Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T16:34:09.828Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter Four - Transnational Criminal Law in a Globalized World

The Case of Trafficking

from Part II - Transnational Legal Ordering and Transnational Crimes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 June 2020

By
Prabha Kotiswaran
Edited by
Gregory Shaffer  and
Ely Aaronson
Gregory Shaffer
Affiliation:
University of California, Irvine
Ely Aaronson
Affiliation:
University of Haifa, Israel
Get access

Summary

The chapter examines the evolution over the past twenty years of a complex transnational legal order or TLO around the 2000 Palermo Protocol on Trafficking. It elaborates on why despite the Protocol’s high rates of ratification, the anti-trafficking TLO is poorly institutionalized attributing it to the various phases of the TLO’s development, the discursive and ideological issues that are at its core, the factors for its institutionalization relating to concordance and issue alignment, and the varied regulatory fields that it has implicated. Paradoxically however, the criminal justice approach to trafficking inherent in the Palermo Protocol remains hegemonic. This hegemony however cannot be simply attributed to the unidirectional influence and dissemination of transnational (and Western) ideas about how to address the problem. Rather, using the example of the India, the chapter shows how national legal contexts are crucial to when and how the logic of criminalization is pursued. The recursive nature of the trafficking TLO is therefore significant and helps explain the normative basis for the authority of transnational law.

Keywords

transnational legal orderingtraffickingPalermo Protocolorganized crimemodern slaveryforced labourslaverypractices similar to slaveryindicatorsIndia
Type
Chapter
Information
Transnational Legal Ordering of Criminal Justice , pp. 120 - 153
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allain, J. 2014. “No Effective Trafficking Definition Exists: Domestic Implementation of the Palermo Protocol.” Albany Government Law Review 7: 111–142.Google Scholar
Andrees, B., and Aikman, A. 2017. Raising the Bar: The Adoption of New ILO Standards against Forced Labour. Pp. 359–394 in Revisiting the Law and Governance of Trafficking, Forced Labour and Modern Slavery, edited by Kotiswaran, P.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Andrijasevic, R. 2007. “Beautiful Dead Bodies: Gender, Migration and Representation in Anti-Trafficking Campaigns.” Feminist Review 86: 24–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anti-Slavery International. 2016. International Cotton Campaign against Slavery. https://www.antislavery.org/take-action/campaigns/end-uzbek-cotton-crimes/ (accessed March 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Avelar, F. 2012. “Alternative Drug Policies in the Americas.” Law and Business Review of the Americas 18: 403–410.Google Scholar
Baer, K. 2015. “The Trafficking Protocol and the Anti-Trafficking Framework: Insufficient to Address Exploitation.” Anti-Trafficking Review 4: 167–172.Google Scholar
Bales, K. 1999. Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Bales, K. 2007. Ending Slavery: How We Free Today’s Slaves. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Bernstein, E. 2017. “Brokered Subjects and Sexual Investability.” Pp. 329–358 in Revisiting the Law and Governance of Trafficking, Forced Labour and Modern Slavery, edited by Kotiswaran, P.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Boister, N. 2003. “Transnational Criminal Law?” European Journal of International Law 14: 953–976.Google Scholar
Boister, N. 2015. “Further Reflections on the Concept of Transnational Criminal Law.” Transnational Legal Theory 6(1): 9–30.Google Scholar
Choi-Fitzpatrick, A. 2016. “The Good, Bad, the Ugly: Human Rights Violators in Comparative Perspective.” Journal of Human Trafficking 2(1): 1–14.Google Scholar
Chuang, J. A. 2010. “Rescuing Trafficking from Ideological Capture: Prostitution Reform and Anti-Trafficking Law and Policy.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 158: 1655–1728.Google Scholar
Chuang, J. A. 2014. “Exploitation Creep and the Unmaking of Human Trafficking Law.” American Journal of International Law 108(4): 609–649.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chuang, J. A. 2017. Contemporary Debt Bondage, “Self-Exploitation,” and the Limits of the Trafficking Definition. Pp. 112–133 in Revisiting the Law and Governance of Trafficking, Forced Labour and Modern Slavery, edited by Kotiswaran, P.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Clifford, B. 2015. “Re-framing Exploitation Creep to Fight Human Trafficking: A Response to Janie Chuang.” AJIL Unbound. June 11, 2015. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-journal-of-international-law/article/reframing-exploitation-creep-to-fight-human-trafficking-a-response-to-janie-chuang/6953C5CFD765CD49954A1FD24279E222 (accessed March 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Danailova-Trainor, G., and Laczko, F.. 2010. “Trafficking in Persons and Development: Towards Greater Policy Coherence.” International Migration 48(4): 38–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De, Rohit. 2018. People’s Constitution: The Everyday Life of Law in the Indian Republic. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
de Castilho, E. W. V. 2015. “Human Trafficking in Brazil: Between Crime-Based and Human Rights-Based Governance.” Anti-Trafficking Review 4: 174–185.Google Scholar
Debroy, B. 2017. “International Labour Organisation’s Omissions.” Indian Express. November 30, 2017. https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/international-labour-organisation-modern-slavery-forced-marriage-4960954/.Google Scholar
Chronicle, Deccan. 2018. “Hyderabad: Rescued Uzbek Woman Ends Life in Shelter Home.” April 15, 2018. www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/crime/150418/hyderabad-rescued-uzbek-woman-ends-life-in-shelter-home.html.Google Scholar
Doezema, J. 2000. “Loose Women or Lost Women? The Re-emergence of the Myth of White Slavery in Contemporary Discourses of Trafficking of Women.” Gender Issues 18(1): 23–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dottridge, M. 2007. Introduction. Pp. 1–27 in Global Alliance against Traffic in Women, Collateral Damage: The Impact of Anti-Trafficking Measures on Human Rights Around the World, edited by M. Dottridge, www.gaatw.org/Collateral%20Damage_Final/singlefile_CollateralDamagefinal.pdf (accessed March 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Dottridge, M. 2017. Trafficked and Exploited: The Urgent Need for Coherence in International Law. Pp. 59–82 in Revisiting the Law and Governance of Trafficking, Forced Labour and Modern Slavery, edited by Kotiswaran, P.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Economic and Political Weekly. 2016. Review of Women’s Studies 51: 44–45.Google Scholar
Gallagher, A. T. 2001. “Human Rights and the New U.N. Protocols on Trafficking and Migrant Smuggling: A Preliminary Analysis.” Human Rights Quarterly 23: 975–1004.Google Scholar
Gallagher, A. T. 2015. “Two Cheers for the Trafficking Protocol.” Anti-Trafficking Review 4: 14–32.Google Scholar
Gallagher, A. T. 2016. “Editorial: The Problems and Prospects of Trafficking Prosecutions: Ending Impunity and Securing Justice.” Anti-Trafficking Review 6: 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallagher, A. T. 2017. The International Legal Definition of “Trafficking in Persons”: Scope and Application. Pp. 83–111 in Revisiting the Law and Governance of Trafficking, Forced Labour and Modern Slavery, edited by Kotiswaran, P.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Govindan, P. 2013. “Rethinking Emancipation: The Rhetorics of Slavery and Politics of Freedom in Anti-Trafficking Work in India.” Interventions: International Journal of Postcolonial Studies 15(4): 511–529.Google Scholar
Grono, N. 2016. “Measuring Slavery Encourages Governments to Do Better.” Thomson Reuters Foundation News. July 16, 2016. http://news.trust.org/item/20160716164413-tig2w (accessed March 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Davida, Grupo. 2015. “Trafficking as a Floating Signifier: The View from Brazil.” Anti-Trafficking Review 4: 161–166.Google Scholar
Hackney, L. K. 2015. “Re-evaluating Palermo: The Case of Burmese Women as Chinese Brides.” Anti-Trafficking Review 4: 98–119.Google Scholar
Halley, J., Kotiswaran, P., Shamir, H., and Thomas, C.. 2006. “From the International to the Local in Feminist Legal Responses to Rape, Prostitution/Sex Work, and Sex Trafficking: Four Studies in Contemporary Governance Feminism.” Harvard Journal of Law and Gender 29: 335–423.Google Scholar
Halliday, T. C., and Shaffer, G.. 2015. Transnational Legal Orders. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodal, K., Kelly, C., and Lawrence, F.. 2014. “Revealed: Asian Slave Labour Producing Prawns for Supermarkets in US, UK.” The Guardian. June 10, 2014. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/jun/10/supermarket-prawns-thailand-produced-slave-labour (accessed March 17, 2017).Google Scholar
International Labour Office, Walk Free Foundation and International Organization for Migration. 2017. Global Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage. Geneva: ILO.Google Scholar
International Labour Organization. 1930. Convention Concerning Forced or Compulsory Labour (No. 29), Geneva, 28 June 1930, in force 1 May 1932, 39 UNTS 55.Google Scholar
International Labour Organization. 1957. Convention Concerning the Abolition of Forced Labour (No 105), Geneva, 25 June 1947, in force 17 January 1959, 520 UNTS 291.Google Scholar
International Labour Organization. 2005. A Global Alliance against Forced Labour. International Labour Conference 93rd Session 2005, Report I(B). Geneva: ILO.Google Scholar
International Labour Organization. 2009a. The Cost of Coercion: Global Report under the Follow-Up to the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work. International Labour Conference 98th Session 2009, Report I(B). Geneva: ILO.Google Scholar
International Labour Organization. 2009b. Operational Indicators of Trafficking in Human Beings: Results from a Delphi Survey Implemented by the ILO and the European Commission. Geneva: ILO.Google Scholar
International Labour Organization. 2009c. Fighting Forced Labour, The Example of Brazil. Special Action Programme to Combat Forced Labour. Geneva: ILO.Google Scholar
International Labour Organization. 2013a. Report for Discussion at the Tripartite Meeting of Experts Concerning the Possible Adoption of an ILO Instrument to Supplement the Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29). Geneva: ILO.Google Scholar
International Labour Organization. 2013b. Report and Conclusions of the Tripartite Meeting of Experts on Forced Labour and Trafficking for Labour Exploitation. Geneva: ILO.Google Scholar
International Labour Organization. 2014. Profits and Poverty: The Economics of Forced Labour. Geneva: ILO.Google Scholar
Jahnsen, S. O., and Skilbrei, M. L.. 2015. “From Palermo to the Streets of Oslo: Pros and Cons of the Trafficking Framework.” Anti-Trafficking Review 4: 156–160.Google Scholar
Jenner, M. S. 2011. “International Drug Trafficking: A Global Problem with a Domestic Solution.” Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 18(2): 901–927.Google Scholar
Kangaspunta, K. 2015. “Was Trafficking in Persons Really Criminalised?” Anti-Trafficking Review 4: 80–97.Google Scholar
Kelly, A. 2016. “46 Million People Living as Slaves, Latest Global Index Reveals.” The Guardian. June 1, 2016. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/jun/01/46-million-people-living-as-slaves-latest-global-index-reveals-russell-crowe (accessed March 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Kotiswaran, P. 2014. “Beyond Sexual Humanitarianism: A Postcolonial Approach to Anti-Trafficking Law.” UC Irvine Law Review 4: 353.Google Scholar
Lawrence, F. 2018. “How Did We Let Modern Slavery Become Part of Our Everyday Lives?” The Guardian. April 2, 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/apr/02/modern-slavery-daily-life-exploitation-goods-services.Google Scholar
LeBaron, G. 2016. It’s Time to Get Serious about Forced Labour in Supply Chains. Pp. 8–13 in E-Book on Forced Labour in the Global Economy, Beyond Trafficking and Slavery Series, edited by G. LeBaron and N. Howard. www.opendemocacy.net (accessed March 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Lee, M., ed. 2007. Human Trafficking. New York, Routledge.Google Scholar
Lerche, J. 2016. ILO Campaigns: Missing the Wood for the Trees? Pp. 74–77 in E-Book on Forced Labour in the Global Economy, Beyond Trafficking and Slavery Series, edited by LeBaron, G. and Howard, N.. www.opendemocracy.net/beyondslavery (accessed March 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Lloyd, M. B. 2011. “Conflict, Intervention, and Drug Trafficking: Unintended Consequences of United States Policy in Colombia.” Oklahoma City University Law Review 36(2): 293–349.Google Scholar
Magar, V. 2012. “Rescue and Rehabilitation: A Critical Analysis of Sex Workers’ Antitrafficking Response in India.” Signs 37(3): 619–644.Google Scholar
McGrath, S., and Watson, S.. 2018. “Anti-Slavery as Development: A Global Politics of Rescue.” Geoforum 93: 22–31.Google Scholar
Merry, S. E. 2016. Human Rights and Gender Violence: Translating International Law Into Local Justice. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Mitchell, A. 1998. “The United States Extraterritorial War on Drugs.” Southern Cross University Law Review 2: 36–75.Google Scholar
Modern Slavery Act. 2015, C30.Google Scholar
O’Connell Davidson, J. 2010. “New Slavery, Old Binaries: Human Trafficking and the Borders of ‘Freedom.’” Global Networks 10: 244–261.Google Scholar
O’Connor, M. P., and Rumann, C. M. 2011. “Market Solutions to Global Narcotics Trafficking and Addiction.” Phoenix Law Review 5: 123–149.Google Scholar
Parrenas, R. S. 2006. “Trafficked? Filipino Hostesses in Tokyo’s Nightlife Industry.” Yale Journal of Law and Feminism 18: 145–180.Google Scholar
Plant, R. 2017. Combating Trafficking for Labour Exploitation in the Global Economy: The Need for a Differentiated Approach. Pp. 422–442 in Revisiting the Law and Governance of Trafficking, Forced Labour and Modern Slavery, edited by Kotiswaran, P.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pope, J. G. 2010. “A Free Labor Approach to Human Trafficking.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 158: 1849–1976.Google Scholar
Quirk, J. 2016. The Rhetoric and Reality of “Ending Slavery in Our Lifetime.” Pp. 20–25 in E-Book on Popular and Political Representations, Beyond Trafficking and Slavery Series, edited by J. Quirk and J. O’Connell Davidson. www.opendemocracy.net (accessed March 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Quirk, J., and Bunting, A.. 2016. The Politics of Exception: The Bipartisan Appeal of Human Trafficking. Pp. 64–68 in E-Book on Popular and Political Representations, Beyond Slavery and Trafficking Series, edited by J. Quirk and J. O’Connell Davidson. www.opendemocracy.net (accessed March 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Quirk, J., and J. O’Connell Davidson. 2016. Introduction. Pp. 10–19 in E-Book on Popular and Political Representations, Beyond Trafficking and Slavery Series, edited by J. Quirk and J. O’Connell Davidson. www.opendemocracy.org (accessed March 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Ramachandran, . 2010. The Politics of the US State Department’s TIP Report in India: Ethnographic Vignettes and Theoretical Possibilities.Google Scholar
Raustiala, K. 1999. “Law, Liberalization and International Narcotics Trafficking.” N.Y.U Journal of International Law and Politics 32: 89–145.Google Scholar
Richardson, B. 2016. Still Slaving Over Sugar. Pp. 43–47 in E-Book on Forced Labor in the Global Economy, Beyond Trafficking and Slavery Series, edited by G. LeBaron and N. Howard. www.opendemocracy.net (accessed March 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Rittich, K. 2017. Representing, Counting, Valuing: Managing Definitional Uncertainty in the Law of Trafficking. Pp. 238–272 in Revisiting the Law and Governance of Trafficking, Forced Labour and Modern Slavery, edited by Kotiswaran, P.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Savona, E. U., and Stefanizzi, S. 2007. Introduction. Pp. 1–4 in Measuring Human Trafficking: Complexities and Pitfalls, edited by in Savona, E. U. and Stefanizzi, S.. Verlag and New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Seshu, M. and Ahmed, A. 2012. “‘We Have the Right Not to Be Rescued … ’: When Anti-trafficking Programmes Undermine the Health and Well-Being of Sex Workers.” Anti-Trafficking Review 1: 149–165.Google Scholar
Shamir, H. 2012. “A Labor Paradigm for Human Trafficking.” UCLA Law Review 60: 76–137.Google Scholar
Shapiro, J. B. 2010. “What Are They Smoking?! Mexico’s Decriminalization of Small-Scale Drug Possession in the Wake of a Law Enforcement Failure.” Inter-American Law Review 42(1): 115–144.Google Scholar
Simmons, B. A., and Lloyd, P.. 2015. Framing and Transnational Legal Organization: The Case of Human Trafficking. Pp. 400–438 in Transnational Legal Orders, edited by Halliday, T. C. and Shaffer, G.. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Skrivankova, K. 2010. Between Decent Work and Forced Labour: Examining the Continuum of Exploitation. Joseph Rowntree Foundation Programme Paper: Forced Labour. York: JRF.Google Scholar
Sloan, A. 2015. “UK Tied Visa System Turning Domestic Workers into Modern Day Slaves.” The Guardian. March 17, 2015. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/17/uk-tied-visa-system-turning-domestic-workers-into-modern-day-slaves (accessed March 17, 2017).Google Scholar
United Nations. 1950. Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others, New York, 21 March 1950, in force 25 July 1951, 96 UNTS 271.Google Scholar
United Nations. 2000a. Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime, New York, 15 November 2000, in force 25 December 2003, 2237 UNTS 319.Google Scholar
United Nations. 2000b. Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, New York,15 November 2000, in force 29 September 2003, 2225 UNTS 209.Google Scholar
United Nations. 2000c. Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, Supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organised Crime, New York, 15 November 2000, in force 28 January 2004, 2241 UNTS 507.Google Scholar
UN Office on Drugs and Crime. 2012a. Global Report on Trafficking in Persons. https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/glotip/Trafficking_in_Persons_2012_web.pdf (accessed March 17, 2017).Google Scholar
UN Office on Drugs and Crime. 2012b. Abuse of a Position of Vulnerability and Other “Means” within the Definition of Trafficking in Persons. Issue Paper. https://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/2012/UNODC_2012_Issue_Paper_–_Abuse_of_a_Position_of_Vulnerability.pdf (accessed March 17, 2017).Google Scholar
UN Office on Drugs and Crime. 2014a. Global Report on Trafficking in Persons. New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
UN Office on Drugs and Crime. 2014b. The Role of Consent in the Trafficking in Persons Protocol. Issue Paper. www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/2014/UNODC_2014_Issue_Paper_Consent.pdf.Google Scholar
UN Office on Drugs and Crime. 2015. The Concept of Exploitation in the Trafficking in Persons Protocol. Issue Paper. https://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/sites/antitrafficking/files/unodc_ip_exploitation_2015.pdf.Google Scholar
UN Office on Drugs and Crime. 2016. Global Report on Trafficking in Persons. New York: United Nations. www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/glotip/2016_Global_Report_on_Trafficking_in_Persons.pdf.Google Scholar
Verite. 2014. Forced Labor in the Production of Electronic Goods in Malaysia: A Comprehensive Study of Scope and Characteristics. https://www.verite.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/VeriteForcedLaborMalaysianElectronics2014.pdf (accessed March 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act. 2000. Pub. L. No. 106–386, § 106, 114 Stat. 1464, 1474 (2000) (codified at 22 U.S.C. § 7104 (2012)).Google Scholar
Walk Free Foundation. 2013. Global Slavery Index. Australia: Walk Free Foundation.Google Scholar
Walk Free Foundation. 2014. Global Slavery Index. Australia: Walk Free Foundation.Google Scholar
Walk Free Foundation. 2016. Global Slavery Index. Australia: Walk Free Foundation.Google Scholar
Walk Free Foundation. 2018. Global Slavery Index. Australia: Walk Free Foundation.Google Scholar
Weitzer, R. 2006.Moral Crusade against Prostitution. Society 43(3): 33–38.Google Scholar
Wijers, M. 2015. “Purity, Victimhood and Agency: Fifteen Years of the UN Trafficking Protocol.” Anti-Trafficking Review 4: 56–79.Google Scholar
Wilshaw, R. 2016. What Would Loosen the Roots of Labour Exploitation in Supply Chains? Pp. 78–83 in E-Book on Forced Labour in the Global Economy, Beyond Trafficking and Slavery Series, edited by LeBaron, G. and Howard, N.. www.opendemocracy.net (accessed March 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Womark, D. (producer), and Noorani, T. (director). 2018. Love Sonia [Motion picture]. India: Zee Studios.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×