Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-6bf8c574d5-m789k Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-03-09T15:57:35.290Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

19 - Processing and components: leucodepletion and pathogen reduction

from Section 2 - Selection and testing

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 January 2010

By
Rebecca Cardigan ,
Chris Prowse  and
Lorna M. Williamson
Edited by
John A. J. Barbara ,
Fiona A. M. Regan  and
Marcela Contreras
Rebecca Cardigan
Affiliation:
Head of Components Development, NHS Blood and Transplant Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Chris Prowse
Affiliation:
Research Director, National Science Laboratory, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Edinburgh, UK
Lorna M. Williamson
Affiliation:
Reader in Transfusion Medicine, University of Cambridge; Medical Director, NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK
John A. J. Barbara
Affiliation:
University of the West of England, Bristol
Fiona A. M. Regan
Affiliation:
HNSBT and Hammersmith Hospitals NHS Trust, London
Marcela Contreras
Affiliation:
University of the West of England, Bristol
Get access

Summary

Although donor selection and donation screening remain the critical elements of protection from transfusion-transmitted pathogens, there is increasing interest in achieving further safety enhancements by component modification. In the last five years, leucocyte depletion has moved from being a bedside procedure for specific patients to a universal and integral part of component processing. In this context, its potential for removal of leucocyte-associated viruses has been the subject of considerable debate. Over the same time period, techniques for pathogen reduction of fresh frozen plasma and platelets have been developed and, in some cases, licensed for routine use. Pathogen reduction for red cells is proving a more challenging prospect, but in time the current difficulties may be overcome. Such techniques present policy-makers with interesting decisions which must take into account cost-effectiveness, loss of functionality of components, potential toxicity, and the potential impact on current donor selection and screening policies.

Leucocyte depletion (LD)

Many countries now undertake universal LD of all components in blood centres within 1–2 days of collection. The reasons for this practice vary from country to country, but perceived benefits include reduced immunomodulation, fewer febrile reactions, and reduction of cytomegalovirus risk (reviewed in Williamson, 2000). In the UK, the main reason for implementation of universal LD was as a precaution against transmission of variant Creutzfeld-Jacob disease. Leucocyte depletion is achieved either by filtration of either whole blood or processed components, or by centrifugation/elutriation during platelet apheresis.

Type
Chapter
Information
Transfusion Microbiology , pp. 239 - 258
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alarcon, P. de, Benjam, R. J., Shopnick, R., et al. (2003) Patients with congenital coagulation factor deficiencies demonstrate consistent therapeutic responses to repeated transfusions of plasma prepared with pathogen inactivation treatment (INTERCEPT plasma). Blood, 102(11), 815a.Google Scholar
Allford, S. L., Harrison, P., Lawrie, A. S., et al. (2000) von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease activity in congenital thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Br J Haematol, 111, 1215–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alvarez-Larrán, A., Del Rio, J., Ramirez, C., et al., (2004) Methylene blue-photoinactivated plasma vs. fresh-frozen plasma as replacement fluid for plasma exchange in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Vox Sang, 86, 246–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Atance, R., Pereira, A. and Ramirez, B. (2001) Tranfusing methylene blue-photoinactivated plasma instead of FFP is associated with an increased demand for plasma and cryoprecipitate. Transfusion, 41, 1548–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
AuBuchon, J. P., Pickard, C. A., Herschel, L. H., et al. (2002) Production of pathogen-inactivated RBC concentrates using PEN110 chemistry: a phase I clinical study. Transfusion, 42(2), 146–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aytay, A., Ohagen, A., Busch, M., et al. (2003) Development of a sensitive long-range PCR system to demonstrate viral nucleic acid inactivation. Transfusion, 43(Suppl. 8A), S26–030E.Google Scholar
Aznar, J. A., Bonand, S., Montoro, J. M., et al. (2000) Influence of methylene blue photoinactivation treatment on coagulation factors from fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitates and cryosupernatants. Vox Sang, 79, 56–160.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aznar, J. A., Molina, R. and Montoro, J. M. (1999) Factor VIII/von Willebrand factor complex in methylene blue-treated fresh plasma. Transfusion, 39, 748–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bachmann, B., Knuver-Hopf, J., Lambrecht, B., et al. (1995) Target structures for HIV-1 inactivation by methylene blue and light. J Med Virol, 47(2), 172–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, K. H., Mortelsmans, Y., Kretschmer, V. V., et al. (2000) Comparison of solvent/detergent-inactivated plasma and fresh frozen plasma under routine clinical conditions. Infusionstherapie und Transfusionsmedizin, 27, 144–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Beeck, H. and Hellstern, P. (1998) In vitro characterisation of solvent/detergent-treated human plasma and of quarantine fresh-frozen plasma. Vox Sang, 74(Suppl. 1), 219–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowden, R. A., Slichter, S. J., Sayers, M., et al. (1995) A comparison of filtered leukocyte-reduced and cytomegalovirus (CMV) seronegative blood products for the prevention of transfusion-associated CMV infection after marrow transplant. Blood, 86, 3598–603.Google ScholarPubMed
Brown, P., Cervenakova, L., McShane, L. M., et al. (1999) Further studies of blood infectivity in an experimental model of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, with an explanation of why blood components do not transmit Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans. Transfusion. 39, 1169–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, P., Rohwer, R. G., Dunstan, B. C., et al. (1998) The distribution of infectivity in blood components and plasma derivatives in experimental models of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy. Transfusion, 38(9), 810–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cardigan, R., Allford, S. and Williamson, L. M. (2002) Levels of von Willebrand factor cleaving protease are normal in methylene blue treated fresh frozen plasma. Br J Haematol, 117, 253–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cardigan, R., Sutherland, J., Garwood, M., et al. (2001) The effect of leucocyte depletion on the quality of fresh frozen plasma (FFP). Br J Haematol, 114, 233–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cervenakova, L., Yakovleva, O., McKenzie, C., et al. (2003) Similar levels of infectivity in the blood of mice infected with human-derived vCJD and GSS strains of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy. Transfusion, 43, 1687–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chabanel, A., Sensebe, I., Masse, M., et al. (2003) Quality assessment of seven types of fresh frozen plasma leucoreduced by specific plasma filtration. Vox Sang, 84, 308–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chapman, J. (2000) Progress in improving the pathogen safety of red cell concentrates. Vox Sang, 78 (Suppl. 2), 203–4.Google ScholarPubMed
Chapman, J., Moore, K. and Alford, B. (2003b) Whole body autoradioluminography of the pathogen reduction compound INACTINE™ PEN110. Transfusion, 43(Suppl. 86A), SP–150.Google Scholar
Chapman, J. R., Moore, K. and Butterworth, B. E. (2003a) Pathogen inactivation of RBCs: PEN110 reproductive toxicology studies. Transfusion, 43, 1386–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chow, T. W., Turner, N. A., Chintagumpala, M., et al. (1998) Increased von Willebrand factor binding to platelets in single episode and recurrent types of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Am J Hematol, 57(4), 292–302.3.0.CO;2-P>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ciaravino, V. (2001) Preclinical safety of a nucleic acid-targeted Helinx compound: a clinical perspective. Seminars in Hematology, Oct, 38(4 Suppl. 11), 12–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ciaravino, V., McCullough, T. and Cimino, G. (2003a) The role of toxicology assessment in transfusion medicine. Transfusion, 43, 1481–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ciaravino, V., McCullough, T., Cimino, G., et al. (2003b) Preclinical safety profile of plasma prepared using the INTERCEPT Blood System. Vox Sang, 85, 171–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ciavarino, V., Sullivan, T. and McCullough, T. (2003c) The absence of reproductive toxicity demonstrated by the INTERCEPT™ blood system for platelets. Transfusion, 43(Suppl. 84A), SP–143.Google Scholar
Clark, B., Castro, G. and Stassinopoulos, A. (2003) Treatment with Helinx® technology does not affect the ability of red blood cells to overcome oxidative stress. Transfusion, 43(Suppl.), S30–030E.Google Scholar
Cook, D., Stassinopoulos, A., Merritt, J., et al. (1997) Inactivation of pathogens in packed red blood cell (PRBC) concentrates using S-303. Blood, 90(Suppl. 1), 409a.Google Scholar
Cook, D., Stassinopoulos, A., Wollowitz, S., et al. (1998) In vivo analysis of packed red blood cells treated with S-303 to inactivate pathogens. Blood, 92(Suppl. 1), 503a.Google Scholar
Corash, L. (2000) Inactivation of viruses, bacteria, protozoa and leukocytes in platelet and red cell concentrates. Vox Sang, 78(Suppl. 2), 205–10.Google ScholarPubMed
Corash, L. (2003) Pathogen reduction technology: methods, status of clinical trials, and future prospects. Current Hematology Reports, 2, 495–502.Google ScholarPubMed
Corash, L. and Lin, L. (2004) Novel processes for inactivation of leukocytes to prevent transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease. Bone Marrow Transplantation, 33, 1–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corash, L., Behrman, B., Rheinschmidt, M., et al. (1997) Post-transfusion viability and tolerability of photochemically treated platelet concentrates (PC). Blood, 90(10), S1, 267a.Google Scholar
Corbin, F. (2002) Pathogen inactivation of blood components: current status and introduction of an approach using riboflavin as a photosensitizer. Internat J Hematol, 76(Suppl. 2), 253–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Council of Europe (2001) Council of Europe expert committee in blood transfusion study group on pathogen inactivation of labile blood components. Pathogen inactivation of labile blood products. Transfus Med, 11(3), 149–75.
Council of Europe (2007) Council of Europe Guide to the Preparation, Use and Quality Assurance of Blood Components. 13th edn, 2007, Strasbourg. Council of Europe Publishing.
Rubia, J., Arriaga, F., Linares, D., et al. (2001) Role of methylene blue treated or fresh frozen plasma in the response to plasma exchange in patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Br J Haematol, 114, 721–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doyle, S., O'Brien, P., Murphy, K., et al. (2003) Coagulation factor content of solvent detergent plasma compared with fresh frozen plasma. Blood Coag Fibrinolysis, 14, 283–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drew, W. L. and Roback, J. D. (2007) Prevention of transfusion-transmitted cytomegalovirus: reactivation of the debate?Transfusion, 47, 1955–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dupuis, K. W. (2003c) West Nile virus is inactivated by the Helinx® technology in human platelet concentrates. Transfusion, 43(Suppl. 82A), SP–135.Google Scholar
Dupuis, K. W. and Alfonso, R. (2003a) Helinx® technology inactivates Trypanosoma cruzi in human red blood cells. Transfusion, 43(Suppl. 83A), SP–139.Google Scholar
Dupuis, K. W. and Alfonso, R. (2003b) Helinx® technology inactivates intra-erythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum in human red blood cells. Transfusion, 43(Suppl. 83A), SP–140.Google Scholar
Edrich, R., Benford, L., Urioste, M., et al. (2003) Bacterial decontamination of apheresis platelets using a photochemical treatment process with riboflavin. Transfusion, 43(Suppl. 79A), SP–125.Google Scholar
Epstein, J. S. and Vostal, J. G. (2003) FDA approach to evaluation of pathogen reduction technology. Transfusion, 43, 1347–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, G., Llewelyn, C., Luddington, R., et al. (1999) Solvent/detergent fresh frozen plasma as primary treatment of acute thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Clin Lab Haematol, 21, 119–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fast, L. D., DiLeone, G., Edson, C. M., et al. (2002a) PEN110 treatment functionally inactivates the PBMNCs present in RBC units: comparison to the effects of exposure to gamma irradiation. Transfusion, 42, 1318–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fast, L. D., DiLeone, G., Edson, C. M., et al. (2002b) Inhibition of murine GVHD by PEN110 treatment. Transfusion, 42, 1326–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fast, L. D., Semple, J. W., DiLeone, G., et al. (2004) Inhibition of xenogeneic GvHD by PEN 110 treatment of donor human PBMNCs. Transfusion, 44(2), 282–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Furlan, M., Robles, R., Galbusera, M., et al. (1998) Von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and the hemolytic-uremic syndrome. N Eng J Med, 339, 1578–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garwood, M., Cardigan, R., Hornsey, V., et al. (2003) The effect of methylene blue photoinactivation and removal on the quality of fresh-frozen plasma (FFP). Transfusion, 43, 1238–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibb, A. P., Martin, K. M., Davidson, G. A., et al. (1994) Modelling the growth of Yersinia enterocolitica in donated blood. Transfusion, 34, 304–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goltsina, H., Chapman, J. and Purmal, A. (2003) Chemical interaction of INACTINE ™ PEN110 with nucleic acids. Transfusion, 43(Suppl. 85A), SP–145.Google Scholar
Goodrich, R. P. (2000) The use of riboflavin for the inactivation of pathogens in blood products. Vox Sang, 78(Suppl. 2), 211–5.Google ScholarPubMed
Goodrich, R. P., Janssens, M., Ghielli, M., et al. (2003) Correlation of in vitro parameters and in vivo recovery and survival for PRT treated platelets in normal human donors. Transfusion, 43(Suppl. 79A), SP–126.Google Scholar
Grass, J. A., Hei, D. J., Metchette, K., et al. (1998) Inactivation of leukocytes in platelet concentrates by photochemical treatment with psoralen plus UVA. Blood, 91, 2180–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Greenwalt, T. J., Hambleton, J., Wages, D., et al. (1999) Viability of red blood cells treated with a novel pathogen inactivation system. Transfusion, 39, S497.Google Scholar
Gregori, L., McCombie, N., Palmer, D., et al. (2004) Effectiveness of leucoreduction for removal of infectivity of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies from blood. Lancet, 364, 529–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guidelines for the Blood Transfusion Services in the United Kingdom. 7th edn, 2005. London, Stationery Office.
Hambleton, J., Wages, D., Radu-Radulescu, L., et al. (2002) Pharmacokinetic study of FFP photochemically treated with amotosalen (S-59) and UV light compared to FFP in healthy volunteers anticoagulated with warfarin. Transfusion, 42, 1302–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harrison, C. N., Lawrie, A. S., Iqbal, A., et al. (1996) Plasma exchange with solvent/detergent-treated plasma of resistant thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Br J Haematol, 94, 756–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haubelt, H., Blome, M., Kiessling, A. H., et al. (2002) Effects of solvent/detergent-treated plasma and fresh-frozen plasma on haemostasis and fibrinolysis in complex coagulopathy following open-heart surgery. Vox Sang, 82, 9–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hei, D. J., Grass, J., Lin, L., Corash, L. and Cimino, C. (1999) Elimination of cytokine production in stored platelet concentrate aliquots by photochemical treatment with psoralen plus ultraviolet A light. Transfusion, 39, 239–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heiden, M., Salge, U., Breitner-Ruddock, S., et al. (2003) Significant difference between S/D plasma qualities of different origin. Transfusion, 43(Suppl. 56A), SP–47.Google Scholar
Hellstern, P., Larbig, E., Walz, G. A., et al. (1993) Prospective study on efficacy and tolerability of solvent/detergent-treated plasma in intensive care unit patients. Infusther Transfusmed, 20 (Suppl. 2), 16–18.Google ScholarPubMed
Hellstern, P., Sachse, H., Schwinn, H., et al. (1992) Manufacture and in vitro characterization of a solvent/detergent-treated human plasma. Vox Sang, 63, 178–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hillyer, C. D., Roback, J. D., Saakadze, N., et al. (2003) Transfusion-transmitted cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection: elucidation of role and dose of monocytes in a murine model. Blood, 102(11), 57a.Google Scholar
Hillyer, K. L., Kelly, V. A., Roush, K. S., et al. (2001) Von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease (VWF-CP) activity in S-59 treated donor plasma. Blood, 98(Suppl. 1), 539a.Google Scholar
Holada, K., Vostal, J. G., Theisen, P. W., et al. (2002) Scrapie infectivity in hamster blood is not associated with platelets. J Virol, 76, 4649–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hornsey, V. S., Krailadsiri, P., MacDonald, S., et al. (2000) Coagulation factor content of cryoprecipitate prepared from methylene blue plus light virus-inactivated plasma. Br J Haematol, 109, 665–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hornsey, V. S., Young, D. A., Docherty, A., et al. (2004) Cryoprecipitate prepared from plasma treated with methylene blue plus light: increasing the fibrinogen concentration. Transfus Med, 14, 369–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Horowitz, B., Bonomo, R., Prince, A. M., et al. (1992) Solvent/detergent-treated plasma: a virus-inactivated substitute for fresh frozen plasma. Blood, 79, 826–31.Google ScholarPubMed
Horowitz, M. S. and Pehta, J. C. (1998) SD plasma in TTP and coagulation factor deficiences for which no concentrates are available. Vox Sang, 74 (Suppl. 1), 231–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ICH (International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use) (1998) downloadable files (available from: www.ich.org) under guidelines/safety topics (see also Fed. Reg., 1997, 62, 62922).
Inada, Y., Hessel, B. and Blomback, B. (1978) Photo-oxidation of fibrinogen in the presence of methylene blue and its effect on polymerization. Biochim Biophys Acta, 25(532), 161–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inbal, A., Epstein, O., Blickstein, D., et al. (1993) Evaluation of solvent/detergent treated plasma in the management of patients with hereditary and acquired coagulation disorders. Blood Coag Fibrinolysis, 4, 599–604.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jackson, B. R., AuBuchon, J. P. and Birkmeyer, J. D. (1999) Update of cost-effectiveness analysis for solvent-detergent treated plasma. J Am Med Assoc, 282, 329–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keeling, D. M., Luddington, R., Allain, J.-P., et al. (1997) Cryoprecipitate prepared from plasma virally inactivated by the solvent detergent method. Br J Haematol, 96, 94–197.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klein, H. G, Anderson, D., Bernardi, M. J., et al. (2007) Pathogen inactivation: making decisions about new technologies – preliminary report of a consensus conference. Vox Sang, 93, 179–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knutson, F., Alfonso, R., Dupuis, K., et al. (2000) Photochemical inactivation of bacteria and HIV in buffy-coat-derived platelet concentrates under conditions that preserve in vitro platelet function. Vox Sang, 78, 209–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krailadsiri, P., Seghatchian, J., Macgregor, I., et al. (2006). The effects of leukodepletion on the generation and removal of microvesicles and prion protien in blood componentsTransfusion, 46, 407–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumar, V., McLean, R., Keil, S., et al. (2003b) Mirasol™ pathogen reduction technology for blood products using riboflavin and UV illumination: mode of action of riboflavin on pathogen nucleic acid chemistry. Transfusion, 43(Suppl. 79A), SP-124.Google Scholar
Kumar, V., Motheral, T., Luzniak, G., et al. (2003a) Mirasol™ plasma pathogen reduction technology: riboflavin-based process conserves protein C, protein S and antithrombin activities. Transfusion, 43(Suppl. 80A), SP-128.Google Scholar
Lambrecht, B., Mohr, H., Knuver-Hopf, J., et al. (1991) Photoinactivation of viruses in human fresh plasma by phenothiazine dyes in combination with visible light. Vox Sang, 60, 207–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laupacis, A., Brown, J., Costello, B., et al. (2001) Prevention of post-transfusion CMV in the era of universal WBC reduction: a consensus statement. Transfusion, 41, 560–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lazo, A., Tassello, J., Jayarama, V., et al. (2002) Broad-spectrum virus reduction in red cell concentrates using INACTINE PEN110 chemistry. Vox Sang, 83, 313–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lazo, A., Tassello, J., Ohagen, A., et al. (2003) Inactivation of human parvovirus B19 by INACTINE™ PEN110. Transfusion, 43(Suppl. 86A), SP-147.Google Scholar
Leebeek, F. W. G., Schipperus, M. R. and Vliet, H. H. D. M. (1999) Coagulation factor levels in solvent/detergent-treated plasma. Transfusion, 39, 1150–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leiby, D. A. (2004) Threats to blood safety posed by emerging protozoan pathogens. Vox Sang, 87 (Suppl. 2), 120–2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lerner, R. G., Nelson, J., Scorcia, E., et al. (2000) Evaluation of solvent/detergent-treated plasma in patients with a prolonged prothrombin time. Vox Sang, 79, 161–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, J., Korte, D., Woolum, M. D., et al. (2004) Pathogen reduction of buffy coat platelet concentrates using riboflavin and light: comparisons with pathogen-reduction technology-treated apheresis platelet products. Vox Sang, 87, 82–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lin, L., Cook, D. N., Wiesehahn, G. P., et al. (1997) Photochemical inactivation of viruses and bacteria in platelet concentrates by use of a novel psoralen and long-wavelength ultraviolet light. Transfusion, 37, 423–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Llewelyn, C. A., Hewitt, P. E., Knight, R. S. G., et al. (2004) Possible transmission of variant Creutzfeld-Jacob disease by blood transfusion. Lancet, 363, 417–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lopez-Plaza, I., Snyder, E., Goodnough, L. T., et al. for the SPRINT Study Group. (2003) INTERCEPT platelet transfusions are associated with fewer transfusion reactions than conventional platelet transfusions prepared by apheresis with process leukoreduction. Transfusion, 43 (9S) 84A.Google Scholar
Lorenz, M., Muller, M., Jablonka, B., et al. (1998) High doses of methylene blue/light treatment crosslink the A-alpha-sub-unit of fibrinogen: influence of this photo-oxidization on fibrinogen binding to platelets. Haemostasis, 28, 17–24.Google Scholar
Magner, J. J., Crowley, K. J. and Boylan, J. F. (2007) Fatal fibrinolysis during orthotopic liver transplantation in patients receiving solvent/detergent-treated plasma (Octaplas). J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 21, 410–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mast, A. E., Stadanlick, J. E.,Lockett, J. M., et al. (1999) Solvent/detergent-treated plasma has decreased antitrypsin activity and absent antiplasmin activity. Blood, 94, 3922–7.Google ScholarPubMed
Mather, T., Takeda, T., Tassello, J., et al. (2003) West Nile virus in blood: stability, distribution and susceptibility to PEN110 inactivation. Transfusion, 43, 1029–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCullough, J. (2003) Progress toward a pathogen-free blood supply. Clin Infect Dis, 37, 88–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCullough, J., Vesole, D. H., Benjamin, R. J., et al. (2004) Therapeutic efficacy and safety of platelets treated with a photochemical process for pathogen inactivation: the SPRINT trial. Blood, 104, 1534–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mintz, P., Steadman, R., Blackall, D.et al. (2002) Pathogen inactivation of plasma using S-59 and UVA light is efficacious and well tolerated in the treatment of end-stage liver disease patients – the STEP AC trial. Transfusion, 42(Suppl.), 15S.Google Scholar
Mintz, P. D., Neff, A., MacKenzie, M.et al. (2006) A randomized, controlled Pase III trial of therapeutic plasma exchange with fresh-frozen plasma (FFP) prepared with amotosalen and ultraviolet A light compared to untreated FFP in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Transfusion, 46, 1693–704.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moake, J., Chintagumpala, M., Turner, N., et al. (1994) Solvent/detergent-treated plasma suppresses shear-induced platelet aggregation and prevents episodes of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood, 84, 490–7.Google ScholarPubMed
Mohr, H. and Redecker-Klein, A. (2003) Inactivation of pathogens in platelet concentrates by using a two-step procedure. Vox Sang, 84, 96–104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mohr, H., Bachmann, B., Klein-Struckmeier, A., et al. (1997) Virus inactivation of blood products by phenothiazine dyes and light. Photochem Photobiol Sci, 65, 441–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mohr, H., Knuver-Hopf, J., Gravemann, U., et al. (2004) West Nile virus in plasma is highly sensitive to methylene blue/light treatment. Transfusion, 44, 886–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mohr, H., Knuver-Hopf, J., Lambrecht, B., et al. (1992) No evidence for neoantigens in human plasma after photochemical virus inactivation. Ann of Hematol, 65, 224–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murphy, S., Snyder, E., Cable, R., et al. (2003) Transfusion of INTERCEPT platelets vs. reference platelets at doses ≥ 3 × 1011 results in comparable haemostasis and platelet and RBC transfusion requirements: results of the SPRINT trial. Blood, 102(11), 815a.Google Scholar
Nichols, W. G., Price, T. H., Gooley, T., et al. (2003) Transfusion-transmitted cytomegalovirus infection after receipt of leukoreduced blood products. Blood, 101, 4195–200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nifong, T. P., Light, J., Wenl, R. E. (2002) Coagulant stability and sterility of thawed solvent-detergent-treated plasma. Transfusion, 42, 1581–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Hagen, A., Gibaja, V., Aytay, S., et al. (2002) Inactivation of HIV in blood. Transfusion, 42, 1308–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pamphilon, D. H., Rider, J. R., Barbara, J. A. J., et al. (1999) Prevention of transfusion-transmitted cytomegalovirus infection. Transfus Med, 9, 115–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peden, A. H., Head, M. W., Ritchie, D. L., et al. (2004) Preclinical vCJD after blood transfusion in a PRNP codon 129 heterozygous patient. Lancet, 364, 527–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peirera, A. (1999) Cost-effectiveness of transfusing virus-inactivated plasma instead of standard plasma. Transfusion, 39, 479–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pennington, J., Garner, S. F., Sutherland, J., et al. (2001) Residual subset population analysis in leucocyte depleted blood components using real-time quantitative RT-PCR. Transfusion, 41, 1591–600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pennington, J., Taylor, G. P., Sutherland, J., et al. (2002) Persistence of HTLV in blood donations after leucocyte depletion. Blood, 100, 677–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pinkoski, L., Amir, S., Smyers, J., et al. (2001a) Photochemically treated plasma retains protein C, protein S and antithrombin activities. Transfusion Clinique et Biologique, 8(Suppl. 1), 101.Google Scholar
Pinkoski, L., Corash, L., Ramies, D., et al. (2002a) The INTERCEPT Plasma System: Helinx™ pathogen inactivation technology does not activate thrombin, complement, or the contact system of coagulation. Vox Sang, 83(Suppl. 2), 574.Google Scholar
Pinkoski, L., Ramies, D., Wiesehahn, G., et al. (2002b) The INTERCEPT blood system for plasma conserves key proteins necessary for effective transfusion support of hemostasis. Transfusion, 42(Suppl.), 575.Google Scholar
Pinkoski, L., Smyers, J., Corash, L., et al. (2001b) Pathogen inactivation of plasma using Helinx technology conserves the activity of coagulation, anticoagulation and fibrinolytic proteins. Blood, 98, 541a.Google Scholar
Piquet, Y., Janvier, G., Selosse, P., et al. (1992) Virus inactivation of fresh frozen plasma by a solvent detergent procedure: biological results. Vox Sang, 63, 251–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pohl, U., Becker, M., Papstein, C., et al. (1995b) Methylene blue virus inactivated plasma in the treatment of patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. ISBT 5th Regional (European) Congress, Venice.
Pohl, U., Wieding, J. U., Kirchmaier C. M., et al. (1995a) Treatment of patients with severe congenital coagulation factor V or XI deficiency with methylene blue virus inactivated plasma. ISBT 5th Regional (European) Congress, Venice.
Politis, C., Kavallierou, L., Hantziara, S., et al. (2007) Quality and safety of fresh-frozen plasma inactivated and leucoreduced with the Theraflex methylene blue system including the Blueflex filter: 5 years' experience. Vox Sang, 92, 319–26.Google ScholarPubMed
Prowse, C. V., Hornsey, V. S., Drummond, O., et al. (1999) Preliminary assessment of whole-blood, red-cell and platelet-leucodepleting filters for possible induction of prion release by leucocyte fragmentation during room temperature processing. Br J Haematol, 106, 240–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prowse, C. V. and MacGregor, I. R. (2002) Mad cows and Englishmen: an update on blood and vCJD. Vox Sang, 83(Suppl. 1), 341–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Purmal, A., Valeri, C. R., Dzik, W., et al. (2002) Process for the preparation of pathogen-inactivated RBC concentrates by using PEN110 chemistry: preclinical studies. Transfusion, 42, 139–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reidler, G. F., Haycox, A. R., Duggan, A. K., et al. (2003) Cost-effectiveness of solvent/detergent-treated fresh-frozen plasma. Vox Sang, 85, 88–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rentas, F. J., Lippert, L., Harman, R., et al. (2003) Inactivation of Orientia tsutsugamuchi (scrub typhus) in an animal model using the INTERCEPT™ blood system for human platelets. Transfusion, 43(Suppl. 84A), SP-141.Google Scholar
Rhenen, D., Gulliksson, H., Cazenave, J. P., et al. and EuroSPRITE trial (2003) Transfusion of pooled buffy coat platelet components prepared with photochemical pathogen inactivation treatment: the euroSPRITE trial. Blood, 101, 2426–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rhenen, D. J., Vermeij, J., Mayaudon, V., et al. (2000) Functional characteristics of S-59 photochemically treated platelet concentrates derived from buffy coats. Vox Sang, 79(4), 206–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rider, J. R., Want, E. J., Winter, M. A., et al. (2000) Differential leucocyte subpopulation analysis of leucodepleted red cell products. Transfus Med, 10, 49–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ronghe, M. D., Foot, A. B. M., Cornish, J. M., et al. (2002) The impact of transfusion of leucodepleted platelet concentrates on cytomegalovirus disease after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Br J Haematol, 118, 1124–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruane, P. H., Edrich, R., Gampp, D., et al. (2004) Photochemical inactivation of selected viruses and bacteria in platelet concentrates using riboflavin and light. Transfusion, 44, 877–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simonsen, A. C. and Sorensen, H. (1999) Clinical tolerance of methylene blue virus-inactivated plasma: a randomized crossover trial in 12 healthy human volunteers. Vox Sang, 77, 210–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sivakumaran, M., Hutchinson, R. M., Wood, J. K., et al. (1993) Removal of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infected leucocytes from CMV positive blood units by bedside blood filtration. Br J Haematol, 85, 232–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snyder, E., Mintz, P., Burks, S.et al. (2001) Pathogen inactivated red blood cells using INACTINE technology demonstrate 24 hour post-transfusion recovery equal to untreated red cells after 42 days of storage. Blood, 98, 709a.Google Scholar
Solheim, B., Tollofsrud, S., Noddeland, H., et al. (2002) Universal solvent/detergent treated plasma. Vox Sanguinis, 83, 111.Google Scholar
Solheim, B. G. and Hellstern, P. (2003) Composition and efficacy and safety of solvent-detergent treated plasma. Transfusion, 43, 1176–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solheim B. G., Svennevig, J. L., Mohr, B., et al. (1993) The use of Octaplas in patients undergoing open heart surgery. In DIC: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Therapy of Disseminated Intravascular Fibrin Formation, ed. Muller-Berghaus, G., pp. 253–62. Amsterdam, Elsevier.Google Scholar
Solheim, B. G., Cid, J. and Osselaer, J. C. (2006) Pathogen Reduction Technologies. Global Perspectives in Transfusion Medicine (ed. by M. Lozano, M. Contreras, & M. A. Blajchman), pp. 103–148. AABB Press, Bethesda.
Suontataka, A. M., Blomback, M. and Chapman, J. (2003) Changes in functional activities of plasma fibrinogen after treatment with methylene blue and red light. Transfusion, 43(5), 568–575.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taborski, U., Oprean, N., Tessmann, R., et al. (2000) Methylene blue/light-treated plasma and the disturbance of fibrin polymerization in vitro and in vivo: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Vox Sang, 78, 546.Google Scholar
Voorhuis, W. C., Barrett, L. K., Eastman, R. T., et al. (2003) Trypanosoma cruzi inactivation in human platelet concentrates and plasma by a psoralen (amotosalen HCl) and long-wavelength UV. Antimicrob Agents and Chemother, 47, 475–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Visconti, M. R., Pennington, J., Garner, S. F., et al. (2003) Assessment of removal of human cytomegalovirus from blood components by leucocyte depletion filters using real-time quantitative PCR. Blood, 103, 1137–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wadhwa, M., Seghatchian, M. J., Dilger, P., et al. (2000) Cytokine accumulation in stored red cell concentrates: effect of buffy coat removal and leucoreduction. Transfus Sci, 23(1), 7–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wages, D., Eden, P., Smyders, J., et al. (2000) Preparation of cryoprecipitate from photochemically treated fresh frozen plasma. Transfusion, 40 (Suppl.), 63S.Google Scholar
Wieding, J. U., Rathgeber, J., Zenker, D., et al. (1999) Prospective randomized and controlled study on solvent/detergent versus methylene blue/light virus-inactivated plasma. Transfusion, 39 (Suppl.), 23S.Google Scholar
Williamson, L. M. (2000) Leucocyte depletion of the blood supply – how will patients benefit?Br J Haematol, 110, 256–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williamson, L. M., Llewelyn, C. A., Fisher, N. C., et al. (1999) A randomised trial of solvent/detergent and standard fresh frozen plasma in the coagulopathy of liver disease and liver transplantation. Transfusion, 39, 1227–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wollowitz, S. (2001) Fundamentals of the psoralen-based Helinx technology for inactivation of infectious pathogens and leukocytes in platelets and plasma. Semin Hematol, 38(Suppl. 11), 4–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yarranton, H., Cohen, H., Pavord, S. R., et al. (2003a) Venous thromboembolism associated with the management of acute thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Br J Haematol, 121, 778–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yarranton, H., Lawrie, A., Mackie, I., et al. (2003b) Coagulation factor levels in cryosupernatant treated with amotosalen hydrochloride (S-59) and UVA light – A suitable plasma replacement in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood, 102(11), 817a.Google Scholar
Yazer, M. H., Podlosky, L., Clarke, G., et al. (2004) The effect of prestorage WBC reduction on the rates of febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reactions to platelet concentrates and RBC. Transfusion, 44, 10–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zavizion, B., Purmal, A. and Chapman, J. (2003b) Inactivation of Mycoplasma species in blood by INACTINE™ PEN110. Transfusion, 43(Suppl. 86A), SP-149.Google Scholar
Zavizion, B., Purmal, A., Serebryanik, D., et al. (2003c) Inactivation of anaerobic bacteria in red cell concentrates using INACTINE™ process. Transfusion, 43(Suppl. 86A), SP-148.Google Scholar
Zavizion, B., Serebryanik, D., Serebryanik, I., et al. (2003a) Prevention of Yersinia enterocolitica, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Pseudomonas putida outgrowth in deliberately inoculated blood by a novel pathogen-reduction process. Transfusion, 43, 135–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zeiler, T., Riess, H., Wittmann, G., et al. (1994) The effect of methylene blue phototreatment on plasma proteins and in vitro coagulation capability of single-donor fresh-frozen plasma. Transfusion, 34, 685–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×