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2 - Molecular genetics of velo-cardio-facial syndrome

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 August 2009

By
Katrina Prescott  and
Peter J. Scambler
Edited by
Kieran C. Murphy  and
Peter J. Scambler
Peter J. Scambler
Affiliation:
Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Child Health, London, UK
Kieran C. Murphy
Affiliation:
Education and Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland
Peter J. Scambler
Affiliation:
Institute of Child Health, University College London
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Summary

Introduction

It has been known for over a decade that the majority of cases of DiGeorge Syndrome (DGS) and velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS) are caused by an interstitial deletion of chromosome 22q11 (Carey et al., 1992). Rarely, terminal deletions and balanced translocations involving chromosome 22q11 may also cause the syndrome, and some cases appear to have a robust diagnosis but no deletion. Estimates of the frequency with which the deletions occur have been made from populations where ascertainment is thought to be particularly high and generally suggest an incidence of 1: 4000 live births (Wilson et al., 1994; Du Montcel et al., 1996); 5–10% of deletions are inherited (Ryan et al., 1997). Molecular studies have shown that most patients have a 3Mb interstitial deletion – the typically deleted region, or TDR – a minority having somewhat smaller (1.5–2 Mb) deletions (Emanuel et al., 1998). As will be evident from other chapters in this volume there is a great deal of variation in severity and type of malformation between patients. However, there is no evidence that the size or the precise endpoints of the deletion have any influence on phenotype. Variation of phenotype extends to individuals within the same family and, as molecular studies have shown that deletion size is stable in different members of the same family, this cannot be ascribed to subtle differences in the extent or position of the deletion. Moreover, phenotypic discordance between monozygotic twins has been described (Goodship et al., 1995).

Keywords

22q11 deletion syndromebehavioral difficultyinterstitial chromosome deletionmolecular geneticsprenatal diagnosisvelo-cardio-facial syndrome
Type
Chapter
Information
Velo-Cardio-Facial Syndrome
A Model for Understanding Microdeletion Disorders
 , pp. 19 - 46
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2005

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