5 - Conclusion

Summary

Chapter 5 presents a comprehensive conclusion, revisiting the theory of vested interests in the context of education policy. It summarises the key findings of the analysis and examines the extent to which group politics can explain both change and stability in European education systems. The chapter highlights the growing tensions between interest groups – particularly the dominant teachers’ unions, which have a strong stake in maintaining the status quo – and governments striving to improve underperforming education systems, provide better support for the most vulnerable students, and raise academic standards for all. Ultimately, the chapter argues that for governments to achieve meaningful educational reform, they must first redefine their relationship with powerful interest groups, particularly the unions, to overcome entrenched resistance and drive lasting change.