Preface

Summary

Fossil fuels remain the main source of energy for domestic heating, power generation, and transportation. Other energy sources such as solar and wind energy or nuclear energy still account for less than 20% of total energy consumption. Therefore combustion of fossil fuels, being humanity's oldest technology, remains a key technology today and for the foreseeable future. It is well known that combustion not only generates heat, which can be converted into power, but also produces pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen (NO_x), soot, and unburnt hydrocarbons (HC). Ever more stringent regulations are forcing manufacturers of automotives and power plants to reduce pollutant emissions, for the sake of our environment. In addition, unavoidable emissions of CO₂ are believed to contribute to global warming. These emissions will be reduced by improving the efficiency of the combustion process, thereby increasing fuel economy.

In technical processes, combustion nearly always takes place within a turbulent rather than a laminar flow field. The reason for this is twofold: First, turbulence increases the mixing processes and thereby enhances combustion. Second, combustion releases heat and thereby generates flow instability by buoyancy and gas expansion, which then enhances the transition to turbulence.

This book addresses gaseous turbulent flows only. Although two-phase turbulent flows such as fuel sprays are also of much practical interest, they are omitted here, because their fundamentals are even less well understood than those of turbulent combustion. We also restrict ourselves to low Mach number flows, because high speed turbulent combustion is an area of its own, with practical applications in supersonic and hypersonic aviation only.