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Book contents
- Why Mothers Died and How Their Lives Are Saved
- Why Mothers Died and How Their Lives Are Saved
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Contributors
- Foreword
- Foreword
- Introduction
- 1 Historical Background
- 2 THE FIRST STEPS: 1900–1939
- 3 How the Confidential Enquiries Evolved
- 4 THE MISSING CHAPTER? PROLONGED LABOUR AND OBSTETRIC TRAUMA
- 5 HOW THE CHANGE BEGAN: THE STORY OF SEPSIS
- 6 Haemorrhage Then and Now
- 7 HYPERTENSION: ENQUIRIES, TRIALS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- 8 The Story of Abortion
- 9 CHALLENGING TRADITION: THE STORY OF EMBOLISM
- 10 Pregnancy and Illness
- 11 Maternal Death due to Anaesthesia
- 12 Psychiatric Illness
- 13 THE MOTHERS WHO DIED: SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF MATERNAL HEALTH
- 14 THE LEGACY IN THE UNITED KINGDOM: THE CONCEPT OF ‘NEAR MISS’ AND THE NEED TO KEEP SAVING LIVES
- 15 International Maternal Health: Global Action
- 16 International Action: Personal Views
- Figure Permissions
- Further Reading
- Index
1 - Historical Background
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 April 2023
- Why Mothers Died and How Their Lives Are Saved
- Why Mothers Died and How Their Lives Are Saved
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Contributors
- Foreword
- Foreword
- Introduction
- 1 Historical Background
- 2 THE FIRST STEPS: 1900–1939
- 3 How the Confidential Enquiries Evolved
- 4 THE MISSING CHAPTER? PROLONGED LABOUR AND OBSTETRIC TRAUMA
- 5 HOW THE CHANGE BEGAN: THE STORY OF SEPSIS
- 6 Haemorrhage Then and Now
- 7 HYPERTENSION: ENQUIRIES, TRIALS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- 8 The Story of Abortion
- 9 CHALLENGING TRADITION: THE STORY OF EMBOLISM
- 10 Pregnancy and Illness
- 11 Maternal Death due to Anaesthesia
- 12 Psychiatric Illness
- 13 THE MOTHERS WHO DIED: SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF MATERNAL HEALTH
- 14 THE LEGACY IN THE UNITED KINGDOM: THE CONCEPT OF ‘NEAR MISS’ AND THE NEED TO KEEP SAVING LIVES
- 15 International Maternal Health: Global Action
- 16 International Action: Personal Views
- Figure Permissions
- Further Reading
- Index
Summary
In the eighteenth century medical schools and hospitals first appeared in Britain, and so did man-midwives. One of them, William Smellie, was later called 'the father of British midwifery'. In the nineteenth century the medical profession became organised, anaesthesia was discovered and the germ theory of infection was proved. The Obstetrical Society of London was formed in 1858. Midwives, however, were seen as incompetent 'Sarah Gamps'. This changed in 1902 when the Midwives Act transformed midwifery from a craft into a profession, after a long campaign led by a nurse, Zepherina Smith, and a doctor, Sir Francis Champneys, who became chairman of the Central Midwives Board. In the twentieth century the Ministry of Health was established and maternity homes were created. In 1929 the British College of Obstetrics and Gynaecologists was formed but most births took place at home, where a GP would be called if complications occurred. All this time the maternal mortality rate did not change. From 1830 until 1930 one mother died in every 250 births. What did change was the public mood, and demand for action steadily grew.
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- Why Mothers Died and How their Lives are SavedThe Story of Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths, pp. 3 - 16Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2023