Index

doi:10.1017/9781009428682.018

Index

accountability, 121, 245–247, 293, 295, 297

active labor market policies, 306, 316, 321, 322

Affordable Care Act (ACA), 119, 153

African Americans. See Black Americans

agenda setting, 102

American political system, 15, 99, 107

American politics, 15, 29, 30, 50, 75, 94, 99, 101, 104, 106, 116, 126–128, 134

Antifa, 284, 288, 290

behavioral revolution, 78, 84

biased pluralism, 134

Biden, Joseph R., 123, 287, 288

Black Americans, 120, 292, 293

BLM, 288, 289

blue-collar workers. See class groups, workers

Brexit, 278, 298

British Social Attitude Survey (BSAS), 234

business cycle, 246, 247, 252–256, 273, 274

business interests, 87, 139, 144

businesses, 57, 59, 109, 138, 199, 293, 295, 296

campaign contributions, 139, 141, 144, 203

campaign costs, 183, 186

campaign finance, 51, 97, 134, 141, 154, 191

campaign spending, 134, 141

candidate selection process, 179

candidates, 188, 195, 201, 204–205, 249, 277, 278, 283, 284

working-class candidates, 180–182

capital, 52, 54, 58, 62, 63, 67, 70, 73, 75, 103, 105, 145, 164, 170–172, 174, 247, 254, 270, 306

capital mobility, 67, 69

capitalism, 23, 54, 58, 62, 188, 252, 275, 296, 297

cash income, 63

cash transfers, 63, 72

center-left governments, 55

childcare, 307, 310, 322

city residents, 277

civil rights organizations, 124

civil society, 204

class groups

high-income citizens, 13, 29–31, 34–36, 38, 39, 41, 48, 49, 52, 81, 88

high-income households, 19

high-income individuals, 244

income groups, 11, 18, 20, 25, 40, 81, 90, 92–94, 138, 245, 250, 253, 255–257, 261, 264, 268–270, 274, 275, 301, 312

low-income citizens, 13, 30, 31

low-income voters, 19, 20

middle class, 23, 50, 54–57, 59–61, 65, 67–72, 75, 76, 86–88, 92, 93, 140, 197, 246, 251, 275, 288, 302–304, 306, 307, 311–316, 318, 321

middle-income citizens, 13, 30, 31

middle-income people, 91

middle-income voters, 19, 20

nonrich citizens, 274

the poor, 1, 14, 20, 22, 30, 55, 67, 76, 80, 85, 133, 134, 137, 138, 140, 198, 201, 204, 205, 208, 211, 214, 227, 228, 231, 235, 241, 258, 315

poor people, 86, 92, 198

the rich, 1, 9, 12, 20, 54–57, 59, 60, 65, 66, 70, 75, 76, 85–87, 91, 109, 113, 134, 137, 138, 176, 197–199, 201, 204, 205, 213, 214, 227, 230, 232, 235, 246, 248, 250–253, 255–257

rich citizens, 197, 198

small business owners, 312

workers, 103, 105, 204, 252, 255, 259

working class, 16, 23, 24, 44, 177, 304, 312, 314, 315, 320, 321

working-class people, 177–179, 182–184, 186, 188, 191, 194

working-class voters, 302, 303, 305, 308, 313

class interests, 56, 58, 60, 76, 251, 252, 305

Comparative Manifestos Project, 186, 187

comparative political economy, 3, 15, 25, 57

comparative politics, 3, 20, 31, 114

congruence, 77–85, 89, 91, 93–95, 102, 178, 198, 301–305, 307–309, 312, 315, 318–322

opinion congruence, 13, 25, 320

conscientiousness, 159

conservative bias, 157, 203

conservative religious groups, 119

conspiracy theories, 284

Cooperative Congressional Election Study (CCES), 138

coordinated market economies, 254

corporate donations, 141

corporate performance, 257, 258, 261, 272

corporate tax rate, 143

cosmopolitanism, 44

councilors, 163, 164

COVID, 287, 293

cross-national surveys, 223, 226, 232, 234

cultural grievances, 116

decommodification, 108, 110, 112, 124

deconcentration, 108, 109, 112, 123, 125, 127

deindustrialization, 103

democratic theory, 77, 83, 95

democratic values, 79

Democrats, 15, 23, 30, 87, 99, 106, 108, 110, 114, 115, 118, 121–124, 126–128, 153, 277, 280, 287–289, 291, 296, 297

density tax, 118, 122, 123, 127

distributive injustice, 277

distributive politics, 55, 68, 76

economic globalization, 161

economic growth, 176, 245, 252, 255, 273, 274

economic information, 245

economic performance, 21, 31, 52, 156, 159, 164, 252, 256, 274

economic polarization, 98, 100

economic segregation, 105, 126

economic sentiment, 260

economic voting, 249, 250

educational gap, 208, 209, 211

efficacy. See political efficacy

elderly care, 11, 63

elected officials, 17, 51, 78, 87, 101, 123, 126, 196, 205

elections, 13, 17, 51, 79, 113, 123, 125, 136, 141, 152, 154, 157, 159, 162, 165, 176, 181, 182, 188, 189, 202, 203, 249, 250, 284, 303

electoral behavior, 21, 249

Electoral College, 15, 99, 104, 115

electoral fraud, 166

electoral laws, 134

electoral mobilization, 145, 147, 148, 150, 155

electoral politics, 43, 120, 135, 136, 141, 145

electoral rules, 155, 183, 188

electoral selection, 88, 133–135, 139, 141, 143, 153–155

electoral support, 312, 313

electoral systems, 82, 128, 182, 186, 188, 189

majoritarian systems, 141, 165, 304, 308

proportional representation (PR), 107, 154, 155, 157, 162, 165, 178, 182, 183, 188, 189, 193, 198, 303, 304, 307

elite-centered explanations, 16, 156, 157, 160

elites, 2, 17, 24, 53, 81, 94, 100, 110, 121, 126, 176, 251, 276, 277, 298, 300, 302, 305, 306

economic, 134, 139, 144, 147, 197, 248

party, 100, 108, 116, 117, 120, 121, 127

political, 23, 52, 80, 81, 88, 298, 303, 313

emotional stability, 159

environmental issues, 314

equal influence. See influence

European Social Survey (ESS), 18, 20, 201, 208, 210, 223, 234, 237–239, 241, 314

European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC), 4

Eurostat, 63

expressive ambition, 179, 182

fairness, 21, 22, 219, 220, 222, 224–226, 228, 232, 242, 244

beliefs, 220, 225, 226, 229, 239, 243, 244

doctrine, 278

norm, 21, 22, 24, 220, 222, 224, 225, 231, 243

reasoning, 219–222, 226, 229–231, 235, 242, 243

federalism, 99, 104, 124, 125

financial crisis, 2, 6, 8–10, 20, 25, 258

financialization, 255, 257, 273

firms, 105, 153, 155, 251

fiscal conservatism, 161

Floyd, George, 22, 279, 280, 282, 284–287, 289–297

Floyd protests, 290

foreign direct investment, 67

free market, 23, 251, 296

free riding, 108, 222, 223, 229, 231, 233, 237, 238, 241–244

gay rights, 94, 314

GDP growth, 21, 67, 69, 247, 252, 253, 257, 260, 261, 270, 272

GDP per capita, 72, 103

gender, 140, 144, 157, 163, 166, 175, 309

gerrymandering, 115, 118, 123

Gini coefficient, 1, 5, 6, 8

globalization, 13, 58, 62, 67, 70, 161, 258

governance, 79, 101, 102, 118, 127, 199

governing party, 52, 82, 105, 250, 307

government partisanship, 30–35, 40, 41, 43–46, 48, 50, 62, 67, 69, 88

government spending, 5, 11, 44, 49, 54, 61, 70, 74, 80, 87, 90, 120, 138, 198

government transfers, 5, 12, 72

Great Recession, 46, 277

healthcare, 63, 80, 119, 124, 160, 224, 226, 227, 230, 284

household income, 4, 5, 18, 55, 63, 72, 73, 258

housing, 63, 100, 105, 110, 112, 117, 118, 122, 125, 126, 164, 172, 291

housing crisis, 125

humanitarianism, 280

ideological alignment, 101

ideological cues, 57

ideological scales, 80

ideological spectrum, 2, 316, 322, 323

immigrants, 22, 120, 229, 291, 297, 298, 302, 306, 307, 310, 315

immigration, 3, 22, 24, 32, 44, 198, 306, 308, 314, 320, 322

import competition, 103

income

disposable, 5–8, 10–12, 63, 70, 73, 74, 76, 219, 247, 260, 261, 265–268, 274

gap, 197, 209, 211

growth, 19–21, 55, 72–76, 249, 250, 253, 261–270

labor, 11, 75

market, 4, 5, 7–12, 60, 63, 64, 67, 70, 220, 221, 224, 228–230, 233, 242–245, 261, 265

net, 58, 66, 70, 71, 76

posttax-and-transfer, 245, 247

pretax, 4, 191, 253, 254, 260, 261, 265–268, 270

income classes, 56, 58, 63, 72, 88, 301, 302

income distribution, 1, 2, 4, 5, 19, 21, 33, 35, 37, 38, 49, 51, 53, 55, 67, 70, 72, 73, 76, 86, 89, 91, 138, 144, 147, 191, 249, 260–265, 267–269, 273, 274

income groups

high-income groups, 87

incumbents, 20, 21, 249, 250, 275

individualism, 280

inequality, 1–6, 8, 9, 11, 14–25, 55–57, 59, 60, 62, 63, 65, 69, 72, 75–78, 82, 84, 86, 89, 95, 97, 105, 110, 127, 140–142, 148, 158, 178, 199–201, 204, 219, 220, 226, 240, 243, 244, 246–251, 253–259, 270, 272–276, 280, 289, 292

bottom-end, 20, 55, 61, 67, 69, 70

economic, 16, 23–25, 86, 133, 135, 136, 139, 141, 142, 183, 186, 191, 198, 206, 264, 276, 278, 282, 291, 295, 297

income, 2, 4–8, 10–12, 24, 30, 44, 63, 67, 70, 75, 220, 227, 228, 231, 234, 242–245, 255, 256, 270, 272

market, 2, 6–8, 11, 12, 54, 67

political, 15, 23, 25, 77, 78, 82, 84, 85, 87, 89, 94, 95, 97, 133–135, 139, 140, 154–155, 199, 245, 248

racial, 280

structure of, 20

top-end, 4, 5, 12, 20, 22, 59, 60, 66, 69, 70, 75, 258, 270

inflation, 128, 162, 258, 260

influence, 14, 25, 29, 30, 39, 51, 53, 57–60, 62, 70, 76, 77, 84–97, 105, 115, 118, 119, 125, 127, 133–135, 141–143, 147, 151–154, 162, 175, 183, 197–199, 248

infrastructure, 61, 105, 117, 120, 124, 128, 157, 172, 173, 301

in-kind benefits, 11, 70, 72, 226

in-kind services, 61, 63, 64

in-kind transfers, 55, 73

institutional trust, 306

interest groups, 13–17, 24, 50, 52, 85, 87, 94, 96, 107, 122, 133–136, 139, 141–143, 145–147, 153–155, 157, 195, 199

International Monetary Fund, 260

International Social Survey Programme (ISSP), 20, 54, 232, 234, 239–241

investors, 251, 259

journalists, 21, 246, 247, 251–253, 255–258, 272, 274, 283

knowledge economy, 15, 72, 98–100, 102–105, 108, 110, 117, 118, 122, 125–128

labor, 52, 58, 142, 177, 200, 247, 254, 255

force, 4, 67, 182, 184, 186, 191

market, 2, 21, 31, 61, 70, 177, 183, 184, 200, 224, 230, 243, 273, 302, 306, 310, 311, 313, 316, 321, 322

organized, 124, 134, 141, 143, 148

relations, 228, 234, 256

unions, 15, 30, 49, 51, 87, 97, 124, 134, 141, 144, 147, 148, 152, 155, 175, 177, 178, 182, 184–186, 193, 255, 312

law and order, 23, 295, 297

Left governments, 30, 31, 46–50, 53, 157, 260

legislators, 16, 82, 133, 135, 136, 138, 140–144, 146–150, 161, 177, 178, 183, 184, 186–188, 200, 203–205

working-class, 187, 188

legislature, 82, 118, 121, 123, 133, 135, 136, 140–143, 147, 149–151, 153, 158, 162, 177, 178, 183, 184, 186–189, 191, 193, 195, 201

behavior, 16, 135, 148, 149, 154

staffers, 138

state, 114, 121

systems, 81

liberal market economies, 4, 71, 76, 254

lobbying, 2, 15, 88, 133–136, 139, 140, 142–150, 153–155

Luxembourg Income Study (LIS), 4, 5, 54–56, 63, 73, 75

market capitalization, 261, 270, 272

market competition, 58

market forces, 2, 8, 9, 256

market-liberalizing reforms, 162

material welfare, 58, 246, 258

median voter, 30, 91, 94, 140, 158, 203, 244, 303

meritocracy, 161, 258

migrants, 306, 308, 310–313, 315, 319, 322

minimum wage, 121, 137, 152

minorities, 22, 75, 82, 86, 115, 188, 289, 291

minority rights, 79

mobility, 58, 61, 65, 70, 76, 158, 242

monied interests, 15, 16

moral hazard, 233, 242

moral system, 220, 221, 223–226

motivated reasoning, 100

multiparty systems, 155

nascent ambition, 179, 181, 182

New Deal, 123

news media, 21, 33, 101, 153, 199, 245–247, 250, 252, 253, 255–262, 265, 272, 273, 275

economic news, 20, 21, 199, 246, 247, 250–253, 255–265, 267, 269, 270, 272–274

media market, 279

news coverage, 21

news outlets, 21, 250–252, 259, 260, 273, 274, 298

news tone, 21, 246, 247, 257–262, 264–266, 268, 270, 272, 274, 275

right-wing media, 119

talk radio, 22, 278–280, 282–284, 287, 297, 298

talk radio stations, 279, 280

oligarchies, 214

openness to experience, 159

parliament, 67, 80, 82, 204, 205, 208, 303

parliamentary systems, 14

participation gap, 17, 197, 201, 211, 214

partisanship, 3, 13, 14, 41, 87, 104, 110, 113, 120, 123, 139, 140, 142, 149–153, 157, 251

party coalitions, 15, 100, 112, 123, 124, 127, 128

party competition, 106, 274, 308

party polarization, 135, 142, 147, 152, 154

party systems, 116, 123, 127, 129, 196, 201, 308, 310–313, 315–321

pensions, 4, 5, 230, 261, 301, 302, 306, 307, 310, 315, 319, 321

policy, 177

conservative, 16, 157, 160, 162, 168, 174, 175

distributive, 249, 300, 306

economic, 14, 23, 24, 31, 35, 43, 46–48, 52, 53, 87, 94, 100, 119–122, 124, 161, 199, 245, 275, 299, 319

education, 306

expansionary, 161

fiscal, 54, 70, 87, 110, 140, 156, 157, 162, 164, 165, 169, 170, 173–176

immigration, 306

Keynesian, 173

predistribution, 221, 227, 228, 247

redistributive, 1, 2, 7, 8, 12, 19, 22, 49, 137, 219–221, 226, 242, 243, 245, 258, 297

regimes, 112, 117

social compensation, 302

social consumption, 59, 301, 305, 306, 308–310, 312, 313, 315, 319

social investment, 31, 59, 302, 305, 306, 309, 310, 312, 313, 315, 319, 321

social, 23, 31, 43, 100, 110, 124, 127, 128, 161, 222, 224, 243, 245, 298, 300–302, 304–309, 311–313, 315, 317, 320–323

welfare, 35, 46–48, 52, 53, 161, 301, 312, 313, 319, 321

policy feedback, 117

political donations, 203

political efficacy, 142, 206–208, 211

political equality, 15, 84, 134–136, 139, 141, 148, 154, 196, 213, 247

political influence. See influence

political institutions, 15, 99, 100, 112, 115, 122, 127, 158, 180

political participation, 17, 50, 78, 197, 199–201, 203, 205, 207, 208, 214, 300

unequal political participation, 139, 196, 199, 207

political parties, 12, 14, 56, 96, 141, 155, 166, 180, 182, 195, 201, 204, 208, 211, 305, 307, 321

Center-Right parties, 50

Democratic party, 23, 104, 110, 117, 118, 122–128, 197

Dutch Labor Party, 46

German Social Democrats, 46

GOP. See political parties, Republican Party

Green parties, 33, 41

Left parties, 13, 31, 33, 34, 41–43, 45, 48–50, 52, 62, 67, 157, 175, 182, 183, 186, 187, 307, 317

liberal parties, 188

mainstream parties, 50, 52, 175, 308

nationalist parties, 188

nonmainstream parties, 307

Norwegian Social Democrats, 44, 46

populist parties, 137

Progress Party, 44

Republican Party, 100, 109, 113–116, 118–127, 277, 278, 298

Right parties, 13, 31, 43, 67, 70, 187

Social Democratic parties, 14, 31, 33, 41, 46

Swedish Social Democrats, 44, 46

political polarization, 98, 148

populist backlash, 105

potential candidates, 179–181

primary deficit, 157, 169

private insurance, 61

pro-affluent bias. See pro-rich bias

productivity growth, 258

progressive economic groups, 124

proportionality norm, 21, 22, 222–224, 230, 234, 244

pro-rich bias, 14, 21, 40, 41, 43, 45, 48, 52, 134, 246, 247, 259, 264, 273

protectionism, 161

public employees, 277

public financing, 183, 190, 191, 193

public goods, 55, 58, 61, 63, 72–75, 117, 118, 156, 159, 169

public investment, 105, 112, 122, 170

public opinion, 2, 19, 20, 22, 32, 34, 35, 48, 49, 54, 56, 58, 78, 79, 82, 85, 102, 137, 197, 203, 243, 279, 302

race, 22, 23, 55, 75, 117, 124, 128, 140, 144, 279, 282, 288, 294, 298

racial animosity, 58

racial injustice, 23, 279, 285, 288, 289

racism, 23, 75, 229, 276–280, 282, 284–287, 289, 290, 292–295, 297–299

reciprocity norm, 22, 222–224, 230, 233, 234, 241, 244

redistribution, 1, 3–8, 11–14, 19–23, 31, 44, 49, 50, 55, 59, 61, 62, 70, 73–76, 88, 93, 108, 110, 112, 115, 117, 124, 125, 141, 178, 219, 226, 227, 230, 231, 233–235, 237, 240–242, 248, 276–280, 293, 296–297, 300–302, 314

demand for, 2, 3, 12, 15, 17–24, 49, 76, 160, 161, 198, 201, 219, 220, 222, 226, 227, 230, 231, 235, 243, 244, 248, 249, 276–279, 297

income, 226, 228, 234, 236, 239, 242

interregional, 108, 110, 112

intraregional, 108

redistributive politics, 39, 49, 50, 56, 57, 75, 220, 221, 244

within-household, 75

redistribution preferences. See redistribution, demand for

rent-seeking, 120, 252

representation, 3, 13–15, 17, 23, 24, 29, 32, 35, 48, 50, 57, 62, 77–79, 82, 87, 90, 93, 94, 99–102, 104–106, 112, 116, 118, 122, 127–129, 134, 137, 149, 152, 158, 160, 177, 179, 180, 186, 197, 201, 203–207, 213, 214, 221, 300–308, 310, 312, 313, 315–317, 320–323

coincidental, 95

congressional, 78, 81, 86

democratic, 78

descriptive, 13, 16, 24, 134, 140, 157, 175, 183, 184, 196, 199, 204, 205

differential, 91, 204

dyadic, 82

gap, 17, 204

legislative, 106

opinion, 82

party, 82, 306, 310, 312, 313

policy, 305

subjective, 304, 311, 313, 315

substantive, 136, 150, 176, 178

systemic, 301, 313–315, 320

territorial, 105

unequal, 2–4, 13–16, 24, 30, 31, 49, 94, 133–136, 138, 139, 149, 153–155, 160, 196, 197, 199, 203–207, 211, 213–215, 300–303, 305, 312, 313, 315, 321, 322

working-class, 183, 188, 191, 193, 195

representational equality, 264, 267

representative democracy, 133, 144

Republicans, 15, 23, 30, 87, 99, 107–110, 113, 114, 118–122, 128, 297

responsiveness, 14, 24, 30, 33–37, 43, 48, 50, 51, 53, 77, 79, 80, 85–91, 93, 95, 96, 99, 136–138, 140, 141, 147, 178, 198, 246, 249, 259, 302, 303

differential, 90, 101, 138, 198, 199

legislative, 136, 139, 148

policy, 14, 16, 24, 29–33, 35, 39–41, 46, 48–53, 93, 178, 300, 302, 312, 320

unequal, 13, 14, 29–32, 35, 36, 44, 46–53, 78, 93, 137, 139, 140, 143, 175, 176, 196–198, 206, 207, 312

Right-leaning governments, 30, 31, 44, 46–49

rightwing populism, 56, 120

Robin Hood paradox, 1, 57

roll-call votes, 79, 152, 204

rural consciousness, 277, 299

single-member districts, 81, 82, 99, 104, 106

slavery, 277, 298

social assistance, 5, 7, 9

social class, 23, 25, 51, 157, 158, 177, 178, 182–184, 200, 303, 305, 307, 311–313, 321

Social Democrats, 34

social insurance, 22, 58, 60–62, 221, 224, 228–231, 234, 243, 261

social justice, 259, 307

social programs, 23, 49, 119, 221, 227, 230

social protection, 144, 160, 302

social safety net, 177

social spending, 13, 20, 31, 43, 51, 75, 85, 88, 89, 93, 109, 198, 224, 227, 235, 243, 305, 321

socialism, 288, 297, 298

state intervention, 177, 251

status-quo bias, 13, 35, 52

stock market, 232, 256

support for redistribution. See redistribution, demand for

system satisfaction, 197

tax and spending system, 66

tax and transfer system, 2, 5–8, 11, 22, 48, 49

taxation, 23, 43, 49, 54, 58–60, 62, 63, 171, 173, 221, 229, 244, 256, 302

income taxation, 20, 222

progressive taxation, 49, 227, 228, 235, 240

tax cuts, 49, 99, 109, 112, 116, 119–121, 140, 227, 252, 258

tax evasion, 58, 59

tax exemptions, 134

tax system, 160, 235

taxes and transfers, 4, 6, 10–12, 61, 70, 247

Third Way, 31, 46

trade, 58, 67, 69, 70, 120, 255–257

trade openness, 67

trade unions. See labor, unions

Trump, Donald J., 120, 278, 281, 283–285, 287, 288, 296

trust in government, 17, 23

US Capitol, 282, 284, 285, 290, 295, 296

U.S. Congress, 30, 78, 87, 124, 128, 133, 134, 138, 140, 152, 197, 296

U.S. Supreme Court, 115

underemployment, 64

unemployment, 2, 4, 10, 11, 60, 64, 67, 157, 160, 162, 164, 169, 171, 221, 247, 252, 254, 255, 258, 260, 272, 301, 305

benefits, 4, 5, 11, 20, 33, 302, 306, 307, 310, 316, 319, 321

insurance, 11, 230, 234

rate, 160, 162, 169, 254, 257, 260, 261, 270, 272

unequal influence. See influence

Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem), 188

veto players, 69

welfare chauvinism, 305, 306, 308, 310, 320–321

welfare retrenchment, 311

welfare state, 2, 4, 31, 50, 54, 55, 61, 64, 85, 86, 200, 219, 221, 222, 229, 231, 236, 242, 247, 302, 305, 309, 323

white racial identity, 117, 294

white-collar professionals, 177

whiteness. See white racial identity

working-class officeholding, 178, 179, 181, 183, 184, 190, 191, 194, 195

World Inequality Database (WID), 4, 54, 73, 259, 260

World Values Survey (WVS), 223

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