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References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 April 2022

Andrew S. Reynolds
Andrew S. Reynolds
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Cape Breton University
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Understanding Metaphors in the Life Sciences , pp. 171 - 193
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Print publication year: 2022

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References

Primary Sources

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On microscopic cybernetics: Monod, J. (1972). Chance and Necessity. Glasgow: Collins and Sons.Google Scholar
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Nicholson’s “argument from scale”: Nicholson, D. J. (2020). On being the right size, revisited: the problem with engineering metaphors in molecular biology. In Holm, S. and Serban, S. (eds.), Philosophical Perspectives on the Engineering Approach in Biology: Living Machines? London: Routledge, pp. 40–68, 62.Google Scholar
See also Nicholson’s critique of the machine conception of the cell and organism: Nicholson, D. J. (2019). Is the cell really a machine? Journal of Theoretical Biology 477: 108–126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quotation “Some enzyme complexes function literally as machines …”: Block, S. M. (1997). Real engines of creation. Nature, 386(6622): 217–218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
On “the molecular storm”: Hoffmann, P. M. (2012). Life’s Ratchet: How Molecular Machines Extract Order from Chaos. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
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Johannes Jaeger’s YouTube Channel Beyond Networks: The Evolution of Livings Systems is a series of videos critical of the machine conception of cells and organisms.Google Scholar
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For additional discussion of metaphors in the history of biochemistry: Reynolds, A. S. (2018). In search of cell architecture: General Cytology and early twentieth-century conceptions of cell organization. In Matlin, K. S., Maienschein, J., and Laubichler, M. D. (eds.), Visions of Cell Biology: Reflections Inspired by Cowdry’s General Cytology. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 46–72.Google Scholar
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The section on metaphor and cell death draws on: Reynolds, A. S. (2014). The deaths of a cell: how language and metaphor influence the science of cell death. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 48: 175–184. Quotation from Lockshin “Because computers were just beginning to be talked about … ”: Maghsoudi, N., Zaketi, Z., and Lockshin, R. A. (2012). Programmed cell death and apoptosis – where it came from and where it is going: from Elie Metchnikoff to the control of caspases. Experimental Oncology 34(3): 146–152, 146.Google Scholar
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Just and Lillie’s recognition of egg activity in fertilization: Lillie, F. R. and Just, E. E. (1924). Fertilization. In Cowdry, E. V. (ed.), General Cytology. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press, pp. 451–536, 456.Google Scholar
On gendered metaphors and glial cells: Upchurch, M. and Fojotvá, S. (2009). Women in the brain: a history of glial cell metaphors. NWSA Journal 21(2): 1–20.Google Scholar
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On ingrained analogies and the importance of inclusivity of language and under-represented groups in science: Sullivan-Clarke, A. (2019). Misled by metaphor: the problem of ingrained analogy. Perspectives on Science 27(2): 153–170. Kueffer, C. and Larson, B. M. H. (2014). Responsible use of language in scientific writing and science communication. Bioscience 64(8): 719–724. Taylor, C. and Dewsbury, B. M. (2018). On the problem and promise of metaphor use in science and science communication. Journal of Microbiology and Biology Education 19(1): DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/jmbe.v19i1.1538.Google Scholar
On the importance of choosing scientific terminology carefully: Elliott, K. C. (2017). A Tapestry of Values: An Introduction to Values in Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press, especially chapter 6Google Scholar
For a very clear and accessible exposition of evolutionary biology, I recommend: Kampourakis, K. (2020). Understanding Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
A pioneering analysis of Darwin’s use of metaphor is found in Young, R. M. (1985). Darwin’s Metaphor: Nature’s Place in Victorian Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Quotation from Ruse “starting with the key notions of selection and struggle …”: Ruse, M. and Richards, R. J. (2016). Debating Darwin. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, p. 48.Google Scholar
Quotations from Darwin: Darwin, C. (1859). On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life, 1st ed. London: John Murray and 6th ed. (1872), both available at Darwin Online: http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_OntheOriginofSpecies.html.Google Scholar
For an example of confusion over Darwin’s phrase “survival of the fittest,” see Cimons, M. (2020). “Friendliest,” not fittest, is key to evolutionary survival, scientists argue in book. Washington Post, July 20. (Review of Hare, B., and Woods, V. (2020). Survival of the Friendliest: Understanding Our Origins and Rediscovering Our Common Humanity. New York: Random House.)Google Scholar
For the history of Woese and the molecular approach to the Tree of Life I rely on Quammen, D. (2018). The Tangled Tree: A Radical New History of Life. New York: Simon & Shuster.Google Scholar
Quotation from Doolittle “we must now admit that any tree … ”: Doolittle, W. F. (2000). Uprooting the tree of life. Scientific American February: 90–95, 94.Google Scholar
On trees as networks: Morrison, D. A. (2014). Is the tree of life the best metaphor, model, or heuristic for phylogenetics? Systematic Biology 63(4): 628–638.Google Scholar
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On selfish genes: Dawkins, R. (1989[1976]). The Selfish Gene, new ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
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Readers might also find of interest: Radick, G. (2009). Is the theory of natural selection independent of its history? In Hodge, J. and Radick, G. (eds.), The Cambridge Companion to Darwin, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 147–172.Google Scholar
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Especially relevant for the themes of this chapter and the last is: Olson, M. E., Arroyo-Santos, A., and Vergara-Silva, F. (2019). A user’s guide to metaphors in ecology and evolution. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 34(7): 605–615.Google Scholar
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