteries when the fifth arch does not exist? Cardiol Young 2020; 30: 17081710.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, RH, Bamforth, SD. Morphogenesis of the mammalian aortic arch arteries. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10: 892900.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kramer, TC. The partitioning of the truncus and conus and the formation of the membranous portion of the interventricular septum in the human heart. Am J Anat 1942; 71: 343370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, RH, Chaudhry, B, Mohun, TJ, et al. Normal and abnormal development of the intrapericardial arterial trunks in humans and mice. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 95: 108115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Vries, PA, Saunders, JB. Development of the ventricles and spiral outflow tract in the human heart: a contribution to the development of the human heart from age group IX to age group XV. Cont Embryol 1962; 37: 87114.Google Scholar
Odgers, PN. The development of the pars membranacea septi in the human heart. J Anat 1938; 72: 247259.Google ScholarPubMed
Anderson, RH, Tretter, JT, Spicer, DE, Mori, S. The fate of the outflow tract septal complex in relation to the classification of ventricular septal defects. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2019; 6:9.Google Scholar
Wessels, A, Vermeulen, JL, Verbeek, FJ, et al. Spatial distribution of ‘tissue-specific’ antigens in the developing human heart and skeletal muscle. III. An immunohistochemical analysis of the distribution of the neural tissue antigen GlN2 in the embryonic heart; implications for the development of the atrioventricular conduction system. Anat Rec 1992; 232: 97111.Google ScholarPubMed
Anderson, RH, Spicer, DE, Mori, S. Of tracts, rings, nodes, cusps, sinuses, and arrhythmias – a comment on Szili-Torok et al.’s paper entitled ‘The “Dead-End Tract” and Its Role in Arrhythmogenesis’. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2016; 3: 17.Google ScholarPubMed
Hikspoors, JP, Macías, Y, Tretter, JT, et al. Miniseries 1 – part I: the development of the atrioventricular conduction axis. EP Europace 2022; 24: 432442.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sternick, EB, Sanchez-Quintana, D, Wellens, HJ, Anderson, RH. Mahaim revisited. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev 2022; 11: e14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, RH, Turner, JE, Henderson, DJ. The morphogenesis of abnormal coronary arteries in the congenitally malformed heart. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2022; 164: 344349.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hackensellner, HA. Akzessorische Kranzgefäßanlagen der Arteria pulmonalis unter 63 menschlichen Embryonen-Serien mit einer größten Länge von 12 bis 36 mm. Z Mikrosk Anat Forsch 1956; 62: 153164.Google Scholar
Bogers, AJ, Gittenberger-de Groot, AC, Poelmann, RE, Peault, BM, Huysmans, HA. Development of the origin of the coronary arteries, a matter of ingrowth or outgrowth? Anat Embryol 1989; 180: 437441.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×