Index
50 Million African Women Speak Platform (50MAWS), 239
50-30 Challenge,
Advisory Center on WTO Law (ACWL), 169
Affirmative Finance Action for Women in Africa (AFAWA), 239
African Union (AU), 216
Agreement on Agriculture (AoA), , 243
APEC Business Advisory Council (ABAC), 84
APEC Study Centers Consortium (ASCC), 84
ASEAN and South Korea FTA, 301
Asia Pacific
cultural imperialism and,
gender mainstreaming in trade policy in,
impediments to gender mainstreaming,
trade agreement best practices in,
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), 81, ,
Association of Entrepreneurs of Latin America (ASELA), 275
Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic Agreement (ANZCERTA), 300
Belem do Para Convention, 286
Biennial Technical Assistance and Training Plan, 29
Brexit, 163
Brundtland Commission Report, 27
Buenos Aires Declaration, 30, 49, , 58, 63, 67, 81, 116, 121, 137, 147, 155, 159, 185, 216, 259, 262, 271, 286, 293, 303, 318, 335
business process outsourcing (BPO), 37
Canada. See also Canada-Merocosur FTA negotiations
economic impact asssessment (EIA) in,
evolution of trade policy in,
Gender-Based Analysis Plus (GBA Plus), 319,
SMEs in,
trade and gender chapters in FTAs in, ,
trade and gender nexus in,
Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement (CUSMA), , 325
Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), 84
Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
economic empowerment in,
gender mainstreaming and,
trade profile,
women’s outlook in,
women’s participation in trade in,
Chilean Economic Development Agency (CORFO), 275
Chile-Argentina FTA, 287
Chile-European Union FTA, 280
Chile-Paraguay FTA, 280
Chile-South Korea FTA, 280
Chili-Pacific Alliance FTA, 280
computable general-equilibrium (CGE), 322,
conformity assessment,
consensus principle,
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), 2, , 216, 256, 261, 277, 286, 291, 294, 318
COVID-19
African trade and, 237
care economy awareness and, 272
gender equality and, 4
Global Gender Response Tracker, , 115
impact on Canada, 313
impact on LDCs,
impact on Pacific Alliance countries, 276
impact on textile and garment sector, , 232
impact on tourism sector,
LDCs prospects post pandemic,
MSMEs and,
SMEs and,
social consequences of, 292
suitcase exports and, 42
trade negotiations and, 166
UN Women COVID-19 Impact Summary Report, 251
cultural imperialism,
Decade for Women and Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era (DAWN), 257
digital inclusion,
digitalization
access to resources and,
challenges of, 9
COVID-19 and, 61
gender inclusive governance and, 153
Roadmap for Women’s Autonomy and Economic Empowerment and, 276
Trade Facilitation Agreements (TFAs) and, 233
WTO responses to,
dispute settlement mechanism (DSM), 92
Domestic Regulation, gender equality in services,
e-commerce
enabling environment for,
framework for gender inclusivenes,
gender gap in trade and,
gender-inclusive governance of,
policy interventions for addressing digital divide,
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), 45
Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), 83
Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS), 219
economic impact assessment (EIA),
Enhanced Integrated Framework (EIF), 36
European Union (EU)
Canadian manufacturing and, 180
e-commerce and,
OACPS partnership, 240
Spotlight Initiative, 258
Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), 6
Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs), 251
Export Processing Zone (EPZ), 102
finance
MSMEs and, , 127
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 40
food security,
free trade agreements (FTAs), 57
best practices in Asian Pacific,
Canadian,
conformity assessment and,
Gender Based Analysis Plus (GBA Plus) and,
gender equality and,
gender mainstreaming in,
gender mainstreaming in Asian Pacific,
gender provisions in South American, 289
gender-responsive standards in, 178
increase in gender concerns in, 294
in South America,
standardization in,
Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA), 87
Friends of Gender,
gender budgeting, 85
gender diversity
market expansion and,
profitability and,
gender equality, 1
business case for,
multinational enterprises (MNEs) and,
social impact of, 204
in workforce,
workforce polices and,
gender gap
digital divide and, ,
digital market access and,
digital market regulation challenges and,
digital resource access and,
domestic regulation discipline and,
e-commerce and,
policy challenges of market access and,
policy interventions for addressing digital divide,
in services trade,
in standardization, , ,
in trade,
gender impact assessment,
gender lens
agricultural subsidies and, 243
Gender Development approach and, 257
impact assessment and, 57
standardization and, 192
in trade law,
trade agreements and, 262
trade rules and, 60
gender mainstreaming, 4, 11, , 137, 147, 155, 172, 195, 231, 245, 248, 257
in Asia Pacific countries,
in CARICOM countries,
in FTAs,
GATT/WTO regime and,
impediments to,
locus of WTO power and,
non-compromising positions and,
in South American trade agreements,
in South American integration processess,
in trade policy context,
in trade policy instruments,
weakness of WTO civil engagement and,
WTO dispute settlement system and,
WTO law and,
Gender Responsive Standards Initiative, 178
Gender Technical Working Group (GTG), 275
General Directorate of International Economic Relations (DIRECON), 278
Global Gender Gap Report, 195
Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model, 323
globalisation, 158
Independent Evaluation Office (IEO), 83
industrial sector, in LDCs, 102
informal work,
Institute for Training and Technical Cooperation (ITTC), 84
intellectual property rights (IPRs), 227
Inter-American Development Bank (IADB), 258,
International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), 73
International Development Association (IDA), 73
International Finance Corporation (IFC), 73
International Gender Champions network (IGC), 30
International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, 9
International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), 39
International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ,
International Telecommunications Union (ITU), 163
International Workshop Agreement (IWA), 192
Joint Ministerial Declaration on the Advancement of Gender Equality and Women’s Economic Empowerment within Trade, 67, 260
Joint Strategic Advisory Group (JSAG) on gender-responsive standards, 191
least-developed countries (LDCs)
agricultural sector in,
in the global economy,
impact of COVID-19 on,
industrial sector in, 102
post-pandemic prospects of,
post-pandemic trade policy and,
services sector in,
lex specialis,
Maputo Protocol, 216
Marceau-Pauwelyn debate,
Mexican Action Network on Free Trade (RMALC), 87
micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs)
AfCFTA and, 231
barriers to entry and, 114
COVID-19 and,
Domestic Regulation and, 121
gender lens and, 46
global supply chains and, 259
rescue measures in, 118
RTAs and, 227
technical barriers to trade and, 116
trade finance gap in, 127
trade rules and, 218
Monterrey Consensus, 85
Mujer a Mujer, 87
Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI), 87
Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), 73
National Action Committee on the Status of Women (NAC),
New Zealand-South Korea FTA, 302
Official Development Assistance (ODA), 101
Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi, 62
Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States (OACPS), 241
Peru-South Korea FTA, 301
Policy Partnership for Food Security (PPfFS), 84
Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF), 83
Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs), 83
Protocol on Women and Youth in Trade, 219
regional trade agreements (RTAs), , , 162, , , 240,
agriculture and food security and,
digital inclusion and,
gender equality and, 3
gender provisions in,
gender responsiveness and,
inclusive legal design approach of,
women’s access to finance and,
women’s work and,
regionalization, 158
services sector
in AfCFTA, 234
in CARICOM countries,
COVID-19 and,
domestic regulation and, , 152
in RTAs, 239
in Japan, 37
in the Philippines, 37
workforce, 25
services trade,
simplified trade regimes (STRs), , 244
Singapore Women’s Charter, 302
single undertaking, consensus principle and,
small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), 107
AfCFTA and, 245
barriers to trade, 313
business networks and, 133
in Canada,
compliance challenges of, 184
cooperation and, 275
COVID-19 and,
CPTPP and, 316
e-commerce and, 131
gender-related FTA provisions and, 205
gender-related RTA provisions and, 227
trade opportunity equity and, 315
trade rules and, 218
South America
gender mainstreaming in trade agreements in,
gender mainstreaming in trade policy in,
gender perspective in trade policies of,
gender provisions in FTAs,
preferential trade agreements in, 269
trade and gender chapters in FTAs in,
South Korea-Central America FTA, 301
South Korea-Singapore FTA, 303
Special Economic Zones (SEZs), 251
standardization
conformity assessment and,
gender gap in, , ,
gender responsive,
importance of,
in trade agreements,
Standards Council of Canada (SCC), 191
suitcase exports, 42
Sustainability Impact Assessments (SIAs), 117
sustainable development
CARICOM countries and,
economics and, 43
food security and, 243
gender mainstreaming and, 261
gender perspective in trade policy and, 290
global partnership for, 112
Pacific Alliance and, 276
SMEs and, 205
study of, 17
trade and gender nexus and, 156
women in trade and, 63
women’s representation and, 76
WTO and,
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 104, 285
assessment of,
Canada and, 319
COVID-19 and, 158
food security and, 243
gender mainstreaming and, 137
human rights and, , 242
LDCs and, 112
South America and, 277
Sutherland Report,
textile and garment sector, COVID-19 impact on,
tourism sector, COVID-19 impact on,
Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA),
Trade in Services Agreement (TiSA), 144
trade liberalization,
CGE assessment of, 324
gender and trade activism and, 68
gender equality and, 171
gender mainstreaming and,
gender perspective and, 298
globalization and, 307
Informal Working Group on Trade and Gender and, 46
RTAs and, 158
trade and investment agreements and, 12
WTO and, 270
WTO First Ministerial Conference and, 45
trade negotiations
COVID-19 and, 166
expertise and,
gender equality and,
gendered stereotypes and,
globalisation and, 158
importance of networks,
regionalization and, 158
scale and scope of,
women’s inclusion and,
trade policy
discrimination and,
framework for gender inclusiveness,
new opportunities for women and,
obstacles faced by women and,
Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM), 229
trade-related technical assistance (TRTA), 60
Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTiP), 166
Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), 6
UN Conference on Financing for Development (UN-FfD), 85
UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 92
United Kingdom-Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement, 218
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 60, 67, 104, 112, 128, 132, 137, 162, 169, 179, 205, 259, 271
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE)
Working Party on Passive Safety, 190
Working Party on Regulatory Cooperation and Standarization Policies, 177
United States Agency for International Development (USAID), 40
United States-Dominican Republic-Central America FTA (CAFTA-DR), 264
Warwick Commission,
What Future for the WTO?, 66
Women and Development Unit (WAND), 257
Women at the Table, 30
Women Leaders Network (WLN), 84
women, as drivers of economic growth,
Women, Business and the Law Reports, 305
Women’s Alternative Economic Network (WAEN), 87
women’s interests
GATT/WTO regime and,
Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) and,
representation as proxy for,
trade negotiations and, 167
within the WTO, ,
WTO consensus principle and,
WTO Secretariat and,
Women’s Ministers and High Official Meeting of Mercosur (RMAAM), 273
workforce, gender inequality in,
Working Party on Domestic Regulation (WPDR),
Working Party on Passive Safety, 190
Working Party on Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policie, 177
World Bank, 73, 128, 132, 137
civil society engagement and,
gender budgeting and, 85
Women, Business and the Law Reports, 305
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), 163
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Agreement on Agriculture,
Biennial Technical Assistance and Training Plan,
consensus principle and,
dispute settlement system of,
First Ministerial Conference, 45
GATT and,
gender awareness of,
gender gap in standardization and, 193
gender impact assessment,
gender initiatives of, , 5
gender mainstreaming and,
Generalized System of Preferences (GSP),
hard law of,
member power in,
NGO influence on,
non-compromising positions of,
responses to digitalization,
Secretariat power in,
social clauses in agreements of, 76
sustainable development and,
TBT Agreement, 179,
Trade and Gender Focal Point, 31
Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA), , 233
trade liberalization and, 270
Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM), 229
trade-related technical assistance (TRTA), 60
Twelfth Ministerial Conference, 31, 45, 49, 51, 53, 63, 67, 116, , 137, 145, 146, 150, 152, 155, 271
weakness of civil engagement,
women’s interests and, , , ,
WTO-plus, 157
Open access