Book contents
- The Unintended Consequences of Peace
- The Unintended Consequences of Peace
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Tables
- Preface
- Abbreviations
- 1 The Reality of Peaceful Borders and Illicit Transnational Flows
- 2 A Framework to Explain the Reality of Peaceful Borders and Illicit Transnational Flows
- 3 The Americas: A General View
- 4 The Americas: From the US-Canadian Border to the Tri-Border Area of South America
- 5 Europe: The Schengen Regime and the Western Balkan Borders
- 6 A Triangle of Peace in the Middle East: The Israeli–Egyptian and Israeli–Jordanian Borders
- 7 The Southern African Borders in the Postapartheid Era
- 8 ASEAN and the Southeast Asian Borders
- 9 Comparisons, Policy Recommendations, and Conclusions
- References
- Index
- References
References
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 June 2021
Book contents
- The Unintended Consequences of Peace
- The Unintended Consequences of Peace
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Tables
- Preface
- Abbreviations
- 1 The Reality of Peaceful Borders and Illicit Transnational Flows
- 2 A Framework to Explain the Reality of Peaceful Borders and Illicit Transnational Flows
- 3 The Americas: A General View
- 4 The Americas: From the US-Canadian Border to the Tri-Border Area of South America
- 5 Europe: The Schengen Regime and the Western Balkan Borders
- 6 A Triangle of Peace in the Middle East: The Israeli–Egyptian and Israeli–Jordanian Borders
- 7 The Southern African Borders in the Postapartheid Era
- 8 ASEAN and the Southeast Asian Borders
- 9 Comparisons, Policy Recommendations, and Conclusions
- References
- Index
- References
Summary
A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- The Unintended Consequences of PeacePeaceful Borders and Illicit Transnational Flows, pp. 251 - 288Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2021
References
Abbott, Philip K. 2004. “Terrorist Threats in the Tri-Border Area: Myth or Reality?,” Military Review, 51–55.Google Scholar
Acharya, Amitav. 1998. “Culture, Security, Multilateralism: The ‘ASEAN Way’ and Regional Order,” Contemporary Security Policy 19 (1): 55–84.Google Scholar
Acharya, Amitav. 2001. Constructing a Security Community in Southeast Asia: ASEAN and the Problem of Regional Order. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Acharya, Amitav. 2004. “How Ideas Spread: Whose Norms Matter? Norm Localization and Institutional Change in Asian Regionalism,” International Organization 58 (2): 239–275.Google Scholar
Acharya, Amitav. 2009. “The Strong in the World of the Weak: Southeast Asia in Asia’s Regional Architecture,” in Green, Michael J., and Gill, Bates (eds.), Asia’s New Multilateralism: Cooperation, Competition, and the Search for Community. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 172–192.Google Scholar
Acharya, Amitav, and Boutin, Ken. 1998. “The Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone Treaty,” Security Dialogue 29 (2): 219–230.Google Scholar
Aeby, Michael. 2018. “Peace and Security Challenges in Southern Africa: Governance Deficit and Lacklustre Regional Conflict Management,” Policy Note 4: 1–6.Google Scholar
African Union. 2018. “Protocol to the Treaty Establishing the African Economic Community Relating to Free Movement of Persons, Right of Residence and Right of Establishment.” Addis Ababa, January 29. au.int/sites/default/files/treaties/36403-treaty-protocol_on_free_movement_of_persons_in_africa_e.pdf.Google Scholar
Aguiar, José Carlos G. 2015. “Making Sense of Borders: Global Circulations and the Rule of Law at the Iguazú Triangle,” in Jaskoski, Maiah, Sotomayor, Arturo C., and Trinkunas, Harold A. (eds.), American Crossings: Border Politics in the Western Hemisphere. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 189–203.Google Scholar
Alagappa, Muthiah. 1993. “Regionalism and the Quest for Security: ASEAN and the Cambodian Conflict,” Journal of International Affairs 46 (2): 439–467.Google Scholar
Alexandrova-Arbatova, Nadia. 2004. “European Security and International Terrorism: The Balkan Connection,” Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 4 (3): 361–378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amidror, Yaakov, and Lerman, Eran. 2015. “Jordanian Security and Prosperity: An Essential Aspect of Israeli Policy,” BESA Center Perspective Papers 323, December 27.Google Scholar
Andreas, Peter. 2003. “Redrawing the Line: Borders and Security in the Twenty-First Century,” International Security 28 (2): 78–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andreas, Peter. 2005. “The Mexicanization of the US-Canada Border: Asymmetric Interdependence in a Changing Security Context,” International Journal 60 (2): 449–62.Google Scholar
Andreas, Peter. 2009. Border Games: Policing the U.S.-Mexico Divide, 2nd ed. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Andreas, Peter. 2010. “The Politics of Measuring Illicit Flows and Policy Effectiveness,” in Andreas, Peter, and Greenhill, Kelly M., (eds.), Sex, Drugs, and Body Counts: The Politics of Numbers in Global Crime and Conflict. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, pp. 23–45.Google Scholar
Andreas, Peter. 2011a. “Symbiosis between Peace Operations and Illict Business in Bosnia,” in Cockayne, James, and Lupel, Adam (eds.), Peace Operations and Organized Crime. London: Routledge, pp. 33–46.Google Scholar
Andreas, Peter. 2011b. “Illicit Globalization, Myths, Misconceptions, and Historical Lessons,” Political Science Quarterly 126 (3): 403–425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andreas, Peter. 2015. “Illicit Americas: Historical Dynamics of Smuggling in the United States’ Relations with Its Neighbors,” in Jaskoski, Maiah, Sotomayor, Arturo C., and Trinkunas, Harold A. (eds.), American Crossings: Border Politics in the Western Hemisphere. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 153–170.Google Scholar
Andreas, Peter, and Duran Martinez, Angélica. 2015. “The International Politics of Drugs and Illicit Trade in the Americas,” in Domínguez, Jorge I., and Covarrubias, Ana (eds.), Routledge Handbook of Latin America in the World. London: Routledge, pp. 376–390.Google Scholar
Andreas, Peter, and Greenhill, Kelly M. 2010. “Introduction: The Politics of Numbers,” in Andreas, Peter, and Greenhill, Kelly M (eds.), Sex, Drugs, and Body Counts: The Politics of Numbers in Global Crime and Conflict. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, pp. 1–22.Google Scholar
Andreev, Svetlozar A. 2004. “The Borders in Southeast Europe: Democratic Legitimacy and Security Issues in an Enlarging European Union,” Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 4 (3): 379–398.Google Scholar
Aning, Kwesi, and Pokoo, John. 2017. “Between Conflict and Integration: Border Governance in Africa in Times of Migration,” International Reports 1: 54–65.Google Scholar
Araia, Tesfalem. 2009. “Report on Human Smuggling across the South Africa/Zimbabwe Border,” Migrant Rights Monitoring Project, Forced Migration Studies Program, www.refugeeresearch.net/node/277.Google Scholar
Arana, Ana. 2005. “How the Street Gangs Took Central America,” Foreign Affairs 84 (3): 98–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arias, Enrique Desmond. 2010. “Understanding Criminal Networks, Political Order, and Politics in Latin America,” in Clunan, Anne L., and Trinkunas, Harold A. (eds.), Ungoverned Spaces: Alternatives to State Authority in an Era of Softened Sovereignty. Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp. 115–135.Google Scholar
Arieli, Tamar. 2012. “Borders of Peace in Policy and Practice: An Analysis of the Israel-Jordan Border Management,” Geopolitics 17 (3): 658–680.Google Scholar
Arieli, Tamar. 2016. “Municipal Cross-Border Cooperation in the Post Conflict Environment: The Gulf of Aqaba,” Territory, Politics, Governance 4 (3): 319–336.Google Scholar
Arieli, Tamar, and Cohen, Nissim. 2013. “Policy Entrepeneurs and Post-Conflict Cross-Border Cooperation: A Conceptual Framework and the Israeli-Jordanian Case,” Policy Sciences 46 (3): 237–256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ariff, Mohamed. 1994. “Open Regionalism a la ASEAN,” Journal of Asian Economics 5 (1): 99–117.Google Scholar
Arsovska, Jana, and Kostavos, Panos A. 2008. “Illicit Arms Trafficking and the Limits of Rational Choice Theory: The Case of the Balkans,” Trends in Organized Crime (11): 352–378.Google Scholar
Ashour, Karim. 2016. “Egypt’s North Sinai Post-2011 Revolution: The Nexus between Ungovernability Dimensions and Terrorism,” MA Thesis in Global Affairs, Cairo: The American University in Cairo.Google Scholar
Astorga, Luis, and Shirk, David A. 2010. “Drug Trafficking Organizations and Counter-Drug Strategies in the U.S.-Mexican Context,” UC San Diego: Center for U/S/-Mexican Studies. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8j647429.Google Scholar
Atzili, Boaz. 2012. Good Fences, Bad Neighbors: Border Fixity and International Conflict. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Avdan, Nazli, and Gelpi, Christopher F. 2017. “Do Good Fences Make Good Neighbors? Border Barriers and the Transnational Flows of Terrorist Violence,” International Studies Quarterly 61 (1): 14–27.Google Scholar
Bacon, Esther A. 2007. “Balkan Trafficking in Historical Perspective,” in Thachuk, Kimberley (ed.), Transnational Threats: Smuggling and Trafficking in Arms, Drugs, and Human Life. Westport: Praeger Security International.Google Scholar
Baert, Patrick. 1992. Time, Self, and Social Being: Temporality within a Sociological Context. Belfast: Avebury Press.Google Scholar
Bagley, Bruce M. 2008. “Globalización y crimen organizado en Latinoamérica y el Caribe,” in Solis, Luis G., and Aravena, Francisco R. (eds.), Crimen Organizado en América Latina y el Caribe. Santiago de Chile: FLACSO, pp. 109–138.Google Scholar
Bagley, Bruce M., Rosen, Jonathan D., and Kassab, Hanna S. 2015. Reconceptualizing Security in the Americas in the Twenty-First Century. Lanham: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Baker, Alan. 2012. “Sinai, the New Egypt, and the Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty,” JCPA Report 12 (19).Google Scholar
Barajas, Ismael A., Sisto, Nicholas P., Ayala Gaytán, Edgardo, Chapa Cantú, Joana and Hidalgo López, Benjamín. 2014. “Trade Flows between the United States and Mexico: NAFTA and the Border Region,” Journal of Urban Research 10.Google Scholar
Barak, Oren. 2017. State Expansion and Conflict: In and between Israel/Palestine and Lebanon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Barak, Oren, and Cohen, Chanan. 2013. “The ‘Modern Sherwood Forest’: Theoretical and Practical Challenges,” in Miodownik, Dan, and Barak, Oren (eds.), NonState Actors in Intrastate Conflicts. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 12–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bargent, James. 2019. “Ecuador: A Cocaine Superhighway to the United States and Europe,” InSight Crime, October 30. insightcrime.org/news/analysis/Ecuador-a-cocaine-superhighway-to-the-us-and-europe/.Google Scholar
Bar-Joseph, Uri. 1987. The Best of Enemies: Israel and Transjordan in the War of 1948. London: Frank, Cass & Co.Google Scholar
Barnes, Nicholas. 2017. “Criminal Politics: An Integrated Approach to the Study of Organized Crime, Politics, and Violence,” Perspectives on Politics 15 (4): 967–987.Google Scholar
Bar-Siman-Tov, Yaacov. 2000. “Israel-Egypt Peace: Stable Peace?,” in Kacowicz, Arie M., Bar-Siman-Tov, Yaacov, Elgström, Ole, and Magnus, Jerneck (eds.), Stable Peace among Nations. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, pp. 220–238.Google Scholar
Bartilow, Horace A., and Eom, Kihong. 2009. “Busting Drugs While Paying with Crime: The Collateral Damage of U.S. Drug Enforcement in Foreign Countries,” Foreign Policy Analysis 5 (2): 93–116.Google Scholar
Bartolome, Mariano C. 2002. “La Triple Frontera: Principal Foco de Inseguridad en el Cono Sur Americano,” Military Review: 61–74.Google Scholar
Bar-Tuvia, Shani. 2018. “From Push-Backs to Pull-Backs of Asylum Seekers: The Role of International Norms in Bilateral Migration Control Cooperation,” Unpublished Paper. Jerusalem: The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Department of International Relations.Google Scholar
Bechev, Dimitar. 2006. “Carrots, Sticks, and Norms: The EU and Regional Cooperation in Southeast Europe,” Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans 8 (1): 27–43.Google Scholar
Bello, Paul O., and Olutola, Adewale A. 2020. “The Conundrum of Human Trafficking in Africa,” Online First. www.intechopen.com/online-first/the-conundrum-of-human-trafficking-in-africa.Google Scholar
Benítez Manaut, Raúl. 2018. “Mexico and Its Role in North America’s Security: Between Terrorism and Organized Crime,” in Suarez, Marcial A.G., Villa, Rafael D., and Brigitte, Weiffen (eds.), Power Dynamics and Regional Security in Latin America. New York: Routledge, pp. 319–342.Google Scholar
Bergin, Paul R., Feenstra, Robert C., and Hanson, Gordon H. 2009. “Offshoring and Volatility: Evidence from Mexico’s Maquiladora Industry,” The American Economic Review 99 (4): 1664–1671.Google Scholar
Bergman, Marcelo S. 2006. “Crime and Citizen Security in Latin America: The Challenge for New Scholarship,” Latin American Research Review 41 (2): 213–227.Google Scholar
Berryman, Philip. 1985. Inside Central America: The Essential Facts Past and Present on El Salvador, Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala, and Costa Rica. New York: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar
Berthelet, Pierre. 2017. “How the EU Is Making Major Strides Fighting Terrorism,” The Conversation, August 27.Google Scholar
Bertrand, Jacques. 2019. “Nationalism, Religion, and Sub-State National Identity in Southeast Asia: Regional and Global Relevance,” in Press-Barnathan, Galia, Fine, Ruth, and Kacowicz, Arie M. (eds.), The Relevance of Regions in a Globalized World: Bridging the Social Sciences-Humanities Gap. London: Routledge, pp.93–106.Google Scholar
Betz, Diana. 2009. “Human Trafficking in Southeast Asia: Causes and Policy Implications,” M.A. Thesis. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School.Google Scholar
Bigo, Didier, and Guild, Elspeth. 2010. “The Transformation of European Border Controls,” in Ryan, Bernard, and Valsanis, Mitsilegas (eds.), Extraterritorial Immigration Control: Legal Challenges. Leiden: Brill, pp. 252–273.Google Scholar
Birch, Melissa H. 2014. “Paraguay and Mercosur: The Lesser of Two Evils?,” Latin American Business Review 15 (3–4): 269–290.Google Scholar
Blum, Constanze. 2016. “Transnational Organized Crime in Southern Africa and Mozambique,” FES – Peace and Security Series. Maputo: Friedrich-Ebert-Stifung Mozambique.Google Scholar
Booth, Ken, and Vale, Peter. 1995. “Security in Southern Africa: After Apartheid, Beyond Realism,” International Affairs 71 (2): 285–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bosch, Shannon, and Maritz, Marelic. 2011. “South African Private Security Contractors Active in Armed Conflicts: Citizenship, Prosecution, and the Right to Work,” PIR 14 (7): 71–125.Google Scholar
Bosworth, James. 2010. “Honduras: Organized Crime Gaining amid Political Crisis.” Working Paper Series on Organized Crime in Central America. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, December.Google Scholar
Brafman Kittner, Cristina. 2007. “The Role of Safe Havens in Islamic Terrorism,” Terrorism and Political Violence 19: 307–329.Google Scholar
Briscoe, Ivan Briscoe. 2008. “Trouble on the Borders: Latin America’s New Conflict Zones,” FRIDE, July 2008, pp. 1–9.Google Scholar
Broadhurst, Roderic. 2016. “Asia’s Underworld: Transnational and Organized Crime in Asia,” Working Paper, 1–14.Google Scholar
Broadhurst, Roderic, and Farrelly, Nicholas. 2014. “Organized Crime ‘Control’ in Asia: Experiences from India, China, and the Golden Triangle,” in Paoli, Letizia (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Organized Crime. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 634–654.Google Scholar
Broadhurst, Roderic, and Le, Vy Kim. 2013. “Transnational Organized Crime in East and Southeast Asia,” in Tan, Andrew T. H. (ed.), East and Southeast Asia: International Relations and Security Perspectives. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Brosig, Malte. 2013. “The African Security Complex: Exploring Converging Actors and Policies,” African Security 6 (3–4): 171–190.Google Scholar
Brown, Stuart S., and Hermann, Margaret G. 2020. Transnational Crime and Black Spots: Rethinking Sovereignty and the Global Economy. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Brunet-Jailly, Emmanuel. 2007. “Introduction: Borders, Borderlands, and Porosity,” in Brunet-Jailly, Emmanuel (ed.), Borderlands: Comparing Border Security in North America and Europe. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, pp. 1–17.Google Scholar
Brunet-Jailly, Emmanuel. 2008. “Cascadia in Comparative Perspective: Canada-U.S. Relations and the Emergence of Cross-Border Regions,” Canadian Political Science Review 2 (2): 104–124.Google Scholar
Brunet-Jailly, Emmanuel. 2017. “Director’s Report,” in Borders in Globalization: Exploring Borders in the 21st Century. Victoria: Center for Global Studies, University of Victoria, pp. 6–9.Google Scholar
Bruns, Bettina, Happ, Dorit, and Zichner, Helga (eds.). 2016. European Neighbourhood Policy: Geopolitics between Integration and Security. London: Palgrave/Macmillan.Google Scholar
Bull, Benedicte. 1999. “‘New Regionalism’ in Central America,” Third World Quarterly 20 (5): 957–970.Google Scholar
Buzan, Barry. 1983. People, States, and Fear: The National Security Problem in International Relations. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Buzan, Barry, and Waever, Ole. 2003. Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Caballero-Anthony, Mely. 2018. “A Hidden Scourge,” Finance and Development 55 (3): 18–21.Google Scholar
Cantor, David James. 2014. “The New Wave: Forced Displacement Caused by Organized Crime in Central America and Mexico,” Refugee Survey Quarterly: 1–35.Google Scholar
Carlson, Thomas S. 1997. “The Threat of Transnational Organized Crime to U.S. National Security: A Policy Analysis Using a Center of Gravity Framework,” CSC.Google Scholar
Carpenter, Ami. 2012. “Civilian Protection in Mexico and Guatemala: Humanitarian Engagement with Drug Lords and Gangs,” The Homeland Security Review 6 (2): 109–136.Google Scholar
Cawthra, Gavin. 2010. The Role of SADC in Managing Political Crisis and Conflict: The Cases of Madagascar and Zimbabwe. FES – Peace and Security Series, No. 2. Maputo: Friedrich Ebert Foundation.Google Scholar
CBS News. 2018. “Illegal U.S. Northern Border Crossings up 142 Percent from Last Year,” August 6, 2018, 7:49 AM. cbsnews.com/news/illegal-northern-border-crossings-on-the-rise/.Google Scholar
Centeno, Miguel A. 2002. Blood and Debt: War and the Nation-State in Latin America. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar
Cheatham, Amelia. 2019a. “Central America’s Turbulent Northern Triangle,” Backgrounder, Council on Foreign Relations, October 1. www.cfr.org/backgrounder/central-americas-turbulent-northern-triangle.Google Scholar
Cheatham, Amelia. 2019b. “Mexico’s Drug War,” Backgrounder, Council on Foreign Relations, October 22. www.cfr.org/backgrounder/mexicos-drug-war.Google Scholar
Child, Jack (ed.). 1986. Conflict in Central America: Approaches to Peace and Security. London: C. Hurst and Co.Google Scholar
Chinchilla, Fernando A. 2011. “Open Borders of Latin America,” FOCAL, July. www.focal.ca/publications/focalpoint/478-july-2011-fernando-a-chinchilla.Google Scholar
Chipman, John, and Lockhart Smith, James. 2009. “South America: Framing Regional Security,” Survival 51 (6): 77–104.Google Scholar
Chouvy, Pierre-Arnaud. 2013. “Introduction: Illegal Trades across National Boundaries,” in Chouvy, Pierre-Arnaud (ed.), An Atlas of Trafficking in Southeast Asia: The Illegal Trade in Arms, Drugs, People, Counterfeit Goods, and Natural Resources in Mainland Southeast Asia. London: I. B. Tauris, pp. 1–28.Google Scholar
Clad, James, McDonald, Sean M., and Vaughn, Bruce (eds.). 2011. The Borderlands of Southeast Asia: Geopolitics, Terrorism, and Globalization. Washington, DC: National Defense University Press.Google Scholar
Clavel, Tristan. 2017. “Mexico Cartel Tied to Argentina’s Second-Largest Cocaine Sting,” Brief, InSight Crime, June 21. insightcrime.org/news/brief/mexico-cartel-tied-argentina-second-largest-cocaine-sting/.Google Scholar
Clunan, Anne L. 2010. “Ungoverned Spaces? The Need for Reevaluation,” in Clunan, Anne L., and Trinkunas, Harold L. (eds.), Ungoverned Spaces: Alternatives to State Authority in an Era of Softened Sovereignty. Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp. 3–13.Google Scholar
Clunan, Anne L., and Trinkunas, Harold A. 2010. “Conceptualizing Ungoverned Spaces: Territorial Statehood, Contested Authority, and Softened Sovereignty,” in Clunan, Anne L., and Trinkunas, Harold L. (eds.), Ungoverned Spaces: Alternatives to State Authority in an Era of Softened Sovereignty. Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp. 17–33.Google Scholar
Cocco, Emilio. 2017. “Where Is the European Frontier? The Balkan Migration Crisis and its Impact on Relations between the EU and the Western Balkans,” European View 16: 293–302.Google Scholar
Cockayne, James, and Lupel, Adam. 2011. “Introduction: Rethinking the Relationship between Peace Operations and Organized Crime,” in Cockayne, James, and Lupel, Adam (eds.), Peace Operations and Organized Crime: Enemies or Allies? London: Routledge, pp. 1–19.Google Scholar
Colburn, Forrest D., and Cruz, Arthuro S. 2016. “Latin America’s New Turbulence: Trouble in the ‘Northern Triangle’,” Journal of Democracy 27 (2): 79–85.Google Scholar
Colombia Government, Office of the Presidency. 2016. “Final Agreement to End the Armed Conflict and Build a Stable and Lasting Peace,” November 24. especiales.presidencia.gov/co/Documents/20170620-dejacion-armas/acuerdos/acuerdo-final-ingles.pdf.Google Scholar
Commission to the European Parliament and the Council. 2017. Reporting on the Follow-Up to the EU Strategy towards the Eradication of Trafficking in Human Beings and Identifying Further Concrete Actions. Brussels: European Parliament.Google Scholar
Commission to the European Parliament and the Council. 2018. Second Report on the Progress made in the Fight against Trafficking in Human Beings, as required under Article 20 of Directive 2011/36 EU on Preventing and Combatting Trafficking in Human Beings and Protecting its Victims. Brussels: European Parliament.Google Scholar
Congressional Research Service, February 19, 2020. “Mexico: Evolution of the Mérida Initiative, 2007–2020.” https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/IF10578.pdf.Google Scholar
Cook, Philip J., Cukier, Wendy, and Krause, Keith. 2009. “The Illicit Firearms Trade in North America,” Criminology and Criminal Justice 9 (3): 265–286.Google Scholar
Corrin, Chris. 2005. “Transitional Road for Traffic: Analyzing Trafficking in Women From and Through Central and Eastern Europe,” Europe-Asia Studies, 47 (4): 543–560.Google Scholar
Council of the European Union. 2011. “Country Report on Mozambique,” Cordrogue 44, June 20, Document 13591/10. register.consilium.europa.eu/doc/srv?=EN&f=ST%201170%202011%20INIT.Google Scholar
Council of the European Union. 2014. Cordrogue 101, December 17, Document 16959/14. data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/documents/ST-16959-2014-INT/en/pdf.Google Scholar
Chuckwu, CQ. 2017. “Transnational Organized Crime in the Former Yugoslav and Post-Soviet Republics: A Desk Review,” Journal of Political Sciences and Public Affairs 5 (3): 1–7.Google Scholar
Cragin, Kim, and Hoffman, Bruce. 2003. Arms Trafficking and Colombia. Washington, DC: Rand.Google Scholar
Crocker, Chester A. 2019. African Governance: Challenges and Their Implications, Winter Series, Issue 119. Palo Alto, CA: Hoover Institution.Google Scholar
Croucher, Sheila. 1998. “South Africa’s Illegal Aliens: Constructing National Boundaries in a Post-Apartheid State,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 21 (4): 639–660.Google Scholar
Cruz, José Miguel. 2011. “Criminal Violence and Democratization in Central America: The Survival of the Violent State,” Latin American Politics and Society 53 (4): 1–33.Google Scholar
Cruz, José Miguel. 2015. “The Root Causes of the Central American Crisis,” Current History 114 (769): 43–48.Google Scholar
Cubel, Fernando M. 2016. “El Estado de la Seguridad en América Latina 2015,” Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos, 01/2016.Google Scholar
Cuevas, Facundo, and Demombynes, Gabriel 2009. Drug Trafficking, Civil War, and Drives of Crime in Central America [unpublished].Google Scholar
Daase, Christopher, and Friesendorf, Cornelius. 2010. “Introduction: Security Governance and the Problem of Unintended Consequences,” in Daase, Christopher, and Freisendorf, Cornelius (eds.), Security Governance and the Problem of Unintended Consequences. New York: Routledge, pp. 1–20.Google Scholar
Davis, Diane E. 2006. “The Age of Insecurity: Violence and Social Disorder in the New Latin America,” Latin American Research Review 41 (2): 213–227.Google Scholar
DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration), Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP). 2006. Canada/US Organized Crime Threat Assessment.Google Scholar
de Albuquerque, Adriana Lins, and Hull Wiklund, Cecilia. 2015. “Challenges to Peace and Security in Southern Africa: The Role of SADC,” Studies in African Security Memo 5594: 1–4.Google Scholar
Delcour, Laure. 2010. “The European Union: A Security Provider in the Eastern Neighbourhood?,” European Security 19 (4): 535–549.Google Scholar
Dentice, Giuseppe. 2018. “The Battle for Sinai: The Inside Story of Egypt’s Political Violence,” Analysis 322: 1–10, April.Google Scholar
Deutsch, Karl W., et al. 1957. Political Community and the North Atlantic Area. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Devor, Camilla P. 2013. “An Analysis of the Continuation and Expansion of Transnational Organized Crime: The Case of Human Trafficking in Mozambique.” Stellenbosch University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, MA Thesis in International Studies.Google Scholar
Dienner, Alexander C., and Hagen, Joshua. 2010. “Introduction: Borders, Identity, and Geopolitics,” in Diener, Alexander C., and Hagen, Joshua (eds.), Borderlines and Borderlands: Political Oddities at the Edge of the Nation-State. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, pp. 1–14.Google Scholar
Dingott Alkopher, Tal, and Blanc, Emmanuelle. 2017. “Schengen Area Shaken: The Impact of Immigration-Related Threat Perceptions on the European Security Community,” Journal of International Relations and Development 20 (3): 511–542.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Domínguez, Jorge, Mares, David, Orozco, Manuel, Scott Palmer, David, Rojas Aravena, Francisco, and Serbin, Andres. 2003. “Boundary Disputes in Latin America,” Peaceworks, No. 50. Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace.Google Scholar
Domínguez, Roberto. 2018. “Security Governance in Latin America,” in Suarez, Marcial A.G., Villa, Rafael D., and Weiffen, Briggite (eds.), Power Dynamics and Regional Security in Latin America. New York: Routledge, pp. 53–76.Google Scholar
Doyle, Michael W. 1995. UN Peacekeeping in Cambodia: UNTAC’s Civil Mandate. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Doyle, Michael W. 2000. “Global Economic Inequalities: A Growing Moral Gap,” in Wapner, Paul, and Riz, Lester Edwin, J. (eds.), Principled World Politics: The Challenge of Normative International Relations. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, pp. 79–97.Google Scholar
Drescher, Cedric. 2017. “Transnational Crime as a Threat to Peace in the 21st Century,” Paper presented at the International Closing Conference of the Collaborative Research Center (SFB) 700 Governance in Areas of Limited Statehood – New Modes of Governance? Berlin, Freie Universität, June 22–24.Google Scholar
Dube, Arindrajit, Dube, Oeindrila, and García-Ponce, Omar. 2013. “Cross-Border Spillover: U.S. Gun Laws and Evidence,” American Political Science Review 107 (3): 397–417.Google Scholar
Dudley, Steven S. 2010. “Drug Trafficking Organizations in Central America: Transportistas, Mexican Cartels, and Maras,” Working Paper Series on U.S.-Mexico Security Collaboration Joint Project on U.S.-Mexico Security Cooperation, coordinated by the Mexico Institute at the Woodrow Wilson Center and the Trans-Border Institute at the University of San Diego.Google Scholar
Dugas, John C. 2001. “Drugs, Lies, and Audiotape: The Samper Crisis in Colombia,” Latin American Research Review 36 (2): 157–174.Google Scholar
Dunn, Timothy. 1996. The Militarization of the U.S.-Mexico Border, 1978–1992. Austin: Center for Mexican American Studies, University of Texas.Google Scholar
Duquet, Nils (ed.). 2018. Illicit Gun Markets and Firearms Acquisition of Terrorist Networks in Europe. Brussels: Flemish Peace Institute.Google Scholar
Duquet, Nils, and Goris, Kevin. 2018. Firearms Acquisition by Terrorists in Europe: Research Findings and Policy Recommendations. Brussels: Project SAFTE.Google Scholar
Dyer, Emily and Kessler, Oren. 2014. Terror in the Sinai. London: The Henry Jackson Society. henryjacksonsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/HJS-Terror-in-the-Sinai-Report-Colour-Web.pdf.Google Scholar
East Asia Forum. 2017. “Organized Crime Threatening the Development of Southeast Asia,” August 25.Google Scholar
Eilstrup Sangiovanni, Mette. 2005. “Transnational Networks and New Security Threats 1,” Cambridge Review of International Affairs 18 (1): 7–13.Google Scholar
Eisenberg, Laura Zittrain, and Caplan, Neil. 2010. Negotiating Arab-Israeli Peace, 2nd ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
El-Anis, Imad. 2018. “Jordan in 2018: Too Stable to Fail, Too Small to Flourish,” Geographical Overview: Middle East and Africa: 220–223.Google Scholar
Ellings, Richard J., and Simon, Sheldon W. (eds.). 1996. Southeast Asian Security in the New Millennium. London and New York: M.E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Ellis, R. Evan, and Ortiz, Roman D. 2017. “Why the U.S. Can’t Ignore Latin America’s Security Challenges,” World Politics Review, March 28, pp. 1–13. www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/21672/why-the-u-s-can-t-ignore-latin-america-s-security-challenges.Google Scholar
Emmers, Ralf. 2003. “The Threat of Transnational Crime in Southeast Asia: Drug Trafficking, Human Smuggling and Trafficking and Sea Piracy,” UNISCI Discussion Papers (May): 1–11.Google Scholar
Emmers, Ralf. 2005. “Regional Hegemonies and the Exercise of Power in Southeast Asia: A Study of Indonesia and Vietnam,” Asian Survey 45 (4): 645–665.Google Scholar
ENACT. 2019. Organized Crime Index Africa, 2019. Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies.Google Scholar
Espach, Ralph, and Haering, Daniel. 2012. “Border Insecurity in Central America’s Northern Triangle,” Report of the Regional Migration Study Group, convened by the Migration Policy Institute (MPI) and the Latin American Program of the Woodrow Wilson Center. Washington, DC: Wilson Center.Google Scholar
European Commission. 2010. Final Report: Cross-Border Cooperation in Latin America: Contribution to the Regional Integration Process, October. Gronau, Germany: Association of European Border Regions. ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/international/pdf/final_report_cbc_la.en.pdf.Google Scholar
European Commission. 2018a. “Organized Crime and Human Trafficking.” https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/organized-crime-and-human-trafficking_en.Google Scholar
European Commission. 2018b. “EU-Counter Terrorism Strategy,” Consilium, October 25. consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/fight-against-terrorism/eu-strategy/.Google Scholar
European Commission. 2018c. Data Collection on Trafficking in Human Beings in the EU. Lancaster: Lancaster University.Google Scholar
European Commission. 2019. “Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council: Evolution of the 2015–2019 Action Plan on Firearms Trafficking between the EU and the South-East Europe Region.” https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/failes/what-we-do/policies/european-agenda-secretary/20190627_com-2019-293-commission-report_en.pdf.Google Scholar
European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction EMCDDA. 2017. “Cannabis Policy: Status and Recent Developments,” February. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.Google Scholar
European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction EMCDDA. 2018. European Drugs Report 2018: Trends and Development. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.Google Scholar
European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction EMCDDA. 2019. European Drug Report 2019: Trends and Development. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.Google Scholar
Europol. 2018. TESAT: European Union Terrorism Situation and Trend Report. Brussels: European Union Agency for Law Enforcement and Cooperation.Google Scholar
Eurostat Working Group on Crime Statistics. 2015. “Trafficking of Human Beings.” Statistics Working Paper. https://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/sites/antitrafficking/files/eurostat_report_on_trafficking_in_human_bengins_-2015_edition.pdf.Google Scholar
Fabricius, Peter. 2018. “Can Africa’s Borders Really Become Bridges?,” Institute for Security Studies, June 7.Google Scholar
Farah, Douglas. 2012. “Transnational Organized Crime, Terrorism and Criminalized States in Latin America: An Emerging Tier – One National Security Priority,” Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, PA. www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil.Google Scholar
Farrah, Raoul, and Muggah, Robert. 2018. “Europe Faces a ‘Welcoming Crisis’ When It Comes to Migration and Refugees. It is Not Fair,” Open Democracy, December 20. opendemocracy.net/can-europe-make-it/Europe-faces-welcoming-crisis-when-it-comes-to-migrant/.Google Scholar
Felbab-Brown, Vanda. 2017a. “The Hellish Road to Good Intentions: How to Break Political-Criminal Alliances in Contexts of Transition,” Crime-Conflict Nexus Series 7, April 2017.Google Scholar
Felbab-Brown, Vanda. 2017b. “The Wall: The Real Cost of a Barrier between the United States and Mexico,” Brookings Report, August. brookings.edu/essay/the-wall-the-real-costs-of-a-barrier-between-the-united-states-and-mexico/.Google Scholar
Felbab-Brown, Vanda. 2017c. “Hooked: Mexico’s Violence and U.S. Demand for Drugs,” Brookings Report, May 30. www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2017/05/30/hooked-mexicos-violence-and-u-s-demand-for-drugs/.Google Scholar
Ferreira, Marcos Alan S. V. 2016. Combate ao terrorismo na América do Soul: Uma análise comparada das políticas do Brasil e dos Estados U|nidos para a Tríplice Fronteira. Curitiba: Editora Prismas.Google Scholar
Ferreira, Marcos Alan S.V., and Framento, Rodrigo de S. 2019. “Degradação da Paz no Norte do Brasil: O Conflito entre Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC) e Família do Norte (FDN),” Revista Brasileira de Políticas Públicas e Internacionais 4 (2): 91–114.Google Scholar
FIDH, International Federation for Human Rights. 2019. “Guatemala: Recent Measures by Jimmy Morales’ Government Are a Blow to the Institution of Democracy,” Statement, International Federation for Human Rights, January 9. fidh.org/en/region/Americas/Guatemala/Guatemala-recent-measures-by-jimmy-morales-government-are-a-blow-to.Google Scholar
Finckenauer, James, and Albanese, Jay. 2014. “Transnational Organized Crime in North America,” in Albanese, Jay, and Reichel, Philip (eds.), Transnational Organized Crime: An Overview from Six Continents (Thousand Oaks, California: Sage), pp. 29–56.Google Scholar
Flemes, Daniel. 2009. “Regional Power South Africa: Co-operative Hegemony Constrained by Historical Legacy,” Journal of Contemporary African Studies 27 (2): 135–157.Google Scholar
Flint, Colin. 2005. “Introduction: Geography of War and Peace,” in Flint, Colin (ed.), The Geography of War and Peace: From Death Camps to Diplomats. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 3–15.Google Scholar
Flores, Esteban. 2017. “Walls of Separation: An Analysis of Three ‘Successful’ Border Walls,” Harvard International Review 38 (3): 10–12.Google Scholar
Florquin, Nicolas, Lipott, Sigrid, and Wairagu, Francis. 2019. Weapons Compass: Mapping Illicit Small Arms Flows in Africa, January. Geneva: Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies.Google Scholar
Fosson, Gabriel. 2011. “The Serbian Government’s Response to European Human Trafficking,” European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law, and Criminal Justice 19: 183–198.Google Scholar
Fuentes, Juan Alberto, and Pellandra, Andrea. 2011. “El estado actual de la integración en Centroamérica,” CEPAL Series Estudios y Perspectivas, No. 129. Mexico DF.Google Scholar
Gagne, David. 2015. “Latin America’s Top Five Most Dangerous Border Regions,” InSight Crime, January 29.Google Scholar
Galeotti, Mark. 2011. “Global Crime: Political Challenges and Responses,” Perspective on Politics 9 (2): 497–601.Google Scholar
Galicki, Zdzislaw. 2005. “International Law and Terrorism,” American Behavioral Scientist 48 (6): 743–757.Google Scholar
García, Mercedes. 2016. “Alliance for Prosperity Plan in the Northern Triangle: Not Likely a Final Solution for the Central American Migration Crisis,” Council on Hemispheric Affairs, March 3.Google Scholar
Gardini, Gian Luca. 2006. “Making Sense of Rapprochement between Argentina and Brazil, 1979–1982,” European Review of Latin America and Caribbean Studies 80 (2): 57–71.Google Scholar
Garzón, Juan Carlos, and Olson, Eric L. (eds.). 2013. La Diáspora criminal: La difusión transnacional del Crimen Organizado y cómo contener su expansión. Washington, DC: Wilson Center.Google Scholar
Gashaw, Tasew. 2017. “Colonial Borders in Africa: Improper Design and Its Impact on African Borderland Communities,” in Africa Up Close. Washington, DC: Wilson Center, November 17.Google Scholar
Gastrow, Peter. 2012. “Catching Up with Transnational Criminal Organizations: Time for New Thinking,” IPI-Global Observatory.Google Scholar
George, Alexander L., and Bennet, Andrew. 2005. Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Giatzidis, Emil. 2007. “The Challenge of Organized Crime in the Balkans and the Political and Economic Implications,” Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 23 (3): 327–351.Google Scholar
Gibas-Krzak, Danuta. 2013. “Contemporary Terrorism in the Balkans: A Real Threat to Security in Europe,” The Journal of Slavic Military Studies 26 (2): 203–218.Google Scholar
Gibler, Douglas M. 2007. “Bordering on Peace: Democracy, Territorial Issues, and Conflict,” International Studies Quarterly 51: 509–532.Google Scholar
Gibler, Douglas M. 2012. The Territorial Peace: Borders, State Development, and International Conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gimenez Beliveau, Verónica, and Montenegro, Silvia (eds.), La Triple Frontera: Dinámicas culturales y procesos transnacionales. Buenos Aires: Espacio Editorial.Google Scholar
Giraldo, Jeanne, and Trinkunas, Harold A. 2015. “Transnational Crime,” in Collins, Alan (ed.), Contemporary Security Studies, 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 384–399.Google Scholar
Gleis, Joshua L. 2007. “Trafficking and the Role of the Sinai Bedouin,” Terrorism Monitor 5 (12).Google Scholar
Gleis, Joshua L., and Berti, Benedetta. 2012. Hezbollah and Hamas: A Comparative Study. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University.Google Scholar
Goertz, Gary, Diehl, Paul F., and Balas, Alexandru. 2016. The Puzzle of Peace: The Evolution of Peace in the International System. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gold, Zach. 2014. “Security in the Sinai: Present and Future,” ICCT Research Paper, March. www.occt.nl/download/file/ICCT-Gold-Security-In-The-Sinai-March2014.pdf.Google Scholar
Gold, Zach. 2015. “Sinai Militancy and the Threat to International Forces,” Strategic Assessment 18 (2): 35–45.Google Scholar
Golding, Heather. 2002. “Terrorism and the Triple Frontier,” Woodrow Wilson Update on the Americas, April, No. 4: 1–4.Google Scholar
Goldman, Ogen. 2011. “The Globalization of Terror Attacks,” Terrorism and Political Violence 23 (1): 31–59.Google Scholar
Grabbe, Heather. 2000. “The Sharp Edges of Europe: Security Implications of Extending EU Border Policies Eastwards,” Occasional Papers 13, The Institute for Security Studies, Western European Union, Paris.Google Scholar
Greenfield, Victoria A., Nuñez-Neto, Blas, Ian, Mitch, Chang, Joseph C., and Rosas, Etienne. 2019. “Human Smuggling and Associated Revenues: What Do or Can We Know About Routes from Central America to the United States?,” Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center/Rand, pp. 1–78. www.rand.org/pubs/research-reports/RR2852.htmlGoogle Scholar
Griggs, Richard A. 2000. “Boundaries, Borders and Peace-Building in Southern Africa: The Spatial Implications of the ‘African Renaissance’,” Boundary and Territory Briefing 3 (2): 1–30.Google Scholar
Gruszczak, Artur. 2017. “European Borders in Turbulent Times: The Case of the Central Mediterranean ‘Extended Borderland’,” Politeja 5 (50): 23–45.Google Scholar
Guerrero, Ramiro A. 2006. Triple Frontera: Terrorismo o criminalidad? Buenos Aires: Seguridad y Defensa, Gráfica Sur Editora.Google Scholar
Haftel, Yoram Z. 2010. “Conflict, Regional Cooperation, and Foreign Capital: Indonesian Foreign Policy and the Formation of ASEAN,” Foreign Policy 6 (2): 87–106.Google Scholar
Hall, Tim. 2013. “Geographies of the Illicit: Globalization and Organized Crime,” Progress in Human Geography 37 (3): 366–385.Google Scholar
Hammerstad, Anne. 2005. “Domestic Threats, Regional Solutions? The Challenge of Security Integration in Southern Africa,” Review of International Studies 31 (1): 69–87.Google Scholar
Harkabi, Yeoshafat. 1977. Arab Strategies and Israel’s Response. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Hassanein, Haisam. 2018. “Beyond Security: Steps toward Warmer Egypt-Israel Relations,” Policy Notes, PN 49, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, pp. 1–49.Google Scholar
Hassner, Ron E., and Wittenberg, Jason. 2015. “Barriers to Entry: Who Builds Fortified Boundaries and Why?,” International Security 40 (1): 157–190.Google Scholar
Hataley, Todd, and Leuprecht, Christian. 2013. “Organized Crime Beyond the Border,” National Security Strategy for Canada Series, MacDonald-Laurier Institute, Canada, pp. 1–22.Google Scholar
Hawkins, Virgil. 2012. “An Overview of Peace and Security in Southern Africa,” Southern African Peace and Security Studies 1 (1): 1–84.Google Scholar
Herbst, Jeffrey. 1989. “The Creation and Maintenance of National Boundaries in Africa,” International Organization 43 (4): 673–692.Google Scholar
Hernandez, Carolina G. 1998. “Southeast Asia: The Treaty of Bangkok,” in Thakur, Ramesh (ed.), Nuclear Weapons-Free Zones. London: Macmillan, pp. 81–92.Google Scholar
Hiemstra, Nancy. 2019. “Pushing the U.S.-Mexico Border South: United States’ Immigration Policing throughout the Americas,” International Journal of Migration and Border Studies 5 (1–2): 44–63.Google Scholar
Higonnet, Etelle (ed.). 2009. Quiet Genocide: Guatemala, 1981–1983. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hokovský, Radko. 2016. “The Concept of Border Security in the Schengen Area,” Central European Journal of International and Security Studies 10 (2): 72–93.Google Scholar
Holm, Hans-Henrik, and Sorensen, Georg. 1995. “Introduction,” in Holm, Hans-Henrik, and Sorensen, Georg (eds.), Whose World Order? Uneven Globalization and the End of the Cold War. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, pp. 1–17.Google Scholar
Holmes, Jennifer S. 2002. “Terrorism, Drugs, and Violence in Latin America,” Latin American Research Review 37 (3): 217–230.Google Scholar
Holmes, Leslie. 2009. “Crime, Organized Crime and Corruption in Post-Communist Europe and the CIS,” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 42 (2): 265–287.Google Scholar
Holsti, Kalevi. 1996. The State, War, and the State of War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hristov, Jasmin. 2014. Paramilitarism and Neoliberalism: Violent Systems of Capital Accumulation in Colombia and Beyond. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar
Hübschle, Annette. 2010. Organized Crime in Southern Africa: First Annual Review. Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies.Google Scholar
Hudson, Rex. 2003. Terrorist and Organized Crime Groups in the Tri-Border Area (TBA) of South America. Washington, DC: Library of Congress.Google Scholar
Huntington, Samuel P. 1968. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Hurrell, Andrew. 1998. “Security in Latin America.” International Affairs 74 (3): 529–546.Google Scholar
Idler, Annette I. 2014. “Arrangements of Convenience: Violent Non-State Actor Relationships and Citizen Security in the Shared Borderlands of Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela.” Ph.D. Thesis, Oxford University.Google Scholar
Idler, Annette I. 2016. “Securing Peace in the Borderlands: A Post-Agreement Strategy for Colombia,” Department of Politics and International Relations, Oxford University, pp. 1–7.Google Scholar
Idler, Annette I. 2018. “Preventing Conflict Upstream: Impunity and Illicit Governance across Colombia’s Borders,” Defence Studies 18 (1): 58–75.Google Scholar
Idris, Iffat. 2019a. “Serious and Organized Crime in Jordan,” K4D: Knowledge, Evidence, and Learning for Development – Helpdesk Report, UK Department for International Development, pp. 1–13.Google Scholar
Idris, Iffat. 2019b. “Drivers and Enablers of Serious Organized Crime in Southeast Asia,” K4D: Knowledge, Evidence, and Learning for Development – Helpdesk Report, UK Department for International Development, pp. 1–15.Google Scholar
InSight Crime’s 2015. 2016. “Latin America Homicide Round-up.” Thursday, 14 January 2016. www.insightcrime.org/news-analysis/insight-crime-homicide-round-up-2015-latin-america-caribbean.Google Scholar
International Crisis Group. 2014. “Corridor of Violence: The Guatemala-Honduras Border,” Latin American Report 52. Brussels: International Crisis Group.Google Scholar
International Crisis Group. 2018. “Mexico’s Southern Border: Security, Violence, and Migration in the Trump Era,” Report No. 66, Latin America and the Caribbean, May 9.Google Scholar
International Institute for Strategic Studies [IISS]. 2014. Regional Security Assessment 2014: Key Developments and Trends in Asia-Pacific Security. London: IISS.Google Scholar
International Labor Organization. 2014. Thematic Labor Overview: Transition to Formality in Latin America and the Caribbean. Lima: ILO, Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean.Google Scholar
Iroanya, Richard Obinna. 2018. Human Trafficking and Security in Southern Africa: The South African and Mozambican Experience. London: Palgrave/Macmillan.Google Scholar
Isacson, Adam. 2015. “Northbound ‘Threats’ at the United States-Mexico Border: What Is Crossing Today, and Why?,” in Jaskoski, Maiah, Sotomayor, Arturo C. and Trinkunas Harold, A. (eds.), American Crossings: Border Politics in the Western Hemisphere (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press), pp. 130–150.Google Scholar
Israeli Defense Forces [IDF]. 2014. “The Sinai Peninsula: The Weapons Transfer Threshold,” MSIS Information Report, March.Google Scholar
Jaskoski, Maiah. 2015. “The Colombian FARC in Northern Ecuador: Borderline and Borderland Dynamics,” in Jaskoski, Maiah, Sotomayor, Arturo C., and Trinkunas, Harold A. (eds.), American Crossings: Border Politics in the Western Hemisphere. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 171–188.Google Scholar
Jaskoski, Maiah, Sotomayor, Arturo C., and Trinkunas, Harold A. 2015a. “Borders in the Americas: Theories and Realities,” in Jaskoski, Maiah, Sotomayor, Arturo C., and Trinkunas, Harold A. (eds.), American Crossings: Border Politics in the Western Hemisphere. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 1–15.Google Scholar
Jaskoski, Maiah, Sotomayor, Arturo C., and Trinkunas, Harold A. 2015b. “Conclusions,” in Jaskoski, Maiah, Sotomayor, Arturo C., and Trinkunas, Harold A. (eds.), American Crossings: Border Politics in the Western Hemisphere. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 205–225.Google Scholar
Jimenez Aguilar, Carlos M., and Thoene, Ulf. 2019. “Frontier Development Policy and Local Governance in South America,” Territory, Politics, Governance, http://doi.org/10.1080/2162267.2019.1612271.Google Scholar
Johnson, Tim. 2011. “Violent Mexican Drug Gang, Zetas, Taking Control of Migrant Smuggling,” Miami Herald, August 11.Google Scholar
Jones, David M., and Smith, Michael L. R. 2007. “Making Process, Not Progress: ASEAN and the Evolving East Asian Regional Order,” International Security 32 (1): 148–184.Google Scholar
The Jordan Times. 2018. “Drug Trafficking: A Regional Menace,” May 12. jordantimes.com/opinion/editorial/drug-trafficking-regional-menace.Google Scholar
Kacowicz, Arie M. 1994. Peaceful Territorial Change. Columbus: University of South Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Kacowicz, Arie M. 1996. “The Process of Reaching Peaceful Territorial Change: The Arab-Israeli Conflict in Comparative Perspective,” The Journal of Interdisciplinary History 27 (2): 215–245.Google Scholar
Kacowicz, Arie M. 1998. Zones of Peace in the Third World: South America and West Africa in Comparative Perspective. Albany: SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Kacowicz, Arie M. 2000. “Stable Peace in South America: The ABC Triangle, 1979–1999,” in Kacowicz, Arie M., Bar-Siman-Tov, Yaacov, Elgstrom, Ole, and Magnus, Jerneck (eds.), Stable Peace among Nations. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, pp. 200–219.Google Scholar
Kacowicz, Arie M. 2005. The Impact of Norms in International Society: The Latin American Experience, 1881–2001. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
Kacowicz, Arie M. 2013. Globalization and the Distribution of Wealth: The Latin American Experience, 1982–2008. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kacowicz, Arie M. 2015. “Regional Peace and Unintended Consequences: The Peculiar Case of the Tri-Border Area of Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay,” in Jaskoski, Maiah, Sotomayor, Arturo C., and Trinkunas, Harold A. (eds.), American Crossings: Border Politics in the Western Hemisphere. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 89–108.Google Scholar
Kacowicz, Arie M., and Bar-Siman-Tov, Yaacov. 2000. “Stable Peace: A Conceptual Framework,” in Kacowicz, Arie M., Bar-Siman-Tov, Yaacov, Elgstrom, Ole, and Magnus, Jerneck (eds.), Stable Peace among Nations. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, pp. 11–35.Google Scholar
Kacowicz, Arie M., Lacovsky, Exequiel, and Wajner, Daniel F. 2020. “Peaceful Borders and Illicit Transnational Flows in the Americas,” Latin American Research Review 55 (4): 727–741.Google Scholar
Kacowicz, Arie M., and Mares, David R. 2016. “Security Studies and Security in Latin America: The First 200 Years,” in Mares, David R., and Kacowicz, Arie M. (eds.), Routledge Handbook of Latin American Security (London: Routledge), pp. 11–29.Google Scholar
Kacowicz, Arie M., and Mitrani, Mor. 2016. “Why Don’t We Have Coherent Theories of International Relations and Globalization?,” Global Governance 22 (2): 189–208.Google Scholar
Kahler, Miles. 2006. “Territoriality and Conflict in an Era of Globalization,” in Kahler, Miles, and Walter, Barbara D. (eds.), Territoriality and Conflict in an Era of Globalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–21.Google Scholar
Karawan, Ibrahim A. 2002. “Identity and Foreign Policy: The Case of Egypt,” in Telhami, Shibley, and Barnett, Michael (eds.), Identity and Foreign Policy in the Middle East. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, pp. 155–168.Google Scholar
Kashgari, Tamim K. 2011. “Transjordan and Israel: Examining the Foundations of a Special Relationship,” Inquiries 3 (3): 1/1. inquiriesjournal.com/articles/411/Transjordan-and-israel-examining-the-foundations-of-a-special-relationship.Google Scholar
Kessler, Gabriel. 2011. “Crimen organizado en América Latina y el Caribe: Ejes de debate sobre narcotráfico, tráfico de arms y de personas,” Cuadernos de seguridad 14.Google Scholar
Khadiagala, Gilbert M., and Lyons, Terrence. 2001. “Foreign Policy Making in Africa: An Introduction,” in Khadiagala, Gilbert M., and Lyons, Terrence (eds.), African Foreign Policies: Power and Process. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, pp. 41–65.Google Scholar
Khoo, Nicholas. 2015. “The ASEAN Security Community: A Misplaced Consensus,” Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs 2 (2): 180–199.Google Scholar
Killias, Martin. 1993. “Will Open Borders Result in More Crime?,” European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 1 (3): 7–9.Google Scholar
Kin Wah, Chin. 1997. “ASEAN: The Long Road to ‘One Southeast Asia,’” Asian Journal of Political Science 5 (1): 1–19.Google Scholar
Kligman, Gail, and Limoncelli, Stephanie. 2005. “Trafficking Women after Socialism: From, To, and Through Eastern Europe,” Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State, and Society 12 (1): 118–140.Google Scholar
Kliot, Nurit. 1995. “The Evolution of the Egypt-Israel Boundary: From Colonial Foundations to Peaceful Borders,” Boundary and Territory Briefing 1 (8): 1–21.Google Scholar
Kmezić, Marko. 2020. “Recalibrating the EU’s Approach to the Western Balkans,” European View 19 (1): 1–8.Google Scholar
Kopinski, Dominik, and Polus, Andrzej. 2012. “Is Botswana Creating a New Gaza Strip? An Analysis of the ‘Fence Discourse,’” in Udelsmann Rodrigues, Cristina, and Tomàs, Jordi (eds.), Crossing African Borders: Migration and Mobility. Lisbon: Centro de Estudos Internacionais, pp. 98–111.Google Scholar
Krasner, Stephen D. 1999. Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Krasniki, Kole. 2016. “Organized Crime in the Balkans,” European Scientific Journal 12 (19): 204–220.Google Scholar
Labrador, Rocio C., and Renwick, Danielle. 2018. “Central America’s Violent Northern Triangle,” Backgrounder, Council on Foreign Relations, June 26.Google Scholar
Lacovsky, Exequiel. 2019. “Assessing the Emergence of Nuclear Weapons Free Zones: The Latin American Non-Proliferation Experience in Comparative Perspective,” Ph.D. Thesis, Jerusalem: Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Department of International Relations.Google Scholar
Lacovsky, Exequiel. 2021. Nuclear Weapons Free Zones: A Comparative Perspective. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Lakhani, Nina, and Tirado, Erubiel. 2016. “Mexico’s War on Drugs: What Has It Achieved and How Is the US Involved?,” The Guardian, December 8.Google Scholar
Laqueur, Walter, and Rubin, Barry (eds.), The Israel-Arab Reader: A Documentary History of the Middle East Conflict. New York: Penguin, pp. 338–341.Google Scholar
Latin American Commission on Drugs and Democracy. 2009. Drug and Democracy: Toward a Paradigm Shift.Google Scholar
Laub, Zachary. 2013. “Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula and Security,” Council on Foreign Relations Backgrounder.Google Scholar
Leifer, Michael. 1999. “The ASEAN Peace Process: A Category Mistake,” The Pacific Review 12 (1): 25–38.Google Scholar
Leiken, Robert S., and Rubin, Barry (eds.). 1987. The Central American Crisis Reader: The Essential Guide to the Most Controversial Foreign Policy Issue Today. New York: Summit Books.Google Scholar
Lesser, Gabriel, and Batalova, Jeanne. 2017. “Central American Immigrants in the United States,” Migration Information Source, April 5. www.migrationpolicy.org/article/central-american-immigrants-united-states.Google Scholar
Levitz, Stephanie. 2020. “More than 16,000 People Nabbed by RCMP between Border Crossings inn 2019,” CTVNews, January 16. ctvnews.ca/Canada/more-than-16000-people-nabbed-by-rcmp-between-border-crossings-in-2019-1.4770504.Google Scholar
Lewis, Martin W. 2011. “International Land Borders: Hard and Soft,” Geocurrents, May 11, pp. 1–9.Google Scholar
Lindstrom, Nicole. 2004. “Regional Sex Trafficking in the Balkans,” Problems of Post-Communism 51 (3): 45–52.Google Scholar
Lodge, Juliet. 1993. “Preface: The Challenge of the Future,” in Lodge, Juliet (ed.), The European Community and the Challenge of the Future. New York: St. Martin’s Press, pp. xiii–xxvi.Google Scholar
London, Yaron. 2019. “It’s the Drugs, Stupid?,” Opinion, YNET, February 26. www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-5469687,00.htmlGoogle Scholar
Looft, Christopher. 2012. “Are Salvadoran ‘Maras’ Infiltrating Belize?,” InSight Crime Brief, July 19. insightcrime/org/news/brief/are-salvadoran-maras-infiltrating-belize/.Google Scholar
López-Dóriga, Elena. 2018. “Refugee Crisis: The Divergence between the European Union and the Visegrad Group,” Essay, December 6. Navarra: Universidad de Navarra, Global Affairs-Strategic Studies. unav.edu/web/global-affairs-detalle/-/blogs/refugee-crisis-the-divergence-between-the-european-union-and-the-visegrad-group.Google Scholar
Lozano, Daniel. 2018. “Frontera caliente: El drama del éxodo venezolano tiene en vilo a la región,” La Nación, February 12.Google Scholar
Mahbubani, Kishore, and Sng, Jeffery. 2017. The ASEAN Miracle: A Catalyst for Peace. Singapore: Ridge Books and NUS Press.Google Scholar
Makarenko, Tamara. 2004. “The Crime-Terror Continuum: Tracing the Interplay between Transnational Organized Crime and Terrorism,” Global Crime 6 (1): 129–145.Google Scholar
Mann, Mindy. 2013. “The Materialization of Human Trafficking in the Middle East and Impediments to its Eradication,” Human Rights and Human Welfare: 84–98. www.du.edu/korbel/hrhw/researchdigest/mena/Trafficking.pdfGoogle Scholar
Manwaring, Max G. 2005. Street Gangs: The New Urban Insurgency. Carlisle, PA: Institute of Strategic Studies, Army War College.Google Scholar
Manwaring, Max G. 2007. A Contemporary Challenge to State Sovereignty: Gangs and Other Illicit Transnational Criminal Organizations in Central America, El Salvador, Mexico, Jamaica, and Brazil. Carlisle, PA: Institute of Strategic Studies, U.S. Army War College.Google Scholar
Manz, Beatriz. 2008. “Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua): Patterns of Human Rights Violations,” Writenet/Refworld, August. refworld.org/pdfid/48ad1eb72.pdf.Google Scholar
Marcella, Gabriel. 2008. War without Borders: The Colombia-Ecuador Crisis of 2008. Carlisle, PA: Institute of Strategic Studies, US Army War College.Google Scholar
Marcella, Gabriel. 2013. “The Transformation of Security in Latin America: A Cause for Common Action,” Journal of International Affairs 66 (2): 67–82.Google Scholar
Mares, David R. 2016. “The United States’ Impact on Latin American Security Environment: The Complexities of Power Disparity,” in Mares, David R., and Kacowicz, Arie M. (eds.), Routledge Handbook of Latin American Security. London: Routledge, pp. 302–312.Google Scholar
Mares, David R. 2019. “Violence, Markets, and Drugs: Explaining the Variation in Levels of Drug-Related Violence,” unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Mares, David R., and Kacowicz, Arie M.. 2016. “Introduction,” in Mares, David R., and Kacowicz, Arie M. (eds.), Routledge Handbook of Latin American Security. London: Routledge, pp. 1–7.Google Scholar
Marinova, Nadedja K., and James, Patrick. 2012. “The Tragedy of Human Trafficking: Competing Theories and European Evidence,” Foreign Policy Analysis 8 (3): 231–253.Google Scholar
Martin, Guy. 2011. “Illegal Migration and the Impact of Cross Border Crime,” Defence Web. March 9. www.defenceweb.co.za/security/border-security/feature-illegal-migration-and-the-impact-of-cross-border-crime/Google Scholar
Martínez, Oscar J. 1994. “The Dynamics of Border Interaction: New Approaches to Border Analysis,” in Schofield, Clive H. (ed.), Global Boundaries: World Boundaries, Vol. 1. New York: Routledge, pp. 1–15.Google Scholar
Martínez, Oscar J. 2012. “Men Who Sold Women: Human Trafficking Networks in Central America,” in Dudley, Steven (ed.), The Mafia’s Shadow: Slavery in Latin America, InSight Crime, Investigation and Analysis of Organized Crime, pp. 8–35. insightcrime.org/images/PDFs/2016/The_Mafias_Shadow_Slavery.pdf.Google Scholar
Massey, Douglas S., Durand, Jorge, and Pren, Karen A, 2016. “Why Border Enforcement Backfired,” American Journal of Sociology 121 (5): 1557–1600.Google Scholar
Masweneng, Kgaugelo. 2018. “Human Trafficking is Silently Tearing South Africa Apart, Experts Say,” Times Live, May 30.Google Scholar
McCullough, J. J. 2018. “When It Comes to the Border, Trump Won’t Make Canada Great Again,” The Washington Post, May 31.Google Scholar
McDermott, Jeremy. 2014. “The Urabeños – The Criminal Hybrid,” InSight Crime – Investigations, May 2. insightcrime.org/investigations/the-urabenos-the-criminal-hybrid/.Google Scholar
McDougal, Topher L., Shrink, David A., Muggah, Robert, and Patterson, John H. 2015. “The Way of the Gun: Estimating Firearms Trafficking across the U.S.-Mexico Border,” Journal of Economic Geography 15 (2): 297–327.Google Scholar
McKibben, Cameron. 2015. “NAFTA and Drug Trafficking: Perpetuating Violence and the Illicit Supply Chain,” Council on Hemispheric Affairs, March 20, pp. 1–13.Google Scholar
Medeiros Filho, Oscar. 2017. “A South American Defense Structure: Problems and Prospects,” Contexto Internacional 39 (3): 673–689.Google Scholar
Mejía, Sonia A. 2014. “Estado y crimen organizado en América Latina: Posibles relaciones y complicidades,” Revista Política y Estrategia 124 (2): 73–107.Google Scholar
MEMO [Middle East Monitor]. 2019. “Israel to Start Exporting Gas to Jordan, Egypt within Weeks,” December 4. middleeastmonitor/com/20191204-israel-to-start-exporting-gas-to-jordan-egypt-within-weeks/.Google Scholar
Mesa, Manuela, and Moorhouse, Emmy. 2008. Claves para entender la violencia de carácter transnacional en Centroamérica, Documentos de Trabajo # 6, CEIPAZ, Madrid, December.Google Scholar
Migdal, Joel S. 1988. Strong Societies and Weak States: State-Society Relations and State Capabilities in the Third World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Milian, Jairo Hernandez. 2008. “El crimen organizado en América Latina y el Caribe: Mapeo del caso centroamericano.” Paper presented in the Mexico DF: Seminario Internacional. Mexico, DF: Friedrich Ebert.Google Scholar
Miller, Benjamin. 2007. States, Nations, and the Great Powers: The Sources of Regional War and Peace. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Millet, Richard. 2007. “Weak States and Porous Borders: Smuggling along the Andean Ridge in Transnational Threats,” in Thachuk, Kimberley L. (ed.), Transnational Threats: Smuggling and Trafficking in Arms, Drugs, and Human Life. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group.Google Scholar
Moloney, Anastasia. 2017. “Venezuela Crisis Forces Women to Sell Sex in Colombia, Fuels Slavery Risk,” Reuters, June 6.Google Scholar
Montes, Juan. 2020. “Tensions Rise at Mexico’s Southern Border with Guatemala,” The Wall Street Journal, January 20. wsk/com/articles/tensions-rise-at-mexicos-southern-border-with-guatemala-115795633320.Google Scholar
Moravcsik, Andrew. 1998. The Choice for Europe: Social Purpose and State Power from Messina to Maastricht. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Moustakis, Fotios. 2004. “Soft Security Threats in the New Europe: The Case of the Balkan Region,” European Security 13 (1): 139–156.Google Scholar
Muggah, Robert, and Diniz, Gustavo. 2013. “Securing the Borders: Brazil’s ‘South America First’ Approach to Transnational Organized Crime,” Strategic Papers 5, Igarapé Institute, pp. 1–28.Google Scholar
Mundt, Marcia D. 2019. “El Salvador’s New President Must Tackle Crime, Unemployment, and Migration – but Nation Is Hopeful,” The Conversation, February 25. theconversation.com/el-salvadors-new-president-must-tackle-crime-unemployment-and-migration-but-nation-is-hopeful-111499Google Scholar
Mutume, Gumisai. 2007. “Organized Crime Targets Weak African States,” Africa Renewal 21 (2): 3.Google Scholar
Naím, Moises. 2005. Illicit: How Smugglers, Traffickers, and Copycats are Hijacking the Global Economy. New York: Anchor Books.Google Scholar
Nanda, Ved P. 1990. “The Validity of United States Intervention in Panama under International Law,” American Journal of International Law 84 (2): 494–503.Google Scholar
Narine, Shaun. 2018. The New ASEAN in Asia Pacific and Beyond. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
National Security Council (US Government). 2013. “Transnational Organized Crime: A Growing Threat to National and International Security.” www.whitehouse.gov/administration/eop/nsc/transnational-crime/threat; accessed on August 26, 2013.Google Scholar
Ndebele, Thuthukani, Lebone, Kerwin, and Cronje, Frans. 2011. “Broken Blue Line: The Involvement of the South African Police Force in Serious and Violent Crime in South Africa,” Unit for Risk Analysis, South African Institute of Race Relations, February, pp. 1–32.Google Scholar
Newman, David. 2005. “Conflict at the Interface: The Impact of Boundaries and Borders on Contemporary Ethnonational Conflict,” in Flint, Colin (ed.), The Geography of War and Peace: From Death Camps to Diplomats. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 32–344.Google Scholar
Newman, David. 2006. “The Lines that Continue to Separate Us: Borders in Our ‘Borderless World,’” Progress in Human Geography 30 (2): 143–161.Google Scholar
Nguendi Ikome, Francis. 2012. “Africa’s International Borders as Potential Sources of Conflict and Future Threats to Peace and Security,” Institute for Security Studies Paper, No. 233.Google Scholar
Nordlinger, Eric. 1981. On the Autonomy of the Democratic State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Novakoff, Renee. 2015. “Transnational Organized Crime: An Insidious Threat to U.S. National Security Interests,” Prism 5 (4): 135–149.Google Scholar
Nsereko, Daniel D. Ntanda. 1997. “When Crime Crosses Borders: A Southern African Perspective,” Journal of African Law 41 (2): 192–200.Google Scholar
Nyein, Nyein. 2020. “Myanmar Opium Cultivation in Decline: UN Report,” The Irrawaddy, February 4. https://irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-opium-cultivation-decline-un-report.html.Google Scholar
Oelsner, Andrea. 2005. International Relations in Latin America: Peace and Security in the Southern Cone. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Oelsner, Andrea. 2009. “Consensus and Governance in Mercosur: The Evolution of the South American Security Agenda,” Security Dialogue 40 (2): 191–212.Google Scholar
Olson, Eric L. 2016. “Migrant Smuggling and Trafficking at the Rio Grande Valley: Ten Observations and Questions.” Washington, DC: The Wilson Center.Google Scholar
Olson, Eric L. 2017. The Evolving Mérida Initiative and the Policy of Shared Responsibility in U.S.-Mexico Security Relations. Washington, DC: The Wilson Center.Google Scholar
Omar, Dr. AM. 1997. “The Drug Trade in Southern Africa,” South African Journal of International Affairs 5 (1): 141–155.Google Scholar
Pallini, Thomas. 2020. “Photos Show The Emergency Makeshift Borders European Countries Have Erected in an Attempt to Stop the Spread of COVID-19,” Business Insider, April 4. businessinsider.com/coronavirus-european-borders-closed-in-response-to-covid-19-2020-4.Google Scholar
Parkinson, Charles. 2013. “Report Reveals Extent of Human Trafficking in Colombia,” InSight Crime, November 15.Google Scholar
Passas, Nikkos. 2003. “Cross-Border Crime and the Interface between Legal and Illegal Actors,” Security Journal 16 (1): 19–37.Google Scholar
Patrick, J. Michael. 2007. “The Economic Cost of Border Security: The Case of the Texas-Mexico Border and the US VISIT Program,” in Brunet-Jailly, Emmanuel (ed.), Borderlands: Comparing Border Security in North America and Europe. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, pp.Google Scholar
Patrick, Stewart. 2011. Weak Links: Fragile States, Global Threats, and International Security. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Payan, Tony. 2014. “Theory-Building in Border States: The View from North America,” Eurasia Border Review 5 (1): 1–18.Google Scholar
Payan, Tony, and Vasquez, Amanda. 2007. “The Costs of Homeland Security,” in Brunet-Jailly, Emmanuel (ed.), Borderlands: Comparing Border Security in North America and Europe. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, pp. 231–258.Google Scholar
Paz, Yonathan. 2011. “Ordered Disorder: African Asylum Seekers in Israel and Discursive Challenges to an Emerging Refugee Regime,” New Issues in Refugee Research, Research Paper No. 205, March, Geneva: UNHCR, pp. 1–21.Google Scholar
Pearce, Jenny. 2020. Politics without Violence? Towards a Post-Weberian Enlightenment. London: Palgrave/Macmillan.Google Scholar
Penski, Victoria Dittmar. 2018. “Why Are Violent Non-State Actors Able to Persist in the Context of the Modern State?,” Journal of Intelligence, Conflict, and Warfare 1 (1): 1–23.Google Scholar
Piccolino, Giulia. 2016. “Conference Report: The Legacy of Armed Conflicts: Southern Africa and Comparative Perspectives,” Africa Spectrum 51 (3): 123–134.Google Scholar
Piccone, Ted. 2019. Peace with Justice: The Colombian Experience with Transitional Justice. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institute, July. brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/FP_20190708_colombia.pdf.Google Scholar
Pion-Berlin, David. 2005. “Sub-Regional Cooperation, Hemispheric Threat: Security in the Southern Cone,” in Fawcett, Louise, and Serrano, Monica (eds.), Regionalism and Governance in the Americas: Continental Drift. New York: Palgrave-Macmillan, pp. 211–227.Google Scholar
Pion-Berlin, David 2017. “The Military and Internal Security Operations in Latin America,” Política y Estrategia 130: 101–123.Google Scholar
Podeh, Elie. 2015. Chances for Peace: Missed Opportunities in the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Popescu, Gabriel. 2012. Bordering and Ordering the 21st Century: Understanding Borders. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar
Prassad, Eswar S., Rogoff, Kenneth, Wei, Shang-Jin, and Kose, M. Ayhan. 2007. “Financial Globalization, Growth, and Volatility in Developing Countries,” in Harrison, Ann (ed.), Globalization and Poverty. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 457–516.Google Scholar
Presidencia de México. 2019. “Plan Nacional de Desarrollo, 2019–2024.” https://lopezobrador.org.mx/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/PLAN-NACIONAL-DE-DESARROLLO-2019-2024.pdfGoogle Scholar
Press-Barnathan, Galia. 2006. “The Neglected Dimension of Commercial Liberalism: Economic Cooperation and Transition to Peace,” Journal of Peace Research 43 (3): 261–278.Google Scholar
Press-Barnathan, Galia. 2009. The Political Economy of Transitions to Peace. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Press-Barnathan, Galia. 2014. “Between the Global and the Local: US-ASEAN Counter-Terrorism Cooperation from an Interactional Perspective,” manuscript. Jerusalem: The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Department of International Relations.Google Scholar
Rabinovich, Itamar. 2004. Waging Peace: Israel and the Arabs, 1948–2003. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Radelet, Steven. 2010. Emerging Africa: How 17 Countries are Leading the Way. Washington, DC: Center for Global Development.Google Scholar
Ramos, José M. 2007. “Managing US-Mexico Transborder Cooperation on Local Security Issues and the Canadian Relationship,” in Brunet-Jailly, Emmanuel (ed.), Borderlands: Comparing Border Security in North America and Europe. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, pp. 259–275.Google Scholar
Ranstorp, Magnus. 2010. “Introduction,” in Ranstorp, Magnus (ed.), Understanding Violent Radicalization: Terrorist and Jihadist Movements in Europe. London: Routledge, pp. 1–18.Google Scholar
Ribando Seelke, Clare. 2011. “Mérida Initiative for Mexico and Central America: Funding and Policy Issues,” Current Politics and Economics of the United States 13 (4): 59–86.Google Scholar
Rigirozzi, Pía, and Tussie, Diana (eds.). 2012. The Rise of Post-Hegemonic Regionalism: The Case of Latin America. Berlin: Springer.Google Scholar
Risse, Thomas. 2011. “Governance in Areas of Limited Statehood: Introduction and Overview,” in Risse, Thomas (ed.), Governance without a State? Policies and Politics in Areas of Limited Statehood. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, pp. 1–35.Google Scholar
Rodgers, Dennis, and Baird, A. 2015. “Understanding Gangs in Contemporary Latin America,” in Decker, Scott H., and Pyrooz, David C. (eds.), Handbook of Gangs and Gang Responses. New York: Wiley, pp. 478–502.Google Scholar
Rodgers, Dennis, and Muggah, Robert. 2009. “Gangs and Non-State Armed Groups: The Central American Case,” Contemporary Security Policy 30 (2): 301–317.Google Scholar
Ronen, Yitzhak. 2017. “From Cooperation to Normalization? Jordan-Israel Relations since 1967,” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 44 (4): 559–575.Google Scholar
Rotberg, Robert I., and Mils, Greg (eds.). 1998. War and Peace in Southern Africa: Crime, Drugs, Arms, and Trade. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.Google Scholar
Rubio Grundell, Lucrecia. 2015. “EU Anti-Trafficking Policies: From Migration and Crime Control to Prevention and Protection,” Policy Brief 2015/09, European University Institute, pp. 1–12.Google Scholar
Runde, Daniel F., and Schneider, Mar I. 2019. “A New Social Contract for the Northern Triangle,” May, Report – CSIS, Center for Strategic and International Studies.Google Scholar
Russell, Roberto, and Calle, Fabián. 2009. “La ‘periferia turbulenta’ como factor de la expansión de los intereses de seguridad de Estados Unidos en América Latina,” in Hirst, Monica (ed.), Crisis de estado e intervención internacional: Una Mirada desde el Sur. Buenos Aires: Edhasa, pp. 29–72.Google Scholar
Ryan, Curtis R. 2012. “The Armed Forces and the Arab Uprisings: The Case of Jordan,” Middle East and Governance 4 (2012): 153–167.Google Scholar
Ryan, Curtis R. 2015. “Jordan in the Crossfire of Middle East Conflicts,” Orient: German Journal for Politics, Economics, and Culture of the Middle East 56 (4): 32–49.Google Scholar
Ryan, Curtis R. 2018. “Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan,” in Gasiorowski, Mark, and Yom Sean, L. (eds.), The Government and Politics of the Middle East and North Africa. London: Routledge, pp. 111–136.Google Scholar
Saab, Bilal Y., and Taylor, Alexandra W. 2008. “Criminality and Armed Groups: A Comparative Study of FARC and Paramilitary Groups in Colombia,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 32 (6): 455–475.Google Scholar
Sachikonye, Llyod. 2017. “The Protracted Democratic Transition in Zimbabwe,” Taiwan Journal of Democracy 13 (1): 117–136.Google Scholar
Salcedo-Albarán, Eduardo, and Santos, Diana. 2017. “Firearms Trafficking: Central America,” The Global Observatory of Transnational Criminal Networks – Research Paper No. 17, VORTEX Working Papers No. 31, pp. 1–20.Google Scholar
Salter, Mark B., and Piché, Geneviěve. 2001. “The Securitization of the US-Canada Border in American Political Discourse,” Canadian Journal of Political Science 44 (4): 929–951.Google Scholar
Sampó, Carolina. 2018. “Vivir entre Maras y grupos de exterminio: Una aproximación a los más graves problemas de seguridad pública en El Salvador,” in Loreto, Correa Vera (ed.), Sociedad, seguridad y conflicto en América Latina. Panama City: SIEC, pp. 95–108.Google Scholar
Sampó, Carolina, and Troncoso, Valeska (eds.). 2017. El crimen organizado en América Latina: Manifestaciones, facilitadores y reacciones. Madrid: Instituto Universitario General Gutiérrez Mellado – UNED.Google Scholar
Sánchez Piñeiro, Oscar M. 2012. “Border Dynamics and the Conflict in Colombia: A Case-Study of Arauca-Apure and Nariño-Esmeraldas,” Peace and Conflict Monitor, April 1.www.monitor.upeace.org/printer.cfm?idarticle=891Google Scholar
Sandin, Linnea, and McCormick, Gladys. 2019. “‘Abrazos No Balazos’ Evaluating AMLO’s Security Initiatives,” CSIS Commentary, December 19. csis.org/analysis/abrazos-no-balazos-evaluating-amlos-security-initiatives.Google Scholar
Sato, Yoichiro. 2012. “Perceptions of Transnational Security Threats in Malaysia and Singapore: Windows of Cooperative Opportunities for the United States,” Issues for Engagement: Asian Perspectives on Transnational Security Issues: 140–153.Google Scholar
Savenije, Wim, and van der Borgh, Chris. 2014. “Anti-Gang Policies and Gang Responses in the Northern Triangle: The Evolution of the Gang Phenomenon in Central America,” The Broker, July 3.Google Scholar
Savona, Ernesto U., and Mancuso, Marina (eds.). 2017. Fighting Illicit Firearms Trafficking Routes and Actors at European Level. Milano: Transcrime – Universită Catolica del Sacro Cuore.Google Scholar
Schneider, Yaron. 2020. “Explaining Security Governance in the Borderlands: The Triangle of States, Peacekeeping Operations, and Non-State Actors.” Ph.D. Thesis. Jerusalem: Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Department of International Relations.Google Scholar
Schoeman, Maxi, and Muller, Marie. 2009. “Southern African Development Community as Regional Peacekeeper: Myth or Reality?,” African Security 2 (2–3): 175–192.Google Scholar
Scholte, Jaan A. 2004. “Global Trade and Finance,” in Baylis, John, Smith, Steve, and Owens, Patrica (eds.), The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations, 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 519–539.Google Scholar
Schwell, Alexandra. 2009. “De/Securitizing the 2007 Schengen Enlargement: Austria and ‘the East’,” Journal of Contemporary European Research 5 (2): 243–258.Google Scholar
Schroeder, Maa, and Lamb, Guy. 2006. “The Illicit Arms Trade in Africa: A Global Enterprise,” African Analist 1 (3): 69–78.Google Scholar
Sela, Avraham. 1998. The Decline of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: Middle East Politics and the Quest for Regional Order. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Severino, Rodolfo C. 2001. “ASEAN: Building the Peace in Southeast Asia.” Paper presented at the Fourth High Level Meeting between the United Nations and Regional Organizations on Cooperation for Peace-Building, United Nations, New York, 6–7 February.Google Scholar
Sharp, Jeremy M. 2018. “Jordan: Background and U.S. Relations,” Congressional Research Service 7-5700, February 16.Google Scholar
Shay, Shaul. 2014. “Egypt and the Threat of Islamic Terror,” BESA Center Perspectives Paper 230, January 1.Google Scholar
Shaw, Mark. 2002. “West Africa Criminal Network in South and Southern Africa,” African Affairs 101: 291–316.Google Scholar
Shaw, Mark. 2015. “New Networks of Power: Why Organized Crime Is the Greatest Long-Term Threat to Security in the SADC Region,” in van Nieuwkerk, Anthoni, and Catherine, Moat (eds.), Southern African Security Review. Johannesburg: University of Witwatersrand and Friedrich-Ebert-Foundation, pp. 169–188.Google Scholar
Shaw, Mark, and Gastrow, Peter. 2001. “Stealing the Show? Crime and Its Impact in Post-Apartheid South Africa,” Daedalus 130 (1): 235–258.Google Scholar
Shaw, Mark, and Ellis, Stephen. 2015. “Does Organized Crime Exist in Africa?,” African Affairs 114 (457): 505–528.Google Scholar
Shelley, Louise I. 2010. Human Trafficking: A Global Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Shelley, Louise I. 2014a. Dirty Entanglements: Corruption, Crime, and Terrorism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Shelley, Louise I. 2014b. Human Smuggling and Trafficking to Europe: A Comparative Perspective. Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute.Google Scholar
Shelley, Louise I. 2018. Dark Commerce: How a New Illicit Economy Is Threatening Our Future. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Shelley, Louise I., and Picarelli, John. 2005. “Methods and Motives: Exploring Links between Transnational Organized Crime and International Terrorism,” Trends in Organized Crime 9 (2): 52–67.Google Scholar
Shifter, Michael. 2012. “Countering Criminal Violence in Central America,” Council Special Report No. 64, Council on Foreign Relations, April.Google Scholar
Shirk, David A. 2011. The Drug War in Mexico: Confronting a Shared Threat (New York: Council on Foreign Relations).Google Scholar
Shlaim, Avi. 1988. The Politics of Partition: King Abdullah, the Zionists, and Palestine 1921–1951. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Siboni, Gabi, and Ben-Barak, Ram. 2014. “The Sinai Peninsula Threat Development and Respond Concept,” Analysis Paper, No. 31, INSS, January.Google Scholar
Simmons, Beth A. 2006. “Trade and Territorial Conflict in Latin America: International Borders and Institutions,” in Kahler, Miles, and Walter, Barbara D. (eds.), Territoriality and Conflict in an Era of Globalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 251–287.Google Scholar
Simmons, Beth A. 2019. “Borders Rules,” Faculty Scholarship at Penn Law, 2045. https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/faculty/_scholarship/2045Google Scholar
Simmons, Beth A., Lloyd, Paulette, and Stewart, Brandon M. 2018. “The Global Diffusion of Law: Transnational Crime and the Case of Human Trafficking,” International Organization 72 (3): 249–281.Google Scholar
Simandjuntak, Deasy. 2018. “The State of Democracy in Southeast Asia,” Southeast Asia, Heinrich Böll Stiftung.Google Scholar
Singh, Bilveer. 2018. “Jemaah Islamiyah: Still Southeast Asia’s Greatest Terrorist Threat,” The Diplomat, October 7.Google Scholar
Smith, Karen S. 2005. “The Outsiders: The European Neighborhood Policy,” International Affairs 81 (4): 757–773.Google Scholar
Snodgrass, Lynn. 2015. “Illegal Guns Fuel Violent Crime, Wreak Deadly Havoc in South Africa,” The Conversation, October 14. theconversation.com/illegal/guns-fuel-violent-crime-wreak-deadly-havoc-in-south-africa-49006.Google Scholar
Söderbaum, Fredrik. 2004. The Political Economy of Regionalism: The Case of Southern Africa. New York: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Sotomayor, Arturo C. 2014. The Myth of the Democratic Peacekeeper: Civil-Military Relations and the United Nations. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Sotomayor, Arturo C. 2015. “Legalizing and Judicializing Territorial and Maritime Border Disputes in Latin America: Causes and Unintended Consequences,” in Jaskoski, Maiah, Sotomayor, Arturo C., and Trinkunas, Harold A. (eds.), American Crossings: Border Politics in the Western Hemisphere. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 38–65.Google Scholar
Southern African Development Community [SADC]. 2016. “SADC Selected Economic and Social Indicators, 2016.”Google Scholar
Souza, Marillia C. 2016. “Armed Conflict and Drug-Trafficking: The Overflow of Colombian Issues in the border space with Venezuela,” Paper presented at the ISA Annual Conference, Atlanta, GE, March 16.Google Scholar
Sparke, Matthew. 2002. “Not a State, but More than a State of Mind: Cascading Cascadias and the Geoeconomics of Cross-Border Regionalism,” in Perkmann, Markus, and Ngai-Ling, Sum (eds.), Globalization, Regionalization, and Cross-Border Regions. New York: Palgrave, pp. 212–238.Google Scholar
Stephen, Lynn. 2009. “Expanding the Borderlands: Recent Studies on the U.S.-Mexico Border,” Latin American Research Review 44 (1): 266–277.Google Scholar
Stohl, Rachel, and Tuttle, Doug. 2008. “The Small Arms Trade in Latin America,” NACLA: Report on the Americas 41 (2): 14–20.Google Scholar
Stone, Hanna. 2011. “Colombia, Panama Sign Border Security Pact,” Insight Crime, February 12. www.insightcrime.org/news-analysis-colombia-panama-sign-border-security-pact.Google Scholar
Stone, Hanna. 2016. “Organized Crime and Elites in Colombia: An InSight Crime Report,” Open Democracy, August 18. www.opendemocracy.net/en/democraciaabierta/organized-crime-and-elites-in-colombia-insight-crime-report/.Google Scholar
Stott, Noel. 2007. “Small Arms Proliferation in Southern Africa: Reducing the Impact of ‘Real Weapons of Mass Destruction’” Africa Files 5 (2): 11–33.Google Scholar
Stromseth, Jonathan. 2019. “The Testing Ground: China’s Rising Influence in Southeast Asia and Regional Responses,” Brookings Report, Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, November, pp. 1–12. https://brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/FP-20191119-china_se_asia_stromseth.pdf.Google Scholar
Sullivan, Mark P., and Beittel, June S. 2016. “Latin America: Terrorism Issues,” Congressional Research Service Reports, # 21049, December 15. fas.org/sgp/crs/terror/RS21049.pdfGoogle Scholar
Surtees, Rebecca. 2008. “Traffickers and Trafficking in Southern and Eastern Europe: Considering the Other Side of Human Trafficking,” European Journal of Criminology 5 (1): 39–68.Google Scholar
Susser, Asher. 1999. “The Jordanian-Israeli Peace Negotiations: The Geopolitical Rationale of a Bilateral Relationship,” Davis Occasional Papers 73, August.Google Scholar
Sverdlick, Ana R. 2005. “Terrorists and Organized Crime Entrepeneurs in the ‘Triple Frontier’ among Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay,” Trends in Organized Crime 9 (2): 84–93.Google Scholar
Tagliacozzo, Eric. 2001. “Border Permeability and the State in Southeast Asia: Contraband and Regional Security,” Contemporary Southeast Asia 23 (2): 254–274.Google Scholar
Tamminen, Tanja. 2004. “Cross-Border Cooperation in the Southern Balkans: Local, National or European Identity Politics?,” Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 4 (3): 399–418.Google Scholar
Temby, Quinton. 2018. “Terrorist Arbitrage in Southeast Asia,” New Mandala, January 19.Google Scholar
Thaler, Kai M. 2017. “Nicaragua: A Return to Caudillismo,” Journal of Democracy 28 (2): 157–169.Google Scholar
The Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime. 2019. Hotspots of Organized Crime in the Western Balkans: Local Vulnerabilities in a Regional Context. Geneva: The Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime, May. globalinitiative.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Hotspots-Report-English-13Jun1110-Web.pdf.Google Scholar
The Times of Israel. 2018. “Suspected Drug Ring Nabbed by Security Forces at Egypt Border,” May 16.Google Scholar
Tønnesson, Stein. 2015. “The East Asian Peace: How Did It Happen? How Deep Is It? Introduction,” Global Asia 10 (4): 8–9.Google Scholar
Transparency International. 2015. “Corruption Perception Index.” www.transparency.org/cpi.Google Scholar
Traverso, Enzo. 2016. Fire and Blood: The European Civil War, 1914–1945. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Traynor, Ian. 2016. “Is the Schengen Dream of Europe without Borders Becoming a Thing of the Past?,” The Guardian, January 5.Google Scholar
Trejo, Guillermo, and Ley, Sandra. 2020. Votes, Drugs, and Violence: The Political Logic of Criminal Wars in Mexico. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Trejos Rosero, Luis Fernando. 2015. “El lado colombiano de la frontera Colombo-brasilera: Una aproximación desde la categoría de area sin ley,” Estudios Fronterizos 16 (31): 39–64.Google Scholar
Trinkunas, Harold A. 2013. “Reordering Regional Security in Latin America,” Journal of International Affairs 66 (2): 83–99.Google Scholar
Trinkunas, Harold A., and Clunan, Anne. 2016. “Alternative Governance in Latin America,” in Mares, David R., and Kacowicz, Arie M. (eds.), Routledge Handbook of Latin American Security. London: Routledge, pp. 99–109.Google Scholar
Tziampiris, Aristotle. 2009. “Assessing Islamic Terrorism in the Western Balkans: The State of the Debate,” Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 11 (2): 209–219.Google Scholar
Udelsmann Rodrigues, Cristina. 2012. “Introduction: Crossing African Borders: Migration and Mobility,” in Udelsmann Rodrigues, Cristina, and Tomàs, Jordi (eds.), Crossing African Borders. Lisbon: Centro de Estudios Internacionais, pp. 4–14.Google Scholar
Umaña, Felipe. 2012. Threat Convergence: Revisiting the Crime-Terrorism Nexus in the Tri-Border Area. Washington, DC: The Fund for Peace.Google Scholar
United Nations. 1995. “9th United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders.” A/Conf.169/15/Add.1, April 29-May 8, Cairo.Google Scholar
UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime). 2008. Crime and Its Impact on the Balkans and Affected Countries. New York: UNODC.Google Scholar
UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime). 2010. The Globalization of Crime: A Transnational Organized Crime Threat Assessment. New York: UNODC.Google Scholar
UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime). 2012a. Transnational Organized Crime in Central America and the Caribbean: A Threat Assessment. New York: UNODC.Google Scholar
UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime). 2012b. Making the Southern African Development Community (SADC) Region Safer from Crime and Drugs. Regional Programme, 2013–2016. New York: UNODC.Google Scholar
UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime). 2013. Transnational Organized Crime in East Asia and the Pacific: A Threat Assessment. Bangkok: UNODC, Regional Office for Southeast Asia and the Pacific.Google Scholar
UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime). 2014. Global Report on Trafficking in Persons. New York: UNODC.Google Scholar
UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime). 2015. Study on Firearms. New York: UNODC.Google Scholar
UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime). 2016a. World Drug Report. New York: UNODC.Google Scholar
UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime). 2016b. Global Report on Trafficking in Persons. New York: UNODC.Google Scholar
UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime). 2016c. Protecting Peace and Prosperity in Southeast Asia: Synchronizing Economic and Security Agendas. Bangkok: UNODC, Regional Office for Southeast Asia and the Pacific.Google Scholar
UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime). 2018a. Global Report on Trafficking in Persons. New York: UNODC.Google Scholar
UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime). 2018b. Migrant Smuggling in Asia and the Pacific: Current Trends and Challenges, Vol. 2. Bangkok: UNODC.Google Scholar
UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime). 2019. Transnational Organized Crime in Southeast Asia: Evolution, Growth, and Impact. Bangkok: UNODC.Google Scholar
UNHCR (United Nations Refugee Agency). 2019. “Refugees and Migrants from Venezuela Top 4 Million: UNHCR and IOM,” June 7. unhcr.org/news/press/2019/6/5cfa2a4a4/refugees-migrants-venezuela-top-4-million-unhcr-iom.html.Google Scholar
UNHCR (United Nations Refugee Agency). 2020. “UNHCR Welcomes Colombia’s Decision to Regularize Stay of Venezuelans in the Country,” February 4. unhcr.org/news/briefing/2020/2/5e3930db4/unhcr-welcomes-colombias-decision-regularize-stay-venezuelans-country.html.Google Scholar
United Nations Security Council. 2012. “Security Council, concerned at Threat Posed by Illicit Cross-Border Trafficking, Asks for Assessment of UN Efforts in Helping States Counter Challenges.” SC/10624, 6760th Meeting, 25 April.Google Scholar
United Nations Security Council. 2014. Resolution 2195, “Security Council, Adopting Resolution 2195 (2014), Urges International Action to Break Links between Terrorists, Transnational Organized Crime.” SC/11717, 7351st Meeting, December 19.Google Scholar
United States Congress. 2016. “Northern Border Security Review Act.” www.congress.gov/114/plaws/publ267/PLAW-114publ257.pdfGoogle Scholar
US Department of Homeland Security. 2011. “United States-Canada Beyond the Border: A Shared Vision for Perimeter Security and Economic Competitiveness.” www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/us-canada-btb-action-plan.pdf.Google Scholar
US Department of Homeland Security. 2015. “U.S. Customs and Border Relations, Fiscal Years 2009–2014 Strategic Plan.”Google Scholar
United States Office of National Drug Control Policy, Executive Office of the President of the United States. 2020. “National Drug Control Strategy: Northern Border Counter-narcotics Strategy.”Google Scholar
US State Department. 2010–2016. Country Reports on Terrorism, Series 2010–2016. Washington, DC: US Government.Google Scholar
US State Department. 2019. Trafficking in Persons Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Government. state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/2019-Trafficking-in-Persons-Report.pdf.Google Scholar
Van der Laan, Franca. 2017. Strategic Monitor 2017 – Transnational Organized Crime. The Hague: The Clingendael Institute (February 27). Clingedael.org/publication/strategic-monitor-2017-transnational-organised-crime.Google Scholar
Van Nieuwkerk, Anthoni. 2014. “The Strategic Culture of Foreign and Security Policymaking: Examining the Southern African Development Community,” African Security 7 (1): 45–69.Google Scholar
Van Reisen, Mirjam, Estefanos, Meron, and Rijken, Conny. 2012. Human Trafficking in the Sinai: Refugees between Life and Death. Brussels: Tilburg University, September 26.Google Scholar
Van Schendel, Willem. 2005. “Spaces of Engagement: How Borderlands, Illegal Flows, and Territorial States Interlock,” in van Schendel, Wilem, and Abraham, Itty (eds.), Illicit Flows and Criminal Things: States, Borders, and the Other Side of Globalization. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, pp. 38–67.Google Scholar
Varela, Carlos Alberto. 2018. “Security Crisis in the Colombo-Ecuadorian Border: The Other Side of the Colombian Peace Process,” LSE – International Development, July 9. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/internationaldevelopment/2018/07/09/security-crisis-in-the-colombo-ecuadorian-border-the-other-side-of-the-colombian-epace-process/Google Scholar
Vargas, Eugenio Weigend, and Bhatia, Rukman. 2019. “Beyond Our Borders but Within Our Control,” Center for American Progress, November 1. www.americanprogress.org/issues/guns-crime/news/2019/11/01/476576/beyond-borders-within-control/.Google Scholar
Vargas Llosa, Mario. 2017. “Abrir las fronteras para acabar con el negocio de las mafias,” La Nación, May 22.Google Scholar
Varin, Caroline, and Abubakar, Dauda (eds.). 2017. Violent Non-State Actors in Africa: Terrorists, Rebels, and Warlords. London: Palgrave/Macmillan.Google Scholar
Venezuela Investigative Unit. 2018. Venezuela: A Mafia State?, InSight Crime: Investigation and Analysis of Organized Crime. insightcrime.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Venezuela-a-Mafia-State-InSight-Crime-2018.pdf.Google Scholar
Villafuerte Solis, Daniel. 2007. “The Southern Border of Mexico in the Age of Globalization,” in Brunet-Jailly, Emmanuel (ed.), Borderlands: Comparing Border Security in North America and Europe. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, pp. 311–350.Google Scholar
Vogeler, Ingolf. 2010. “Types of International Borders along the U.S.-Mexico Border,” Geography Online 10 (1): 1–6.Google Scholar
Von Lampe, Klaus. 2014. “Transnational Organized Crime in Europe,” in Albanese, Jay, and Reichel, Philip (eds.), Transnational Organized Crime: An Overview from Six Continents. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp. 75–92.Google Scholar
Von Soest, Christian, and De Juan, Alexander. 2018. “Dealing with New Security Threats in Africa,” GIGA Focus/Africa 2 (May).Google Scholar
Voortman, Aude. 2015. “Terrorism in Europe: Explaining the Disparity in the Number of Jihadist Foreign Fighters between European Countries,” Student Paper Series 20, Institut Barcelona Estudis Internacionals, pp. 1–38.Google Scholar
Wajner, Daniel F. 2020. “International Legitimacy and Conflict Resolution: Analyzing Legitimation Dynamics during Peace Negotiations in Intractable Conflicts,” Ph.D. Thesis. Jerusalem: Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Department of International Relations.Google Scholar
Wajner, , Daniel, F., and Roniger, Luis. 2019. “Transnational Identity Politics in the Americas: Reshaping ‘Nuestraamerica’ as Chavismo’s Regional ‘Legitimation Strategy’” Latin American Research Review 54 (2): 468–75.Google Scholar
Walser, Ray. 2010. “State Sponsors of Terrorism: Time to Add Venezuela to the List,” Backgrounder 2362, January.Google Scholar
Walsh, John, and Ramsey, Geoff. 2016. “Uruguay’s Drug Policy: Major Innovations, Major Challenges,” Improving Global Drug Policy: Comparative Perspectives and UNGASS, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, pp. 1–19. Brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Walsh-Uruguay-final.pdf.Google Scholar
Watanabe, Lisa, and Nünlist, Christian. 2015. “Sinai Peninsula: From Buffer Zone to Battlefield,” CSS Analyses in Security Policy 168 (February): 1–4.Google Scholar
Wayne, Earl A. 2017. “The War on Drugs: The Narco States of North America.” https://nationalinterest.org/feature/the-war-drugs-the-narco-states-north-america-22967.Google Scholar
Wayne, Earl A., and Olson, Eric L. 2017. “Mexico and the U.S. Agree on a Vision for Fighting Drugs,” May 23. www.wilsoncenter.org/article/mexico-and-the-us-agree-vision-for-fighting-drugs.Google Scholar
Weiffen, Brigitte. 2012. “Persistence and Change in Regional Security Institutions: Does the OAS Still Have a Project?,” Contemporary Security Policy 33 (2): 360–383.Google Scholar
Weiner, Myron. 1996. “Bad Neighbors, Bad Neighborhoods: An Inquiry into the Causes of Refugee Flows,” International Security 21 (1): 5–42.Google Scholar
Wells, Miriam. 2013. “UN Warns of Rise in Human Trafficking Within Colombia,” InSight Crime Analysis, April 16. www.insightcrime.org/news/brief/un-warns-growing-human-trafficking-colombia/.Google Scholar
Wienand, Sandra, and Tremaria, Stiven. 2017. “Paramilitarism in a Post-Demobilization Context? Insights from the Department of Antioquia in Colombia,” European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 103: 25–50.Google Scholar
Williams, Phil. 2010. “Here Be Dragons: Dangerous Spaces and International Security,” in Clunan, Anne L., and Trinkunas, Harold A. (eds.), Ungoverned Spaces: Alternatives to State Authority in an Era of Softened Sovereignty. Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp. 34–54.Google Scholar
Williams, Phil. 2016. “Illicit Threats: Organized Crime, Drugs, and Small Arms,” in Mares, David R., and Kacowicz, Arie M. (eds.), Routledge Handbook of Latin American Security. London: Routledge, pp. 266–276.Google Scholar
Wong, Diana. 2005. “The Rumor of Trafficking: Border Controls, Illegal Migration, and the Sovereignty of the Nation-State,” in van Schendel, Willem, and Abraham, Itty (eds.), Illicit Flows and Criminal Things: States, Borders, and the Other Side of Globalization. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 69–99.Google Scholar
Woods, Kevin. 2011. “Ceasefire Capitalism: Military-Private Partnerships, Resource Concessions, and Military-State Building in the Burma-China Borderlands,” The Journal of Peasant Studies 38 (4): 747–770.Google Scholar
Woody, Christopher. 2019. “The Architect of Mexico’s War on Cartels Was Just Arrested in Texas and Accused of Drug Trafficking and Taking Bribes,” Business Insider, December 10. businessinsider.com/Genaro-garcia-luna-arrested-in-texas-on-drug-trafficking-charges-2019-12.Google Scholar
Wotela, Kambidima, and Letsiri, Cleophas. 2015. “International Movements, Post-Apartheid Dispensations, and Illegal Immigration into South Africa,” The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa 11 (4): 99–117.Google Scholar
Yagoub, Mimi. 2014. “Panama Police Clash with Colombia’s FARC in Cross Border Drug Corridor,” InSight Crime Brief, July 15. insightcrime.org/news/brief/panama-police-clash-with-colombias-farc-in-cross-border-drug-corridor/.Google Scholar
Zacher, Mark W. 2001. “The Territorial Integrity Norm: International Boundaries and the Use of Force,” International Organization 55 (2): 215–250.Google Scholar
Zartman, William I. 2010. “Introduction: Identity, Movement, and Response,” in Zartman, William I. (ed.), Understanding Life in the Borderlands: Boundaries in Depth and in Motion. Athens: University of Georgia Press, pp. 1–18.Google Scholar
Ziegler, Ruvi. 2015. “No Asylum for ‘Infiltrators’: The Legal Predicament of Eritrean and Sudanese Nationals in Israel,” Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Law 29 (2): 172–191.Google Scholar
Zielonka, Jan. 2001. “How New Enlarged Borders Will Reshape the European Union,” Journal of Common Market Studies 39 (3): 507–536.Google Scholar
Zohar, Eran. 2015. “The Arming of Non-State Actors in the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula,” Australian Journal of International Affairs 69 (4): 438–461.Google Scholar