Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-669899f699-cf6xr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-04-27T19:08:23.467Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

17 - The use of area–time closures as a tool to manage cetacean-watch tourism

from Part III - Ecological dimensions of whale-watching

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 April 2014

By
Julian Tyne ,
Neil Loneragan  and
Lars Bejder
Edited by
James Higham ,
Lars Bejder  and
Rob Williams
Julian Tyne
Affiliation:
Murdoch University,Western Australia
Neil Loneragan
Affiliation:
Murdoch University,Western Australia
Lars Bejder
Affiliation:
Murdoch University, Western Australia
James Higham
Affiliation:
University of Otago, New Zealand
Lars Bejder
Affiliation:
Murdoch University, Western Australia
Rob Williams
Affiliation:
University of St Andrews, Scotland
Get access

Summary

Introduction

The world's oceans have been exploited for generations. In some cases, this has led to the removal of top predators from ecosystems, resulting in a cascading effect through trophic levels altering ecosystems and restructuring food webs (Pauly et al., 2002; Myers & Worm, 2003). Cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises) have also been targeted, mainly for their meat and oil, and some populations being driven close to extinction. Fortunately, attitudes towards cetaceans have changed over the past two decades, and rather than harvest them, it is now more desirable to observe them in their natural environment (Bearzi et al., 2010). Today, cetaceans are icons for marine conservation efforts. The USA was the first country to introduce legislation to protect marine mammals through the Marine Mammal Protection Act 1972 (MMPA). The MMPA was designed to minimize the capture or ‘take’, harassment and disturbance of marine mammals, primarily from fishing operations as by-catch and from cetacean hunting. The MMPA defines the term ‘take’ as ‘hunting, killing, capture and harassment of a marine mammal or the attempt thereof’. Since the declaration of the MMPA, other countries have adopted their own legislation, e.g. The Marine Mammals Protection Act 1978 in New Zealand and the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 in Australia.

Type
Chapter
Information
Whale-watching
Sustainable Tourism and Ecological Management
 , pp. 242 - 260
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2014

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Allen, S., Smith, H., Waples, K. & Harcourt, R. (2007). The voluntary code of conduct for dolphin watching in Port Stephens, Australia: Is self-regulation an effective management tool?Journal of Cetacean Resource Management 9, 159–166.Google Scholar
Alter, E.S., Simmonds, M.P. & Brandon, J.R. (2010). Forecasting the consequences of climate-driven shifts in human behavior on cetaceans. Marine Policy 34, 943–954.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrews, K.R., Karczmarski, L., Au, W.W.L., et al. (2010). Rolling stones and stable homes: Social structure, habitat diversity and population genetics of the Hawaiian spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris). Molecular Ecology 19, 732–748.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashe, E., Noran, D.P. & Williams, R. (2010). Animal behaviour and marine protected areas: Incorporating behavioural data into the selection of marine protected areas for an endangered killer whale population. Animal Conservation 13, 196–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ballantyne, R., Packer, J. & Falk, J. (2010). Visitors’ learning for environmental sustainability: Testing short- and long-term impacts of wildlife tourism experiences using structural equation modelling. Tourism Management, .
Beale, C.M. & Monaghan, P. (2004). Behavioural responses to human disturbance: A matter of choice?Animal Behaviour 68, 1065–1069.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bearzi, G., Pierantonio, N., Bonizzoni, S., Notarbartolo Di Sciara, G. & Demma, M. (2010). Perception of a cetacean mass stranding in Italy: The emergence of compassion. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20, 644–654.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bearzi, G., Politi, E., Agazzi, S. & Azzellino, A. (2006). Prey depletion caused by overfishing and the decline of marine megafauna in eastern Ionian Sea coastal waters (central Mediterranean). Biological Conservation 127, 373–382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beasley, I., Bejder, L. & Marsh, H. (2010). Dolphin-watching Tourism in the Meekong River, Cambodia: A case study of economic interests influencing conservation. International Whaling Commissions 62nd Annual Meeting in Agadir, Morroco, 2010.
Bejder, L. (2005). Linking short and long-term effects of nature-based tourism on cetaceans. PhD, Dalhousie University, Canada.
Bejder, L. & Samuels, A. (2003). Evaluating the effects of nature-based tourism on cetaceans. In Gales, N.M., Hindell, M. & Kirkwood, R. (Eds), Marine Mammals and Humans: Towards a sustainable balance. Collingwood, Australia: CSIRO Publishing.Google Scholar
Bejder, L., Dawson, S.M. & Harraway, J.A. (1999). Responses by hector's dolphins to boats and swimmers in Porpoise Bay, New Zealand. Marine Mammal Science 15, 738–750.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bejder, L., Samuels, A., Whitehead, H. & Gales, N. (2006a). Interpreting short-term behavioural responses to disturbance within a longitudinal perspective. Animal Behaviour 72, 1149–1158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bejder, L., Samuels, A., Whitehead, H., et al. (2006b). Decline in relative abundance of bottlenose dolphins exposed to long-term disturbance. Conservation Biology 20, 1791–1798.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bejder, L., Samuels, A., Whitehead, H., Finn, H. & Allen, S. (2009). Impact assessment research: Use and misuse of habituation, sensitisation and tolerance in describing wildlife responses to anthropogenic stimuli. Marine Ecology Progress Series 395, 177–185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beniot-Bird, K.J. & Au, W.W.L. (2003). Prey dynamics affect foraging by a pelagic predator (Stenella longirostris) over a range of spatial and temporal scales. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 53, 364–373.Google Scholar
Carlson, C. (2009). A review of whale watch guidelines and regulations around the world, version 2009. Retrieved from .
Christensen, A., Rowe, S. & Needham, M.D. (2007). Value orientations, awareness of consequences, and participation in a whale watching education program in Oregon. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 12, 275–279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christiansen, F., Lusseau, D., Stensland, E. & Berggren, P. (2010). Effects of tourist boats on the behaviour of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins off the south coast of Zanzibar. Endangered Species Research 11, 91–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cisneros-Montemayor, A.M., Sumaila, U.R., Kaschner, K. & Pauly, D. (2010). The global potential for whale watching. Marine Policy 34, 1273–1278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, C., Ellison, W., Southall, B., et al. (2009). Acoustic masking in marine ecosystems: Intuitions, analysis, and implication. Marine Ecology Progress Series 395, 201–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Constantine, R. (2001). Increased avoidance of swimmers by wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) due to long-term exposure to swim-with-dolphin tourism. Marine Mammal Science 17, 689–702.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Constantine, R., Brunton, D.H. & Dennis, T. (2004). Dolphin-watching tour boats change bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) behaviour. Biological Conservation 117, 299–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Courbis, S. (2007). Effect of spinner dolphin presence on level of swimmer and vessel activity in Hawai'ian bays. Tourism in Marine Environments 4, 1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Courbis, S. & Timmel, G. (2009). Effects of vessels and swimmers on behavior of Hawaiian spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) in Kealake'akua, Honaunau, and Kauhako bays, Hawai'i. Marine Mammal Science 25, 430–440.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Culik, B.M. & Wilson, R.P. (1995). Penguins disturbed by tourists. Nature 376, 301–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Danil, K., Maldini, D. & Marten, K. (2005). Patterns of use of Maku'a Beach, O’ahu, Hawai'i by spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) and potential effects of swimmers on their behavior. Aquatic Mammals 31, 403–412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delfour, F. (2007). Hawaiian spinner dolphins and the growing dolphin watching activity in Oahu. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK 87, 109–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dudley, N. (2008). Guidelines for Applying Protected Area Management Categories. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gales, N.J., Kasuya, T., Clapham, P.J. & Brownell, R.L. (2005). Japan's whaling plan under scrutiny. Nature 435, 883–884.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garrod, B. & Fennell, D.A. (2004). An analysis of whale watching codes of conduct. Annals of Tourism Research 31, 334–352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gormley, A.M., Slooten, E., Dawson, S., et al. (2012). First evidence that marine protected areas can work for marine mammals. Journal of Applied Ecology 49, 474–480.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harwood, J. & Wilson, B. (2001). The implications of developments on the Atlantic Frontier for marine mammals. Continental Shelf Research 21, 1073–1093.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Higham, J.E.S. & Bejder, L. (2008). Managing wildlife-based tourism: Edging slowly towards sustainability?Current Issues in Tourism, 11, 75–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Higham, J. & Carr, A. (2002). Ecotourism visitor experiences in Aotearoa/New Zealand: Challenging the environmental values of visitors in pursuit of pro-environmental behaviour. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 10, 277–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Higham, J. & Lusseau, D. (2007). Defining critical habitats: The spatio-ecological approach to managing tourism–wildlife interactions. In J.E.S. Higham (Ed.), Critical Issues in Ecotourism. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.Google Scholar
Higham, J.E.S., Bejder, L. & Lusseau, D. (2008). An integrated and adaptive management model to address the long-term sustainability of tourist interactions with cetaceans. Environmental Conservation 35, 294–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hooker, S.K. & Gerber, L.R. (2004). Marine reserves as a tool for ecosystem-based management: The potential importance of megafauna. BioScience 54, 27–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoyt, E. (2007). A Blueprint for Dolphin and Whale Watching Development. Washington, DC: Humane Society International.Google Scholar
Hoyt, E. (2011). Marine Protected Areas for Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises: A world handbook for cetacean habitat conservation and planning. London: Earthscan.Google Scholar
IUCN. (1994). Guidelines for Protected Area Management Categories. CNPPA with assistance of WCMC, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. x + 261 pp.Google Scholar
IWC (2006). Report of the Scientific Committee. Cetacean Research and Management. Cambridge: IWC, pp. 1–160.
Jefferson, T.A., Hung, S.K. & Würsig, B. (2009). Protecting small cetaceans from coastal development: Impact assessment and mitigation experience in Hong Kong. Marine Policy 33, 305–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, F.H., Bejder, L., Wahlberg, M., Aguilar Soto, N., Johnson, M. & Madsen, P.T. (2009). Vessel noise effects on delphinid communication. Marine Ecology Progress Series 395, 161–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnston, D.W. & Read, A.J. (2007). Flow-field observations of a tidally driven island wake used by marine mammals in the Bay of Fundy, Canada. Fisheries Oceanography 16, 422–435.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnston, D.W., Thorne, L.H. & Read, A.J. (2005a). Fin whales Balaenoptera physalus and minke whales Balaenoptera acutorostrata exploit a tidally driven island wake ecosystem in the Bay of Fundy. Marine Ecology Progress Series 305, 287–295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnston, D.W., Westgate, A.J. & Read, A.J. (2005b). Effects of fine-scale oceanographic features on the distribution and movements of harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena in the Bay of Fundy. Marine Ecology Progress Series 295, 279–293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keane, A., Jones, J.P.G., Edwards-Jones, G. & Milner-Gulland, E.J. (2008). The sleeping policeman: Understanding issues of enforcement and compliance in conservation. Animal Conservation 11, 75–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keane, A., Ramarolahy, A.A., Jones, J.P.G. & Milner-Gulland, E.J. (2011). Evidence for the effects of environmental engagement and education on knowledge of wildlife laws in Madagascar. Conservation Letters 4, 55–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kessler, M. & Harcourt, R. (2010). Aligning tourist, industry and government expectations: A case study from the swim with whales industry in Tonga. Marine Policy 34, 1350–1356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lauck, T., Clark, C.W., Mangel, M. & Munro, G.R. (1998). Implementing the precautionary principle in fisheries management through marine reserves. Ecological Applications 8, 72–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lück, M. (2003). Education on marine mammal tours as agent for conservation – But do tourists want to be educated?Ocean & Coastal Management 46, 943–956.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lusseau, D. (2003a). The effects of tour boats on the behavior of bottlenose dolphins: Using Markov chains to model anthropogenic impacts. Conservation Biology 17, 1785–1793.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lusseau, D. (2003b). Male and female bottlenose dolphins Tursiops spp. have different strategies to avoid interactions with tour boats in Doubtful Sound, New Zealand. Marine Ecology Progress Series 257, 267–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lusseau, D. (2004). The hidden cost of tourism: Detecting long-term effects of tourism using behavioural information. Ecology and Society 9 (1), art. 2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lusseau, D. (2005). Residency patten of bottlenose dolphins Tursiops spp. in Milford Sound, New Zealand is related to boat traffic. Marine Ecology Progress Series 295, 265–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lusseau, D. & Higham, J.E.S. (2004). Managing the impacts of dolphin-based tourism through the definition of critical habitats: The case of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops spp.) in Doubtful Sound, New Zealand. Tourism Management 25, 657–667.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lusseau, D., Slooten, L. & Currey, R.J.C. (2006). Unsustainable dolphin-watching tourism in Fiordland, New Zealand. Tourism in Marine Environments 3, 173–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lusseau, D., Bain, E.D., Williams, R. & Smith, J.C. (2009). Vessel traffic disrupts the foraging behaviour of southern resident killer whales Orcinus orca. Endangered Species Research 6, 211–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mangel, J.C., Alfaro-Shigueto, J., Van Waerebeek, K., et al. (2010). Small cetacean captures in Peruvian artisanal fisheries: High despite protective legislation. Biological Conservation 143, 136–143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Müllner, A., Eduard Linsenmair, K. & Wikelski, M. (2004). Exposure to ecotourism reduces survival and affects stress response in hoatzin chicks (Opisthocomus hoazin). Biological Conservation 118, 549–558.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mustika, P.L.K., Birtles, A., Everingham, Y. & Marsh, H. (2012a). The human dimensions of wildlife tourism in a developing country: Watching spinner dolphins at Lovina, Bali, Indonesia. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, .
Mustika, P.L.K., Birtles, A., Welters, R. & Marsh, H. (2012b). The economic influence of community-based dolphin watching on a local economy in a developing country: Implications for conservation. Ecological Economics 79, 11–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers, R.A. & Worm, B. (2003). Rapid worldwide depletion of predatory fish communities. Nature 423, 280–283.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nellemann, C., Jordhøy, P., Støen, O.-G. & Strand, O. (2000). Cumulative impacts of tourist resorts on wild reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) during winter. Arctic 53, 9–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
NOAA (2005). Protecting Spinner Dolphins in the Main Hawaiian Islands From Human Activities that Cause ‘Take,’ as Defined in the Marine Mammal Protection Act and Its Implementing Regulations, or To Otherwise Adversely Affect the Dolphins. In N.O.a.A. Administration (Ed.), 051110296–5296–01; I.D.102405A.
Norris, K.S. & Dohl, T.P. (1980). Behavior of the Hawaiian spinner dolphin, Stenella longirostris. Fisheries Bulletin 77, 821–849.Google Scholar
Norris, K.S., Wursig, B., Wells, S. & Wursig, M. (1994). The Hawaiian Spinner Dolphin. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Notarbartolo Di Sciara, G., Hanafy, M.H., Fouda, M.M., Afifi, A. & Costa, M. (2008). Spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris) resting habitat in Samadai Reef (Egypt, Red Sea) protected through tourism management. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK 89, 211–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nowacek, D.P., Thorne, L.H., Johnston, D.W. & Tyack, P.L. (2007). Responses of cetaceans to anthropogenic noise. Mammal Review 37, 81–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
NRC (2005). Marine Mammal Populations and Ocean Noise: Determining when noise causes biologically significant effects. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
O’Connor, S., Campbell, R., Cortez, H. & Knowles, T. (2009). Whale Watching Worldwide: Tourism numbers, expenditures and expanding economic benefits, a special report from the International Fund for Animal Welfare. Yarmouth, MA: IFAW.Google Scholar
Orams, M.B. (1996). Using interpretation to manage nature-based tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 4, 81–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orams, M.B. (1997). The effectivenes of environmental education: Can we turn tourists into ‘Greenies’? Progress in Tourism and Hospitality Research 3, 295–306.3.0.CO;2-D>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Panigada, S., Pesante, G., Zanardelli, M., Capoulade, F., Gannier, A. & Weinrich, M.T. (2006). Mediterranean fin whales at risk from fatal ship strikes. Marine Pollution Bulletin 52, 1287–1298.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parent, C. & Weatherhead, P.J. (2000). Behavioral and life history responses of eastern massasauga rattlesnakes (Sistrurus catenatus catenatus) to human disturbance. Oecologia 125, 170–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pauly, D., Christensen, V., Guenette, S., et al. (2002). Towards sustainability in world fisheries. Nature 418, 689–695.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pollock, K.H., Nichols, J.D., Brownie, C. & Hines, J.E. (1990). Statistical inference for capture–recapture experiments. Wildlife Monographs 107, 1–97.Google Scholar
Reijnders, P.J.H., Aguilar, A. & Borrell, A. (2009). Pollution and marine mammals. In Perrin, F.P., Würsig, B. & Thewissen, J.G.M. (Eds), Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals second edition. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Ross, P.S., Barlow, J., Jefferson, T.A., et al. (2011). Ten guiding principles for the delineation of priority habitat for endangered small cetaceans. Marine Policy 35, 483–488.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samuels, A. & Spradlin, T.R. (1995). Quantitative behavioural study of bottlenose dolphins in swim-with-dolphin programs in the United States. Marine Mammal Science 11, 520–544.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scarpaci, C., Dayanthi, N. & Corkeron, P.J. (2003). Compliance with regulations by ‘swim-with-dolphins’ operations in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. Environmental Management 31, 342–347.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schaffar, A., Garrigue, C. & Constantine, R. (2010). Exposure of humpback whales to unregulated whalewatching activities in their main reproductive area in New Caledonia. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 11, 147–152.Google Scholar
Stalmaster, M.V. & Newman, J.R. (1978). Behavioral responses of wintering bald eagles to human activity. The Journal of Wildlife Management 42, 506–513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steckenreuter, A., Harcourt, R. & Möller, L. (2012). Are Speed Restriction Zones an effective management tool for minimising impacts of boats on dolphins in an Australian marine park? Marine Policy 36, 258–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thorne, L.H., Johnston, D.W., Urban, D.L., et al. (2012). Predictive modeling of spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris) resting habitat in the main Hawaiian Islands. PLoS ONE 7(8): e43167. .CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tyack, P.L. (2008). Implications for marine mammals of large-scale changes in the marine acoustic environment. Journal of Mammalogy 89, 549–558.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tyne, J.A., Johnston, D.W., Pollock, K.H. & Bejder, L. (2011). Quantifying the efficacy of a spatio-temporal management intervention on human-dolphin interactions in Hawai'i. In 19th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals, 27 November–2 December 2011, Tampa, Florida.
Wade, P.R. (1998). Calculating limits to the allowable human-caused mortality of cetaceans and pinnipeds. Marine Mammal Science 14, 1–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ward, N. & Macdonald, C. (2009). Sister sanctuary: Care of marine mammal protected areas beyond borders – An innovative management tool for transboundary species. In First International Conference on Marine Mammal Protected Areas, 2009 Maui, Hawaii.
Watson-Capps, J.J. & Mann, J. (2005). The effects of aquaculture on bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops sp.) ranging in Shark Bay, Western Australia. Biological Conservation 124, 519–526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiener, C.S., Needham, M.D. & Wilkinson, P.F. (2009). Hawaii's real life marine park: Interpretation and impacts of commercial marine tourism in the Hawaiian Islands. Current Issues in Tourism 12, 489–504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, R. & Ashe, E. (2007). Killer whale evasive tactics vary with boat number. Journal of Zoology 272, 390–397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, R., Trites, A.W. & Bain, D.E. (2002). Behavioural responses of killer whales (Orcinus orca) to whale-watching boats: Opportunistic observations and experimental approaches. Journal of Zoology 256, 255–270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, R., Lusseau, D. & Hammond, P.S. (2009). The role of social aggregations and protected areas in killer whale conservation: The mixed blessing of critical habitat. Biological Conservation 142, 709–719.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zimmer, W.M.X. & Tyack, P.L. (2007). Repetitive shallow dives pose decompression risk in deep-diving beaked whales. Marine Mammal Science 23, 888–925.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×