Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T05:11:29.903Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Land Use, Forests and Agriculture

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 October 2021

Kenneth G. H. Baldwin
Affiliation:
Australian National University, Canberra
Mark Howden
Affiliation:
Australian National University, Canberra
Michael H. Smith
Affiliation:
Australian National University, Canberra
Karen Hussey
Affiliation:
University of Queensland
Peter J. Dawson
Affiliation:
P. J. Dawson & Associates
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Ajani, J. and Comisari, P. (2014). Towards a Comprehensive and Fully Integrated Stock and Flow Framework for Carbon Accounting in Australia. Discussion Paper. Australia: The Australian National University (ANU). Available at: https://coombs-forum.crawford.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/publication/coombs_forum_crawford_anu_edu_au/2014-09/carbon_accounting_discussion_paper_revised_sept_2014.pdf.Google Scholar
Ajani, J., Keith, H., Blakers, M., Mackey, B. G. and King, H. P. (2013). Comprehensive carbon stock and flow accounting: A national framework to support climate change mitigation policy. Ecological Economics, 89, 6172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, M. R., Frame, D. J., Huntingford, C. et al. (2009). Warming caused by cumulative carbon emissions towards the trillionth tonne. Nature, 458, 11631166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Archer, D. (2005). Fate of fossil fuel CO2 in geologic time. Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, 16.Google Scholar
Archer, D., Eby, M., Brovkin, V. et al. (2009). Atmospheric lifetime of fossil fuel carbon dioxide. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 37, 117134.Google Scholar
Asner, G. P., Powell, G. V. N., Mascaro, J. et al. (2010). High resolution forest carbon stocks and emissions in the Amazon. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 1673916742.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benndorf, R., Federici, S., Forner, C. et al. (2007). Including land use, land-use change, and forestry in future climate change, agreements: Thinking outside the box. Environmental Science & Policy, 10, 283294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ClimateWorks Australia, ANU (Australian National University), CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation) and CoPS (Centre for Policy Studies) (2014). Pathways to Deep Decarbonisation in 2050: How Australia Can Prosper in a Low Carbon World. Technical report. Melbourne: ClimateWorks Australia. Available at: www.climateworksaustralia.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/climateworks_pdd2050_technicalreport_20140923-1.pdf.Google Scholar
Dean, C., Wardell-Johnson, G. and Kirkpatrick, J. B. (2012). Are there any circumstances in which logging primary wet-eucalypt forest will not add to the global carbon burden? Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 161, 156169.Google Scholar
Edenhofer, O., Pichs-Madruga, R., Sokona, Y. et al. (2014). Technical summary. In Edenhofer, O., Pichs-Madruga, R., Sokona, Y. et al., eds., Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 33107. Available at: www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/ipcc_wg3_ar5_technical-summary.pdf.Google Scholar
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) (2010). Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010: Main Report. FAO Forestry Paper 163. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN. Available at: www.fao.org/3/i1757e/i1757e00.htm.Google Scholar
FAO (2015) Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015: How Are the World’s Forests Changing?, 2nd ed. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations.Google Scholar
Feely, R. A., Sabine, C. L., Lee, K. et al. (2004). Impact of anthropogenic CO2 in the CaCO3 system in the oceans. Science, 305, 362366.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friedlingstein, P., Cox, P., Betts, R. et al. (2006). Climate–carbon cycle feedback analysis: Results from the C4MIP model intercomparison. Journal of Climate, 19, 3337–3353.Google Scholar
Friedlingstein, P., Houghton, R., Marland, G. et al. (2010). Update on CO2 emissions. Nature Geoscience, 3, 811812.Google Scholar
GCP (Global Carbon Project) (2020). Carbon Budget 2020. Available at: www.globalcarbonproject.org/carbonbudget/archive/2011/CarbonBudget_2011.pdf.Google Scholar
Global Commission on the Economy and Climate (2014). Better Growth, Better Climate: The New Climate Economy Report. Synthesis Report. Washington, DC: The Global Commission on the Economy and Climate. Available at: https://newclimateeconomy.report/2016/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2014/08/BetterGrowth-BetterClimate_NCE_Synthesis-Report_web.pdf.Google Scholar
Graβl, H., Kokott, J., Kulessa, M. et al. (2003). Climate Protection Strategies for the 21st Century: Kyoto and Beyond. Special Report. Berlin: German Advisory Council on Global Change (WBGU). Available at: www.gci.org.uk/Documents/wbgu_sn2003_engl.pdf.Google Scholar
Höhne, N., Wartmann, S., Herold, A. and Freibauer, A. (2007). The rules for land use, land use change and forestry under the Kyoto Protocol: Lessons learned for the future climate negotiations. Environmental Science & Policy, 10, 353369.Google Scholar
Houghton, R. A. (2007). Balancing the global carbon budget. Annual Review Earth and Planetary Science, 35, 313347.Google Scholar
Houghton, R. A. (2008). Carbon flux to the atmosphere from land-use changes: 1850–2005. In TRENDS: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. Oak Ridge, TN: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy. Available at: https://cdiac.ess-dive.lbl.gov/trends/landuse/houghton/houghton.html.Google Scholar
House, J. I., Prentice, I. C. and Le Quéré, C. (2002). Maximum impacts of future reforestation or deforestation on atmospheric CO2. Global Change Biology, 8, 10471052.Google Scholar
IPCC (2014). Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Edited by Pachauri, R. K. and Meyer, L. A.. Geneva: IPCC. Available at: www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/.Google Scholar
IPCC (2018). Global Warming of 1.5 °C: An IPCC Special Report on the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5 °C Above Pre-Industrial Levels and Related Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways, in the Context of Strengthening the Global Response to the Threat of Climate Change, Sustainable Development, and Efforts to Eradicate Poverty. Edited by Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pörtner, H.-O. et al. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Available at: www.ipcc.ch/sr15/.Google Scholar
Keith, H., Vardon, M., Stein, J. A. and Lindenmayer, D. (2019). Contribution of native forests to climate change mitigation: A common approach to carbon accounting that aligns results from environmental-economic accounting with rules for emissions reduction. Environmental Science & Policy, 93, 189199.Google Scholar
Keith, H., Vardon, M., Obst, C. et al. (2021). Evaluating nature-based solutions for climate mitigation and conservation requires comprehensive carbon accounting. Science of the Total Environment, 769, 14434.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Le Quéré, C. (2009). Trends in the sources and sinks of carbon dioxide. Nature Geoscience, 2, 831836.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Le Quéré, C., Peters, G. P., Andres, R. J. et al. (2013). Global carbon budget 2013. Earth System Science Data, 6, 689760.Google Scholar
Mackey, B., Prentice, I. C., Steffen, W. et al. (2013). Untangling the confusion around land carbon science and climate mitigation policy. Nature Climate Change, 3, 552557.Google Scholar
Mackey, B., Kormos, C., Keith, H. et al. (2020). Understanding the importance of primary tropical forest protection as a mitigation strategy. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 25, 763787. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-019-09891-4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matthews, H. D. and Caldeira, K. (2008). Stabilizing climate requires near-zero emissions. Geophysics Research Letters, 35, L04705.Google Scholar
MEA (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment) (2005). Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Biodiversity Synthesis. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Available at: www.millenniumassessment.org/documents/document.354.aspx.pdf.Google Scholar
Nabuurs, G. J., Masera, O., Andrasko, K. et al. (2007). Forestry. In: Metz, B., Davidson, O. R., Bosch, P. R., Dave, R. and Meyer, L. A., eds., Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 541581. Available at: www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/ar4-wg3-chapter9-1.pdf. Google Scholar
Olsson, L., Barbosa, H., Bhadwal, S. et al. (2019). Land degradation. In Shukla, P. R., Skea, J., Buendia, E. C. et al., eds., Climate Change and Land: An IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems. Available at: www.ipcc.ch/srccl/chapter/chapter-4/. Google Scholar
Plattner, G. K., Knutti, R., Joos, F. et al. (2008). Long-term climate commitments projected with climate–carbon cycle models. Journal of Climate, 21, 27212751.Google Scholar
Prentice, I. C., Farquhar, G. D., Fasham, M. J. R. et al. (2001). The carbon cycle and atmospheric carbon dioxide. In Houghton, J. T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D. J. et al., eds., Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 185237. Available at: www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/TAR-03.pdf.Google Scholar
Richards, K. R. and Stokes, C. (2004). A review of forest carbon sequestration cost studies: A dozen years of research. Climatic Change, 63, 148.Google Scholar
Schellnhuber, H. J., Messnre, D., Leggewie, C. et al. (2009). Solving the Climate Dilemma: The Budget Approach. Special Report. Berlin: German Advisory Council on Global Change. Available at: www.wbgu.de/en/publications/publication/special-report-2009.Google Scholar
Scholze, M., Knorr, W., Arnell, N. W. and Prentice, I. C. (2006). A climate-change risk analysis for world ecosystems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 35, 1311613120.Google Scholar
Schulze, E.-D., Valentini, R. and Sanz, M.-J. (2002). The long way from Kyoto to Marrakesh: Implications of the Kyoto Protocol negotiations for global ecology. Global Change Biology, 8, 505518.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silva JuniorC. H. L., PessôaA. C. M., CarvalhoN. S. et al. The Brazilian Amazon deforestation rate in 2020 is the greatest of the decade. Nature Ecology and Evolution, 5, 144145. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-01368-x.Google Scholar
Smith, P., Nkem, J., Calvin, K. et al. (2019). Interlinkages between desertification, land degradation, food security and GHG fluxes: Synergies, trade-offs and integrated response options. In Shukla, P. R., Skea, J., Buendia, E. C. et al., eds., Climate Change and Land: An IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems. In press. Available at: www.ipcc.ch/srccl/chapter/chapter-6/. Google Scholar
Steffen, W. and Hughes, L. (2013). The Critical Decade 2013: Climate Change Science, Risks and Responses. Canberra: ACT Climate Commission Secretariat. Available at: https://researchers.mq.edu.au/en/publications/the-critical-decade-2013-climate-change-science-risks-and-respons.Google Scholar
Thompson, I., Mackey, B., McNulty, S. and Mosseler, A. (2009). Forest Resilience, Biodiversity and Climate Change. A Synthesis of the Biodiversity/Resilience/Stability Relationship in Forest Ecosystems. CBD Technical Series No. 43. Montreal: Secretariat of the Convention in Biological Diversity. Available at: www.cbd.int/doc/publications/cbd-ts-43-en.pdf.Google Scholar
UNSD (United Nations Statistics Division) (2021). System of Environmental–Economic Accounting – Ecosystem Accounting: Final draft. Available at: https://unstats.un.org/unsd/statcom/52nd-session/documents/BG-3f-SEEA-EA_Final_draft-E.pdf.Google Scholar
WBGU (German Advisory Council on Global Change) (1998). The Accounting of Biological Sinks and Sources under the Kyoto Protocol: A Step Forwards or Backwards for Global Environmental Protection? Special report. Berlin: German Advisory Council on Global Change. Available at: www.wbgu.de/fileadmin/user_upload/wbgu/publikationen/sondergutachten/sg1998/pdf/wbgu_sn1998_engl.pdf.Google Scholar

References

Acuff, K. and Kaffine, D. T. (2013). Greenhouse gas emissions, waste and recycling policy. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 65, 7486.Google Scholar
Allen, C. D., Macalady, A. K., Chenchouni, H. et al. (2010). A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 259, 660–684.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderegg, W. R. L., Kane, J. M. and Anderegg, L. D. L. (2013). Consequences of widespread tree mortality triggered by drought and temperature stress. Nature Climate Change, 3, 3036.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Archer, D. (2005). Fate of fossil fuel CO2 in geologic time. Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, 16.Google Scholar
Asner, G. P., Powell, G. V. N., Mascaro, J. et al. (2010). High resolution forest carbon stocks and emissions in the Amazon. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 1673916742.Google Scholar
Baccini, A., Goetz, S. J., Walker, W. S. et al. (2012 ). Estimated carbon dioxide emissions from tropical deforestation improved by carbon-density maps. Nature Climate Change, 2, 182185.Google Scholar
Barnard, S. and Nakhooda, S. (2014). The Effectiveness of Climate Finance: A Review of the Scaling-up Renewable Energy Program. Working Paper 396. Overseas Development Institute (ODI). Available at: www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/9075.pdf.Google Scholar
Bellassen, V. and Luyssaert, S. (2014). Managing forests in uncertain times. Nature, 506, 153155.Google Scholar
Berenguer, E., Ferreira, J., Gardner, T. A. et al. (2014). A large-scale field assessment of carbon stocks in human-modified tropical forests. Global Change Biology, 20, 37133726.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Betts, R., Cox, P., Collins, M., Harris, P. and Huntingford, C. (2004). The role of ecosystem–atmosphere interactions in simulated Amazonian precipitation decrease and forest dieback under global climate warming. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 78, 157175.Google Scholar
Boucher, D., Elias, P., Faires, J. and Smith, S. (2014). Deforestation Success Stories: Tropical Nations Where Forest Protection and Reforestation Policies Have Worked. Tropical Forest and Climate Initiative of the Union of Concerned Scientists. Available at: www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/solutions/stop-deforestation/deforestation-success-stories.html#.V20e8vl96M8.Google Scholar
Bowman, D., Balch, J. K., Artaxo, P. et al. (2009). Fire in the Earth system. Science, 324, 481484.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brasier, C. and Webber, J. (2010). Plant pathology: Sudden larch death. Nature, 466, 824825.Google Scholar
Breshears, D. D., Cobb, N. S., Rich, P. M. et al. (2005). Regional vegetation die-off in response to global-change-type drought. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102, 1514415148.Google Scholar
Bryan, J., Shearman, P., Ash, J. and Kirkpatrick, J. B. (2010). Estimating rainforest biomass stocks and carbon loss from deforestation and degradation in Papua New Guinea 1972–2002: Best estimates, uncertainties and research needs. Journal of Environmental Management, 91, 9951001.Google Scholar
Carlson, M., Chen, J., Elgie, S. et al. (2010). Maintaining the roles of Canada’s forests and peatlands in climate regulation. The Forestry Chronicle, 86, 110.Google Scholar
Carlson, K. M., Curran, L. M., Ratnasari, D. et al. (2012). Committed carbon emissions, deforestation, and community land conversion from oil palm plantation expansion in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109, 75597564.Google Scholar
Carnahan, J. A. (1976). Natural vegetation: Map with accompanying booklet commentary. In Atlas of Australian Resources, Second series. Canberra: Geographic Section, Department of National Development.Google Scholar
Carnicer, J., Coll, M., Ninyerola, M., Pons, X., Sanchez, G. and Penuelas, J. (2011). Widespread crown condition decline, food web disruption, and amplified tree mortality with increased climate change-type drought. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108, 14741478.Google Scholar
Cary, G. J., Bradstock, R. A., Gill, A. M. and Williams, R. J. (2012). Global change and fire regimes in Australia. In Bradstock, R. A., Malcolm, G. A. and Williams, R. J, eds., Flammable Australia: Fire Regimes, Biodiversity and Ecosystems in a Changing World. Melbourne: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Publishing, pp. 149170.Google Scholar
Chia, E. L., Somorin, O. A., Sonwa, D. J., Bele, Y. M. and Tiani, M. A. (2015). Forest–climate nexus: Linking adaptation and mitigation in Cameroon’s climate policy process. Climate and Development, 7, 8596.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chong, S. K. (2005). Anmyeon-do Recreation Forest: A millennium of management. In Durst, P., Brown, C., Tacio, H. D. and Ishikawa, M., eds., In Search of Excellence: Exemplary Forest Management in Asia and the Pacific. Bangkok: Asia-Pacific Forestry Commission, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, pp. 251259.Google Scholar
Cias, P., Reichstein, M., Viovy, N. et al. (2005). Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003. Nature, 437, 529533.Google Scholar
Cyr, D., Gauthier, S., Bergeron, Y. and Carcaillet, C. (2009). Forest management is driving the eastern North American boreal forest outside its natural range of variability. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 7, 519524.Google Scholar
Dave, R., Saint-Laurent, C., Murray, L. et al. (2019). Second Bonn Challenge Progress Report: Application of the Barometer in 2018. Gland: International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Available at: https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2019-018-En.pdf.Google Scholar
Daviet, F., Goers, L. and Austin, K. (2009). Forests in the Balance Sheet: Lessons from Developed Country Land Use Change and Forestry Greenhouse Gas Accounting and Reporting Practices. Working Paper. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Available at: www.wri.org/publication/forests-balance-sheet.Google Scholar
Dean, C., Wardell-Johnson, G. W. and Kirkpatrick, J. B. (2012). Are there circumstances in which logging primary wet-eucalypt forest will not add to the global carbon burden? Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 161, 156169.Google Scholar
Dooley, K. (2014). Misleading Numbers: The Case for Separating Land and Fossil Fuel Based Carbon Emissions. Report. Brussels: Fern. Available at: www.fern.org/misleadingnumbers.Google Scholar
Environmental Paper Network (2018). The State of the Global Paper Industry. Available at: https://environmentalpaper.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/StateOfTheGlobalPaperIndustry2018_FullReport-Final-1.pdf.Google Scholar
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) (n.d.). FAOSTAT [data resource]. FAO.org. Available at: www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FO.Google Scholar
FAO (2004). The State of Food and Agriculture 2003–04. Agricultural Biotechnology: Meeting the Needs of the Poor? Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN. Available at: www.fao.org/3/a-y5160e.pdf.Google Scholar
FAO (2010). Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010. FAO Forestry Paper 163. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN. Available at: www.fao.org/3/a-i1757e.pdf.Google Scholar
FAO (2011). Transitioning Towards Climate-Smart Agriculture in Kenya. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN. Available at: www.fao.org/3/a-i4259e.pdf.Google Scholar
FAO (2013a). Forestry. Fact sheet. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN. Available at: www.fao.org/docrep/014/am859e/am859e08.pdf.Google Scholar
FAO (2013b). Forest Product Statistics: 2013 Global Forest Products Facts and Figures. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN. Available at: www.ipcinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/newsroom/docs/FactsFigures2013_En.pdf.Google Scholar
FAO (2014). Forest Product Statistics: 2014 Global Forest Products Facts and Figures. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN. Available at: www.fao.org/forestry/44134-01f63334f207ac6e086bfe48fe7c7e986.pdf.Google Scholar
FAO (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN. Available at: www.fao.org/forest-resources-assessment/past-assessments/fra-2015/en/.Google Scholar
FDRE (Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia) (2011). Ethiopia’s Climate-Resilient Green Economy – Green Economy Strategy. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Available at: www.undp.org/content/dam/ethiopia/docs/Ethiopia%20CRGE.pdf.Google Scholar
Fearnside, P. (2015). What lies behind the recent surge of Amazon deforestation. Yale Environment 360. 9 March. Available at: http://e360.yale.edu/feature/what_lies_behind_the_recent_surge_of_amazon_deforestation/2854/.Google Scholar
Fensham, R. J., Fairfax, R. J. and Ward, D. P. (2009). Drought induced tree death in savanna. Global Change Biology, 15, 380387.Google Scholar
FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) (n.d.). Facts & figures. FSC. Available at: https://fsc.org/en/facts-figures.Google Scholar
Gerasimchuk, I, Bridle, R., Beaton, C. and Charles, C. (2012). State of Play on Biofuel Subsidies: Are Policies Ready to Shift? Report. Canada: International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD). Available at: www.iisd.org/gsi/sites/default/files/bf_stateplay_2012.pdf.Google Scholar
Grieg-Gran, M. (2006). The Cost of Avoiding Deforestation: Report Prepared for the Stern Review of the Economics of Climate Change. London: International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED).Google Scholar
Guariguata, M., Cornelius, J., Locatelli, B., Forner, C. and Sanchez-Azofeifa, G. (2008). Mitigation needs adaptation: Tropical forestry and climate change. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 13, 793808.Google Scholar
Gustavsson, L., Pingoud, K. and Sathre, R. (2006). Carbon dioxide balance of wood substitution: Comparing concrete- and wood-framed buildings. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 11, 667691.Google Scholar
Hamilton, C. and Macintosh, A. (2008). Human ecology: Environmental protection and ecology. In Jorgensen, S., ed., Encyclopedia of Ecology. Elsevier, pp. 13421350.Google Scholar
Hanewinkel, M., Cullmann, D. A., Schelhaas, M. J., Nabuurs, G. J. and Zimmermann, N. E. (2012). Climate change may cause severe loss in economic value of European forest land. Nature Climate Change, 3, 203207.Google Scholar
Harmon, M. E., Ferrell, W. K. and Franklin, J. F. (1990). Effects on carbon storage of conversion of old-growth forests to young forests. Science, 247, 699703.Google Scholar
Harris, N., Brown, S., Hagen, S. et al. (2012). Baseline map of carbon emissions from deforestation in tropical regions. Science, 336, 15731576.Google Scholar
Hellman, J. J., Byers, J. E., Bierwagen, B. G. and Dukes, J. S. (2008). Five potential consequences of climate change for invasive species. Conservation Biology, 22, 534543.Google Scholar
Hoare, A. (2015). Tackling Illegal Logging and the Related Trade: What Progress and Where Next? Chatham House. Available at: www.chathamhouse.org/publication/tackling-illegal-logging-and-related-trade-what-progress-and-where-next.Google Scholar
Houghton, R. A. (2012). Carbon emissions and the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in the tropics. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 4, 597603.Google Scholar
Houghton, R. A. (2013). The emissions of carbon from deforestation and degradation in the tropics: Past trends and future potential. Carbon Management, 4, 539546.Google Scholar
Houghton, R. A., Byers, B. and Nassikas, A. A. (2015). A role for tropical forests in stabilizing atmospheric CO2. Nature Climate Change, 5, 10221023.Google Scholar
Howlett, M. (1991). Policy instruments, policy styles, and policy implementation: National approaches to theories of instrument choice. Policy Studies Journal, 19, 121.Google Scholar
Howlett, M. (2004). Beyond good and evil in policy implementation: Instrument mixes, implementation styles, and second generation theories of policy instrument choice. Policy and Society, 23, 117.Google Scholar
Howlett, M. and Rayner, J. (2007). Design principles for policy mixes: Cohesion and coherence in ‘new governance arrangements’. Policy and Society, 26, 118.Google Scholar
Hudiburg, T., Law, B. E., Wirth, C. and Luyssaert, S. (2011). Regional carbon dioxide implications of forest bioenergy production. Nature Climate Change, 1, 419423.Google Scholar
Hughes, L. (2000). Biological consequences of global warming: Is the signal already apparent? Tree, 15, 5661.Google Scholar
Hughes, L. (2012). Can Australian biodiversity adapt to climate change? In Lunney, D. and Hutchings, P., eds., Wildlife and Climate Change: Towards Robust Strategies for Australian Fauna. Sydney: Royal Zoological Society of Australia, pp. 810.Google Scholar
Humphreys, D. (2008). The politics of ‘avoided deforestation’: Historical context and contemporary issues. International Forestry Review, 10, 433442.Google Scholar
Ingerson, A. (2011). Carbon storage potential of harvested wood: Summary and policy implications. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 16, 307323.Google Scholar
IPCC (2014). Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Edited by Pachauri, R. K. and Meyer, L. A.. Geneva: IPCC. Available at: www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/.Google Scholar
ISU (International Sustainability Unit) (2015). Tropical Forests: A Review. London: The Prince’s Charities International Sustainability Unit. Available at: www.pcfisu.org/resources/.Google Scholar
Keith, H., van Gorsel, E., Jacobsen, K. L. and Cleugh, H. A. (2012). Dynamics of carbon exchange in a Eucalyptus forest in response to interacting disturbance factors. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 153, 6781.Google Scholar
Keith, H., Lindenmayer, D. B., Mackey, B. G. et al. (2014a). Accounting for biomass carbon stock change due to wildfire in temperate forest landscapes in Australia. PLoS One, e107126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keith, H., Lindenmayer, D. B., Mackey, B. G. et al. (2014b). Managing temperate forests for carbon storage: Impacts of logging versus forest protection on carbon stocks. Ecosphere, 5, 75.Google Scholar
Keith, H., Lindenmayer, D. B., Macintosh, A. and Mackey, B. G. (2015). Under what circumstances do wood products from native forests benefit climate change mitigation? PLoS One, 10, e0139640.Google Scholar
Kraft, N. J. B., Metz, M. R., Condit, R. S. and Chave, J. (2010). The relationship between wood density and mortality in a global tropical forest data set. New Phytologist, 188, 11241136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krankina, O. N. and Harmon, M. E. (2006). Forest management strategies for carbon storage. In Salwasser, H. and Cloughsey, M., eds., Forests, Carbon and Climate Change: A Synthesis of Science Findings. Portland, OR: Oregon Forest Research Institute, pp. 7992.Google Scholar
Kurz, W. A., Dymond, C. C., Stinson, G. et al. (2008). Mountain pine beetle and forest carbon feedback to climate change. Nature, 452, 987990.Google Scholar
Law, B. E., Falge, E., Gu, L., Baldocchi, D. D. and Bakwin, P. (2002). Environmental controls over carbon dioxide and water vapour exchange of terrestrial vegetation. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 113, 97120.Google Scholar
Le Quéré, C., Peters, G. P., Andres, R. J. et al. (2013). Global carbon budget 2013. Earth System Science Data, 6, 689760.Google Scholar
Lee, S. G. (2004). A simplified life cycle assessment of re-usable and single-use bulk transit packaging. Packaging Technology and Science, 17, 6783.Google Scholar
Lenton, T. M., Held, H., Kriegler, E. et al. (2008). Tipping elements in the Earth’s climate system. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 17861793.Google Scholar
Locatelli, B., Evans, V., Wardell, A., Andrade, A. and Vignola, R. (2011). Forests and climate change in Latin America: Linking adaptation and mitigation. Forests, 2, 431450.Google Scholar
Macintosh, A. (2011). Potential Carbon Credits from Reducing Native Forest Harvesting in Australia. CLP Working Paper 2011/1. Canberra: Australian National University (ANU) Centre for Climate Law and Policy.Google Scholar
Macintosh, A. (2012a). Tasmanian Forests Intergovernmental Agreement: An Assessment of Its Carbon Value. Canberra: Australian National University (ANU) Centre for Climate Law and Policy.Google Scholar
Macintosh, A. (2012b). The Australia clause and REDD: A cautionary tale. Climatic Change, 112, 169188.Google Scholar
Macintosh, A. (2013). The Australian Native Forest Sector: The Causes of the Decline and Prospects for the Future. Technical brief No. 21. Canberra: The Australia Institute. Available at: www.tai.org.au/sites/default/files/TB%2021%20State%20of%20the%20native%20forest%20industry_1_3.pdf.Google Scholar
Macintosh, A. and Wilkinson, D. (2015). Complexity theory and the constraints on environmental policy-making. Journal of Environmental Law, 28, 6593.Google Scholar
Macintosh, A., Keith, H. and Lindenmayer, D. (2015). Rethinking forest carbon assessments to account for policy institutions. Nature Climate Change, 5, 946952.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mackey, B. G., DellaSala, D. A., Kormos, C. et al. (2015). Policy options for the world’s primary forests in multilateral environmental agreements. Conservation Letters, 8, 139147.Google Scholar
Mackey, B., Kormos, C., Keith, H. et al. (2020). Understanding the importance of primary tropical forest protection as a mitigation strategy. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 25, 763787. Available at: )https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-019-09891-4.Google Scholar
Malhi, Y., Aragao, L. E. O. C., Galbraith, D. et al. (2009). Exploring the likelihood and mechanism of a climate-change-induced dieback of the Amazon rainforest. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 2061020615.Google Scholar
MEA (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment) (2005). Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Biodiversity Synthesis. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Available at: www.millenniumassessment.org/documents/document.354.aspx.pdf.Google Scholar
Mery, G., Katila, P., Galloway, G. et al., eds. (2010). Forests and Society: Responding to Global Drivers of Change. International Union of Forest Research Organizations. Available at: www.iufro.org/science/special/wfse/forests-society-global-drivers/.Google Scholar
Michaelian, M., Hogg, E. H., Hall, R. J. and Arsenault, E. (2011). Massive mortality of aspen following severe drought along the southern edge of the Canadian boreal forest. Global Change Biology, 17, 20842094.Google Scholar
Murdiyarso, D., Purbopuspito, J., Kauffman, J. B. et al. (2015). The potential of Indonesian mangrove forests for global climate change mitigation. Nature Climate Change, 5, 10891092.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nobre, C. A. and Borma, L. D. S. (2009). ‘Tipping points’ for the Amazon forest. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 1, 2836.Google Scholar
OECD (2014). Agricultural Policy Monitoring and Evaluation 2014. Report. Paris: OECD. Available at: www.oecd-ilibrary.org/agriculture-and-food/agricultural-policy-monitoring-and-evaluation-2014_agr_pol-2014-en.Google Scholar
Pan, Y, Birdsey, R. A., Fang, J. et al. (2011). A large and persistent carbon sink in the world’s forests. Science, 333, 988993.Google Scholar
Paquette, A. and Messier, C. (2010). The role of plantations in managing the world’s forests in the Anthropocene. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 8, 2734.Google Scholar
PEFC (Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification) (n.d.). Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification. Available at: www.pefc.org/.Google Scholar
Phillips, O. L., Aragão, L. E., Lewis, S. L. et al. (2009). Drought sensitivity of the Amazon rainforest. Science, 323, 13441347.Google Scholar
Phillips, O. L., van der Heijden, G., Lewis, S. L. et al. (2010). Drought–mortality relationships for tropical forests. New Phytologist, 187, 631646.Google Scholar
Ravindranath, N. H. (2007). Adaptation and mitigation synergy in the forest sector. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 12, 843853.Google Scholar
Republic of Rwanda (2011). Green Growth and Climate Resilience – National Strategy for Climate Change and Low Carbon Development. Government of Rwanda. Available at: https://greengrowthknowledge.org/national-documents/rwanda-green-growth-and-climate-resilience-national-strategy-climate-change-and.Google Scholar
Rizvi, A. R., Baig, S., Barrow, E. and Kumar, C. (2015). Synergies between Climate Mitigation and Adaptation in Forest Landscape Restoration. Gland: International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Available at: https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2015-013.pdf.Google Scholar
Scheffer, M., Hirota, M., Holmgren, M., van Nes, E. H. and Chapin, F. S. (2012). Thresholds for boreal biome transitions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109, 2138421389.Google Scholar
Schlamadinger, B. and Marland, G. (1999). Net effect of forest harvest on CO2 emissions to the atmosphere: A sensitivity analysis on the influence of time. Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 51, 314325.Google Scholar
Schulze, E.-D., Körner, C., Law, B. E., Haberl, H. and Luyssaert, S. (2012). Large-scale bioenergy from additional harvest of forest biomass is neither sustainable nor greenhouse gas neutral. Global Change Biology Bioenergy, 4, 611616.Google Scholar
Searchinger, T. (2010). Biofuels and the need for additional carbon. Environmental Research Letters, 5, 110.Google Scholar
Seifert, T. (2013). Bioenergy from Wood: Sustainable Production in the Tropics. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.Google Scholar
Settele, J., Scholes, R., Betts, R. et al. (2014). Terrestrial and inland water systems. In Field, C. B., Barros, V. R., Dokken, D. J. et al., eds., Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 271359. Available at: www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap4_FINAL.pdf.Google Scholar
Sitch, S., Huntingford, C., Gedney, N. et al. (2008). Evaluation of the terrestrial carbon cycle, future plant geography and climate carbon cycle feedbacks using five Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs). Global Change Biology, 14, 20152039.Google Scholar
Smith, P., Bustamante, M., Ahammad, H. et al. (2014). Agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU). In Edenhofer, O., Pichs-Madruga, R., Sokona, Y. et al., eds., Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 816922. Available at: www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/ipcc_wg3_ar5_chapter11.pdf.Google Scholar
Steffen, W., Burbidge, A., Hughes, L. et al. (2009). Australia’s Biodiversity and Climate Change. Melbourne: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Publishing.Google Scholar
Stephenson, N. L., Das, A. J., Condit, R. et al. (2014). Rate of tree carbon accumulation increases continuously with tree size. Nature, 507, 9093.Google Scholar
Stern, N. (2006). The Stern Review: The Economics of Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Available at: https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100407172811/http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/stern_review_report.htm.Google Scholar
Thompson, I., Mackey, B., McNulty, S. and Mosseler, A. (2009). Forest Resilience, Biodiversity and Climate Change. A Synthesis of the Biodiversity/Resilience/Stability Relationship in Forest Ecosystems. CBD Technical Series No. 43. Montreal: Secretariat of the Convention in Biological Diversity. Available at: www.cbd.int/doc/publications/cbd-ts-43-en.pdf.Google Scholar
TI (Transparency International) (2006). Corruption and the Environment. Transparency International. Available at: www.earth.columbia.edu/sitefiles/file/education/documents/progs_of_study/TransparencyInternationalfinalreport1may06.doc.Google Scholar
United Nations Statistical Commission (2021). System of Environmental Economic Accounting : Ecosystem Accounting. New York: United Nations Statistical Commission. Available at: https://unstats.un.org/unsd/statcom/52nd-session/documents/BG-3f-SEEA-EA_Final_draft-E.pdf.Google Scholar
UNDP (UN Development Programme) (2000). World Energy Assessment: Energy and the Challenge of Sustainability. New York: UN Development Programme, UN Department of Economics and Social Affairs and World Energy Council. Available at: www.undp.org/content/dam/aplaws/publication/en/publications/environment-energy/www-ee-library/sustainable-energy/world-energy-assessment-energy-and-the-challenge-of-sustainability/World%20Energy%20Assessment-2000.pdf.Google Scholar
UNFCCC (UN Framework Convention on Climate Change) (2010). Report of the Conference of the Parties on its Sixteenth Session, held in Cancun. Decisions Adopted by the Conference of the Parties 1/CP.16 The Cancun Agreements: Outcome of the work of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention. Available at: https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/docs/2010/cop16/eng/07a01.pdf.Google Scholar
van der Werf, G. R., Morton, D. C., DeFries, R. S. et al. (2009). CO2 emissions from forest loss. Nature Geoscience, 2, 737738.Google Scholar
van Mantgem, P. J., Stephenson, N. L., Byrne, J. C. et al. (2009). Widespread increase of tree mortality rates in the western United States. Science, 323, 521524.Google Scholar
Westerling, A. L., Turner, M. G., Smithwick, E. A. H., Romme, W. H. and Ryan, M. G. (2011). Continued warming could transform Greater Yellowstone fire regimes by mid-21st century. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108, 1316513170.Google Scholar
Williams, A. A. J., Karoly, D. J. and Tapper, N. (2001). The sensitivity of Australian fires danger to climate change. Climatic Change, 49, 171191.Google Scholar
Williams, A. P., Allen, C. D., Millar, C. I. et al. (2010). Forest responses to increasing aridity and warmth in the southwestern United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 2128921294.Google Scholar
Williams, A. P., Allen, C. D., Macalady, A. K. et al. (2013). Temperature as a potent driver of regional forest drought stress and tree mortality. Nature Climate Change, 3, 292297.Google Scholar
WRI (World Resources Institute) (2014). Better Growth, Better Climate. The New Climate Economy Report. The Global Commission on the Economy and Climate. Washington, DC: The Global Commission on the Economy and Climate, World Resources Institute. Available at: www.newclimateeconomy.report/2014.Google Scholar

References

Alauddin, M. and Quiggin, J. (2008). Agricultural intensification, irrigation and the environment in South Asia: Issues and policy options. Ecological Economics, 65, 111124.Google Scholar
Arbuckle, J. G., Morton, L. W. and Hobbs, J. (2015). Understanding farmer perspectives on climate change adaptation and mitigation: The roles of trust in sources of climate information, climate change beliefs, and perceived risk. Environment and Behavior, 47, 205234.Google Scholar
Arneth, A., Denton, F., Agus, F. et al. (2019). Framing and context. In Shukla, P. R., Skea, J., Buendia, E. C. et al., eds., Climate Change and Land: An IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems. In press. Available at: www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/4/2019/12/04_Chapter-1.pdf.Google Scholar
Bange, M. P., Constable, G. A., McRae, D. and Roth, G. (2010). Cotton. In Stokes, C. and Howden, S., eds., Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: Preparing Australian Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries for the Future. Clayton, Victoria: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Publishing, pp. 4966.Google Scholar
Barwick, S. A., Henzell, A. L., Herd, R. M., Walmsley, B. J. and Arthur, P. F. (2019). Methods and consequences of including reduction in greenhouse gas emission in beef cattle multiple-trait selection. Genetics Selection Evolution, 51, 18.Google Scholar
Bennetzen, E. H., Smith, P. and Porter, J. R. (2016). Decoupling of greenhouse gas emissions from global agricultural production: 1970–2050. Global Change Biology, 22, 763781.Google Scholar
Blaxter, K. L. and Clapperton, J. L. (1965). Prediction of the amount of methane produced by ruminants. British Journal of Nutrition, 19, 511522.Google Scholar
Challinor, A. J., Watson, J., Lobell, D. B., Howden, S. M., Smith, D. R. and Chhetri, N. (2014). A meta-analysis of crop yield under climate change and adaptation. Nature Climate Change, 4, 287291.Google Scholar
Charmley, E., Williams, S. R. O., Moate, P. J. et al. (2016). A universal equation to predict methane production of forage-fed cattle in Australia. Animal Production Science, 56, 169.Google Scholar
Crimp, S., Jin, H., Kokic, P., Bakar, , S. and Nicholls, , N. (2019). Possible future changes in South East Australian frost frequency: An inter-comparison of statistical downscaling approaches. Climate Dynamics, 52, 12471262.Google Scholar
Crowther, T. W., Todd-Brown, K. E. O., Rowe, C. W. et al. (2016). Quantifying global soil carbon losses in response to warming. Nature, 540, 104108.Google Scholar
de Oliveira Silva, R., Barioni, L. G., Hall, J. A. J. et al. (2016). Increasing beef production could lower greenhouse gas emissions in Brazil if decoupled from deforestation. Nature Climate Change, 6, 493497.Google Scholar
Eckard, R. J., Grainger, C. and de Klein, C. A. M. (2010). Options for the abatement of methane and nitrous oxide from ruminant production: A review. Livestock Science, 130, 4756.Google Scholar
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) (n.d.). FAOSTAT [data resource]. FAO.org. Available at: www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FO.Google Scholar
FAO (2018). The Future of Food and Agriculture: Alternative Pathways to 2050. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available at: www.fao.org/global-perspectives-studies/resources/detail/en/c/1157074/.Google Scholar
Garnett, T. (2011). Where are the best opportunities for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the food system (including the food chain)? Food Policy, 36, S23S32.Google Scholar
Gaydon, D., Beecher, H. G., Reinke, R., Crimp, S. and Howden, S. M. (2010). Rice. In Stokes, C. and Howden, S., eds., Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: Preparing Australian Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries for the Future. Clayton, Victoria: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Publishing, pp. 6784.Google Scholar
Ghahramani, A. and Moore, A. D. (2015). Systemic adaptations to climate change in southern Australian grasslands and livestock: Production, profitability, methane emission and ecosystem function. Agricultural Systems, 133, 158166.Google Scholar
Ghahramani, A., Howden, S. M., del Prado, A. et al. (2019). Climate change impact, adaptation, and mitigation in temperate grazing systems: A review. Sustainability, 11, 7224.Google Scholar
Gregory, P. J., Ingram, J. S. I., Andersson, R. et al. (2002). Environmental consequences of alternative practices for intensifying crop production. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 88, 279290.Google Scholar
Guariguata, M. R., Cornelius, J. P., Locatelli, B., Forner, C. and Sánchez-Azofeifa, G. A. (2008). Mitigation needs adaptation: Tropical forestry and climate change. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 13, 793808.Google Scholar
Hamilton, C. and Macintosh, A. (2008). Human ecology: Environmental protection and ecology. In Jorgensen, S., ed., Encyclopedia of Ecology. Elsevier, pp. 13421350.Google Scholar
Howden, S. M., Moore, J. L., McKeon, G. M. and Carter, J. O. (2001). Global change and the mulga woodlands of southwest Queensland: Greenhouse gas emissions, impacts, and adaptation. Environment International, 27, 161166.Google Scholar
Howden, S. M., Soussana, J. F., Tubiello, F. N., Chhetri, N., Dunlop, M. and Meinke, H. (2007). Adapting agriculture to climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104, 1969119696.Google Scholar
Howden, S. M., Gifford, R. M. and Meinke, H. (2010). Grains. In Stokes, C. and Howden, S., eds., Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: Preparing Australian Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries for the Future. Clayton, Victoria: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Publishing, pp. 2148.Google Scholar
Hughes, N., Galeano, D. and Hatfield-Dobbs, S. (2019). The effects of drought and climate variability on Australian farms. ABARES Insights, 6, 11.Google Scholar
Hughes, N., Lawson, K. and Valle, H. (2017). Farm Performance and Climate: Climate Adjusted Productivity on Broadacre Cropping Farms. Research report 17.4. Canberra, Australia: Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences. Available at: http://data.daff.gov.au/data/warehouse/9aas/2017/FarmPerformanceClimate/FarmPerformanceClimate_v1.0.0.pdf.Google Scholar
Hurlbert, M., Krishnaswamy, J., Davin, E. et al. (2019). Risk management and decision making in relation to sustainable development. In P. R. Shukla, J. Skea, E. C. Buendia et al., eds., Climate Change and Land: An IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems. In press. Available at: www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/4/2019/11/10_Chapter-7.pdf.Google Scholar
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2019). Climate Change and Land: An IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems. In press. Edited by P. R. Shukla, J. Skea, E. C. Buendia et al. Available at: www.ipcc.ch/srccl/.Google Scholar
Jayanegara, A., Sarwono, K. A., Kondo, M. et al. (2018). Use of 3-nitrooxypropanol as feed additive for mitigating enteric methane emissions from ruminants: A meta-analysis. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 17, 650656.Google Scholar
Johnson, J. A., Runge, C. F., Senauer, B., Foley, J. and Polasky, S. (2014). Global agriculture and carbon trade-offs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111, 1234212347.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lim-Camacho, L., Crimp, S., Ridoutt, B. et al. (2016). Adaptive Value Chain Approaches: Understanding Adaptation in Food Value Chains. Australia: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). Available at: https://research.csiro.au/climatesmartagriculture/wp-content/uploads/sites/248/2019/07/CSIRO_AVC_FInal-Report_v1.4_single.pdf.Google Scholar
Lin, B. B., Perfecto, I. and Vandermeer, J. (2008). Synergies between agricultural intensification and climate change could create surprising vulnerabilities for crops. BioScience, 58, 847854.Google Scholar
Lipper, L., Thornton, P., Campbell, B. M. et al. (2014). Climate-smart agriculture for food security. Nature Climate Change, 4, 10681072.Google Scholar
Mbow, C., Rosenzweig, C., Barioni, L. G. et al. (2019). Food security. In P. R. Shukla, J. Skea, E. C. Buendia et al., eds., Climate Change and Land: An IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems. In press. Available at: www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/4/2020/02/SRCCL-Chapter-5.pdf.Google Scholar
McKeon, G. M., Stone, G. S., Syktus, J. I. et al. (2009). Climate change impacts on northern Australian rangeland livestock carrying capacity: A review of issues. The Rangeland Journal, 31, 129.Google Scholar
Meyer, R., Cullen, B. R., Johnson, I. R. and Eckard, R. J. (2015). Process modelling to assess the sequestration and productivity benefits of soil carbon for pasture. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 213, 272280.Google Scholar
Millar, G. D. and Badgery, W. B. (2009). Pasture cropping: A new approach to integrate crop and livestock farming systems. Animal Production Science, 49, 777.Google Scholar
Miller, C. J., Howden, S. M. and Jones, R. N. (2010). Intensive livestock industries. In Stokes, C. and Howden, S., eds., Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: Preparing Australian Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries for the Future. Clayton, Victoria: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Publishing, pp. 171185.Google Scholar
Moore, J. L., Howden, S. M., McKeon, G. M., Carter, J. O. and Scanlan, J. C. (2001). The dynamics of grazed woodlands in southwest Queensland, Australia, and their effect on greenhouse gas emissions. Environment International, 27, 147153.Google Scholar
Naumann, G., Alfieri, L., Wyser, K. et al. (2018). Global changes in drought conditions under different levels of warming. Geophysical Research Letters, 45, 32853296.Google Scholar
Olsson, L., Barbosa, H., Bhadwal, S. et al. (2019). Land degradation. In P. R. Shukla, J. Skea, E. C. Buendia et al., eds., Climate Change and Land: An IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems. In press. Available at: www.ipcc.ch/srccl/chapter/chapter-4/.Google Scholar
Porter, J. R., Xie, L., Challinor, A. J. et al. (2014). Food security and food production systems. In Field, C. B., Barros, V. R., Dokken, D. J. et al., eds., Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 485533. Available at: www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap7_FINAL.pdf.Google Scholar
Rivera-Ferre, M. G., López-i-Gelats, F., Howden, M., Smith, P., Morton, J. F. and Herrero, M. (2016). Re-framing the climate change debate in the livestock sector: Mitigation and adaptation options. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 7, 869892.Google Scholar
Scheer, C., Rowlings, D., Firrell, M. et al. (2017). Nitrification inhibitors can increase post-harvest nitrous oxide emissions in an intensive vegetable production system. Scientific Reports, 7, 43677.Google Scholar
Smith, P., Nkem, J., Calvin, K. et al. (2019). Interlinkages between desertification, land degradation, food security and GHG fluxes: Synergies, trade-offs and integrated response options. In P. R. Shukla, J. Skea, E. C. Buendia et al., eds., Climate Change and Land: An IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems. In press. Available at: www.ipcc.ch/srccl/chapter/chapter-6/.Google Scholar
Stokes, C. and Howden, M., eds. (2010). Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: Preparing Australian Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries for the Future. Clayton, Victoria: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Publishing.Google Scholar
Stokes, C., Howden, S. and Ash, A. (2010). Adapting livestock production systems to climate change. Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition, 2009, 115133.Google Scholar
Thomas, D. T., Lawes, R. A., Descheemaeker, K. and Moore, A. D. (2014). Selection of crop cultivars suited to the location combined with astute management can reduce crop yield penalties in pasture cropping systems. Crop and Pasture Science, 65, 1022.Google Scholar
Thornton, P. K. and Herrero, M. (2010). Potential for reduced methane and carbon dioxide emissions from livestock and pasture management in the tropics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 1966719672.Google Scholar
Verchot, L. V., Van Noordwijk, M., Kandji, S. et al. (2007). Climate change: Linking adaptation and mitigation through agroforestry. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 12, 901918.Google Scholar
Vermeulen, S. J., Campbell, B. M. and Ingram, J. S. I. (2012). Climate change and food systems. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 37, 195222.Google Scholar
Waghorn, G. C. and Hegarty, R. S. (2011). Lowering ruminant methane emissions through improved feed conversion efficiency. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 166, 291301.Google Scholar
Webb, L. and Whetton, P. (2010). Horticulture. In Stokes, C. and Howden, S., eds., Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: Preparing Australian Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries for the Future. Clayton, Victoria: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Publishing, pp. 119136.Google Scholar
Webb, L., Dunn, G. M. and Barlow, E. (2010). Winegrapes. In Stokes, C. and Howden, S., eds., Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: Preparing Australian Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries for the Future. Clayton, Victoria: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Publishing, pp. 101118.Google Scholar
Ziska, L. H., Bunce, J. A., Shimono, H. et al. (2012). Food security and climate change: On the potential to adapt global crop production by active selection to rising atmospheric carbon dioxide. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 279, 40974105. Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×