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9 - Green messengers or nature's spectacle

Understanding visitor experiences of wild cetacean tours

from Part II - Human dimensions of whale-watching

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 April 2014

By
Heather Zeppel  and
Sue Muloin
Edited by
James Higham ,
Lars Bejder  and
Rob Williams
Heather Zeppel
Affiliation:
University of Southern Queensland
Sue Muloin
Affiliation:
Griffith University
James Higham
Affiliation:
University of Otago, New Zealand
Lars Bejder
Affiliation:
Murdoch University, Western Australia
Rob Williams
Affiliation:
University of St Andrews, Scotland
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Summary

Introduction

In western countries, whales and dolphins are iconic wildlife species and have been a key focus of marine conservation efforts since the 1970s. Social values based on conservation influence the type of benefits now sought from marine wildlife interactions, such as the trend towards non-consumptive viewing of wild cetaceans rather than killing whales or dolphins (Frohoff & Packard, 1995; Muloin, 1998; Bulbeck, 1999; Kellert, 1999; Hoyt, 2003; Parsons et al., 2003; Higham & Lusseau, 2004; Corkeron, 2006; Neves, 2010; Brakes & Simmons, 2011), or seeing wild instead of captive dolphins (Hughes, 2001; Bulbeck, 2005). These new environmental and amenity values of cetaceans as ‘charismatic mega-fauna’ have underpinned the rapid worldwide growth in whale- and dolphin-watching as a marine tourism activity (Hoyt, 2001; Orams, 2005; Cisneros-Montemayor et al., 2010). In 2008, over 13 million people went on whale-watching tours in 119 countries, generating income of US $2 billion in coastal economies (IFAW, 2009). The economic and conservation benefits of cetacean tours are supported by organizations such as the Pacific Whale Foundation, Whale and Dolphin Conservation, and Whales Alive.

Whale-watching is defined as ‘the watching of any cetacean in the wild, an activity which is almost invariably conducted from a platform (e.g. ship, cliff or aeroplane)’ (Warburton, 1999: 12) and as ‘any commercial enterprise which provides for the public to see cetaceans in their natural habitat’ (Warburton et al., 2001: 5). Swimming with humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in Tonga (Orams, 2001; Kessler & Harcourt, 2010), dwarf minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata subspecies) in Australia (Birtles et al., 2002; Valentine et al., 2004), and wild dolphins (Amante-Helweg, 1996; Orams, 1997a; Hughes, 2001; Luck, 2003; Samuels et al., 2003; Blewitt, 2008; Zeppel, 2009; Draheim et al., 2010) are popular activities in selected locations where this is legally permitted. As a result, there is a growing body of research about visitor experiences of wild cetaceans.

Type
Chapter
Information
Whale-watching
Sustainable Tourism and Ecological Management
 , pp. 110 - 127
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2014

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