Book contents
- Trade before Civilization
- Trade before Civilization
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Contributors
- Chapter One New Perspectives on Long-Distance Trade and Social Complexity
- Part I Exchange and Social Evolution: Forms of Trade in Egalitarian, Transegalitarian, and Chiefdom Societies
- Part II The Role That Specific Institutions And Agents Played in Long-Distance Exchange
- Chapter Six Middle Bronze Age Long-Distance Exchange
- Chapter Seven Culture Heroes, Inalienable Goods, and Religious Sodalities
- Chapter Eight Trade and Calusa Complexity
- Part III The Role of Political Economy and Elite Control in Long-Distance Exchange
- Part IV Marxian And Post-Colonial Approaches as well as World System Theory in Relation to Gift Exchange and MacroRegional Exchange
- Part V Commentary on Contributions to This Volume
- Index
- References
Chapter Six - Middle Bronze Age Long-Distance Exchange
Amber, Early Glass and Guest Friendship, Xenia
from Part II - The Role That Specific Institutions And Agents Played in Long-Distance Exchange
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 25 August 2022
Book contents
- Trade before Civilization
- Trade before Civilization
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Contributors
- Chapter One New Perspectives on Long-Distance Trade and Social Complexity
- Part I Exchange and Social Evolution: Forms of Trade in Egalitarian, Transegalitarian, and Chiefdom Societies
- Part II The Role That Specific Institutions And Agents Played in Long-Distance Exchange
- Chapter Six Middle Bronze Age Long-Distance Exchange
- Chapter Seven Culture Heroes, Inalienable Goods, and Religious Sodalities
- Chapter Eight Trade and Calusa Complexity
- Part III The Role of Political Economy and Elite Control in Long-Distance Exchange
- Part IV Marxian And Post-Colonial Approaches as well as World System Theory in Relation to Gift Exchange and MacroRegional Exchange
- Part V Commentary on Contributions to This Volume
- Index
- References
Summary
The Bronze Age was a time of long-distance exchange. The introduction of the folding stool and the single-edged razor into Southern Scandinavia, as well as the testimony of chariot use during the Nordic Bronze Age Period II (1500–1300 bc), give evidence of transfer of ideas from the Mediterranean to the North. Amber, from the North to the Mediterranean and even beyond, and beads of Egyptian and Mesopotamian glass from Nordic Bronze Age burials, provide physical evidence of long-distance exchange.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Trade before CivilizationLong Distance Exchange and the Rise of Social Complexity, pp. 109 - 141Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2022
References
Aner, E., and Kersten, K. (1973). Die Funde der älteren Bronzezeit des nordischen Kreises in Dänemark, Schleswig-Holstein und Niedersachsen, Band I, Frederiksborg und Københavns Amt. Neumünster: Karl Wachholtz Verlag.Google Scholar
Aner, E., and Kersten, K. (1978). Die Funde der älteren Bronzezeit des nordischen Kreises in Dänemark, Schleswig-Holstein und Niedersachsen, Band IV, Südschleswig-Ost, Die Kreise Schleswig-Flensburg und Rendsburg-Eckernförde. Neumünster: Karl Wachholtz Verlag.Google Scholar
Aner, E., and Kersten, K. (1981). Die Funde der älteren Bronzezeit des nordischen Kreises in Dänemark, Schleswig-Holstein und Niedersachsen, Band VI, Nordslesvig – Syd, Tønder, Åbenrå und Sønderborg Amter. Neumünster: Karl Wachholtz Verlag.Google Scholar
Aner, E., and Kersten, K. (1986). Die Funde der älteren Bronzezeit des nordischen Kreises in Dänemark, Schleswig-Holstein und Niedersachsen, Band VIII, Ribe Amt. Neumünster: Karl Wachholtz Verlag.Google Scholar
Angelini, I., Artioli, G., and Bellintani, G. (2003). Progretto Ambre e materiali vetrosi protostorico della Valle dell’Adige nel quadro delle coeve attestazioni dell’Italia del nord. Primi risultate sulle ambre. Preistoria Alpina 39, pp. 227–241.Google Scholar
Aspes, A. (1987). La Quercia. In Prima della storia. Inediti di 10 anni di ricerche a Verona. Verona: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, pp. 92–93.Google Scholar
Baillie, M. G. L. (1996). The Chronology of the Bronze Age 2374 to 431 BC. In Randsborg, K., ed. Absolute Chronology: Archaeological Europe 2500–500 BC. Acta Archaeologica 67. Copenhagen: Acta Archaeologica Supplement, pp. 291–298.Google Scholar
Bandi, G. (1974). Über den Ursprung und die historischen Beziehungen der Tonstempel der bronzezeitlichen Gruppen: Maderovce und Polada. Preistoria Alpina 10, pp. 237–252.Google Scholar
Barfield, L. (1966). A Bronze Age Cup from Lago Ledro (Trento). Antiquity 40, pp. 48–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bech, J.-H., and Mikkelsen, M. (1999). Landscapes, Settlement and Subsistence in Bronze Age Thy, NW Denmark. In Fabech, C. and Ringtved, J., eds., Settlement and Landscape: Proceedings of a Conference in Århus, Denmark May 4–7 1998. Aarhus: Jutland Archaeological Society, Aarhus University Press, pp. 69–77.Google Scholar
Bellintani, P. (2010a). Ambra, una material prima del nord (ma non solo). In Radina, F. and Recchia, G., eds., Ambra per Agamemnone. Indigeni e Micenei tra Adriatico, Ionio ed Egeo. Bari: Mario Adda Editore, pp. 141–146.Google Scholar
Bellintani, P. (2010b). Materiali vetrosi in Puglia nell’eta del Bronzo Medio. In Radina, F. and Recchia, G., eds., Ambra per Agamemnone. Indigeni e Micenei tra Adriatico, Ionio ed Egeo, Bari: Mario Adda Editore, pp. 147–149.Google Scholar
Bergerbrant, S. (2007). Bronze Age Identities: Costume, Conflict and Contact in Northern Europe 1600–1300 BC. Stockholm Studies in Archeology 43. Stockholm: Bricoleur Press.Google Scholar
Boardman, J. (1961). The Cretan Collection in Oxford. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bouzek, J. (1985). The Aegean, Anatolia and Europe: Cultural Interrelations in the Second Millenium B.C. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology XXIX. Göteborg; Prague: Paul Aströms Förlag.Google Scholar
Bunnefeld, J.-H. (2016). Reiche Bauern, arme Bauern – Zur sozialen Differenzierung in der älteren nordischen Bronzezeit. In Meller, H., Hahn, H. P., Jung, R., and Risch, R., eds., Arm und Reich – Zur Ressourcenverteilung in prähistorischen Gesellschaften. 8. Mitteldeutscher Archäologientag vom 22. bis 24. Oktober 2015 in Halle (Saale). Halle (Saale): Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt, Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte, Halle (Saale), pp. 243–272.Google Scholar
Bunnefeld, J. H., and Schwenzer, S. (2011). Traditionen, Innovationen, und Technologietransfer – zur Herstellungstechnik und Funktion älterbronzezeitlicher Schwerter in Niedersachsen. Praehistorische Zeitschrift 86, pp. 207–253.Google Scholar
Catacchio, N. N. (2011). Amber in Antiquity. In Vianello, A., ed., Exotica in the Prehistoric Mediterranean. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 56–58.Google Scholar
Cazzella, A., Moscoloni, M., and Recchia, G. (2010). Coppa Nevigata. In Radina, F. and Recchia, G., eds., Ambra per Agamemnone. Indigeni e Micenei tra Adriatico, Ionio ed Egeo. Bari: Mario Adda Editore, pp. 169–175.Google Scholar
Czebreszuk, J. (2013). Mysterious Raw Material from the Far North: Amber in Mycenaean Culture. In Bergerbrant, S. and Sabatini, S., eds., Counterpoint: Essays in Archaeology and Heritage Studies in Honour of Professor Kristian Kristiansen. BAR International Series 2508. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, pp. 557–563.Google Scholar
De Marinis, R. C. (2000). Il Museo Civico Archelogico Giovanni Rambotti de Desenzano del Garda, una introduzione alla preistoria del Lago di Garda. Breccia: Comune di Desenzano del Garda.Google Scholar
Fedrigotti, A., and Pedrotti, A. (2011). Molina di Ledro Trento (Italia). In Piccoli, A. and Laffranchini, R. eds., Enigma. Un antico processo di interazione europea: le Tavolette Enigmatiche/An Ancient European Interaction: The Enigmatic Tablets. Supplemento al n. XIV di ‘Annali Benacensi’. Cavriana: pp. 72–75.Google Scholar
Felher, H., Wiesehöfer, B. W., and Wagner-Hassel, B. W.-H. (1998). Gastfreundschaft. In Concik, H. and Schneider, H., eds., Der neue Pauli Enzyklopädie der Antike. Band 4. Stuttgart; Weimar: Verlag J. B. Metzler, pp. 793–798.Google Scholar
Fischer, F. (1973). KAIMHAIA. Bemerkungen zur kulturgeschichtlichen Interpretation des sogenannten Südimports in der späten Hallstatt- und frühen Latène-Kultur des westlichen Mitteleuropa. Germania 51, pp. 436–459.Google Scholar
Frank, J. I. (2011). The Social Ritual of Hospitality in The Odyssey, Senior Capstone Projects, Paper 4, Vassar College, Digital Window @ Vassar, New York.Google Scholar
Frei, K. M., and Mannering, U. (2015). Egtvedpigen kom langvejsfra. Nationalmuseets Arbejdsmark, pp. 63–75.Google Scholar
Frei, K. M., Mannering, U., Kristiansen, K., Allentoft, M. E., Wilson, A., Skals, I., Tridico, S., Nosch, M.-L., Willerslev, E., Clarke, L., and Frei, R. (2015). Tracing the Dynamic Life Story of a Bronze Age Female. Scientific Reports 5, pp. 1–7. DOI 101038/srep10431.Google Scholar
Friedrich, W. L., and Heinemeier, J. (2009). The Minoan Eruption of Santorini Radiocarbon Dated to 1613 +/- 13 BC – Geological and Stratigraphical Considerations. In Warburton, D. V., ed., Time’s Up! Dating the Minoan Eruption of Santorini. Acts of the Minoan Eruption Chronology Workshop, Sandbjerg, November 2007. Athens: Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens, pp. 56–63.Google Scholar
Frost, L. (2011). Depotfund fra yngre bronzealder i et lokalt, landskabsarkæologisk lys. In Boddum, S., Mikkelsen, M. and Terkildsen, N., eds., Depotfund i yngre bronzealders lokale kulturlandskab. Yngre bronzealders kulturlandskab, vol. 1. Viborg; Holstebro, pp. 63–73.Google Scholar
Goldhahn, J. (2013). Bredarör på Kivik – en arkeologisk odyssé. Kalmar Studies in Archaeology IX, Linnéuniversitetet. Kalmar: Artes Liberales.Google Scholar
Gratuze, B. (2013). Glass Characterisation Using Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Methods. In Janssens, K., ed., Modern Methods for Analysing Archaeological and Historical Glass. London: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 201–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harding, A. F., and Hughes-Brock, H. (1974). Amber in the Mycenaean World. Annual of the British School at Athens 69, pp. 145–172.Google Scholar
Heinemeier, J., Friedrich, W. L., Kromer, B., and Ramsey, C. B. (2009). The Minoan Eruption of Santorini Radiocarbon Dated. In Warburton, D. V., ed., Time’s Up! Dating the Minoan eruption of Santorini. Acts of the Minoan Eruption Chronology Workshop, Sandbjerg, November 2007. Athens: Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens, pp. 285–293.Google Scholar
Herman, G. (2002). Ritualized Friendship and the Greek City. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hiltbrunner, O. (2005). Gastfreundschaft in der Antike und im frühen Christentum. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.Google Scholar
Hood, S. (1993). Amber in Egypt. In Beck, C. W. and Bouzek, J., eds., Amber in Archæology: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Amber in Archaeology Liblice 1990. Praha: Institute of Archaeology, Czech Academy of Sciences, pp. 230–235.Google Scholar
Hänsel, A. (2013). Eine bronzezeitliche Opferstätte – der Gewässerfund von Berlin-Spandau. In Piotrovski, J. J. ed., Bronzezeit, Europa ohne Grenzen 4.-1. Jahrtausend v. Chr. Ausstellungskatalog, the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts & Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz. St. Petersburg: Tabula Rasa, pp. 503–508.Google Scholar
Hänsel, B, Mihovilic, K., and Terzan, B. (2015). Monkodonja. Forschungen zu einer protourbanen Siedlung der Bronzezeit Istriens. Teil 1. Die Grabung und der Baubefund. Monographien und Kataloge 25. Pula: Archäologisches Museum Istriens.Google Scholar
Jackson, C., and Nicholson, P. (2010). The Provenance of Some Glass Ingots from the Uluburun Shipwreck. Journal of Archaeological Science 37, pp. 295–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jantzen, D., and Schmidt, J. (1999). Ein Hortfund der Periode III aus Neustrelitz, Lkr. Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Jahrbuch Bodendenkmalpflege Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 47, pp. 7–127.Google Scholar
Jockenhövel, A. (1971). Die Rasiermesser in Mitteleuropa. Prähistorische Bronzefunde, Abteilung VIII. 1. Band. München: C. H. Beck’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.Google Scholar
Jockenhövel, A. (1974). Eine Bronzeamphore des 8. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. von Gewelinghausen, Kr. Meschede (Sauerland). Germania 52, pp. 18–47.Google Scholar
Jockenhövel, A. (1980). Die Rasiermesser in Westeuropa. Prähistorische Bronzefunde, Abteilung VIII. 3. Band. München: C. H. Beck’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.Google Scholar
Jockenhövel, A. (1991). Räumliche Mobilität von Personen in der mittleren Bronzezeit des westlichen Mitteleuropa. Germania 69, pp. 49–62.Google Scholar
Kaul, F. (2004). Bronzealderens religion. Studier af den nordiske bronzealders ikonografi. Nordiske Fortidsminder, Serie B, Bind 22, Copenhagen: Det Kongelige Nordiske Oldskriftselskab.Google Scholar
Kaul, F. (2013). The Nordic Razor and the Mycenaean Lifestyle. Antiquity 87, pp. 461–472.Google Scholar
Kaul, F. (2015). Aegean Influences in the Nordic Bronze Age: The Evidence of the Razors. In Suchowska-Ducke, P., Scott Reiter, S., and Vandkilde, H., eds., Forging Identities: The Mobility of Culture in Bronze Age Europe. Vol. 2. BAR S2772. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, pp. 85–93.Google Scholar
Kaul, F., Haslund Hansen, A., Gratuze, B., and Varberg, J. (2015). Fra Amarna til Ølby, fra Nippur til Melby. Bronzealderens glasperler på rejse. Nationalmuseets Arbejdsmark 2015, pp. 76–87.Google Scholar
Kristiansen, K., and Larsson, T. B. (2005). The Rise of Bronze Age Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ling, J., Stos-Gale, Z., Grandin, L., Billström, K., Hjärtner-Holdar, E., and Persson, P.-O. (2014). Moving Metals II. Journal of Archaeological Science 41, pp. 106–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lomborg, E. (1969). Den tidlige bronzealders kronologi. Aarbøger for Nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie 1968, pp. 91–152.Google Scholar
MacGillivay, J. A. (2009). Thera, Hatshepsut, and the Keftiu. In Warburton, D. V., ed., Time’s Up! Dating the Minoan eruption of Santorini. Acts of the Minoan Eruption Chronology Workshop, Sandbjerg, November 2007, Athens: Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens, pp. 155–170.Google Scholar
Manning, S. W. (1996). Dating the Aegean Bronze Age: Without, With, and Beyond, Radiocarbon. In Randsborg, K., ed. Absolute Chronology, Archaeological Europe 2500–500 BC. Acta Archaeologica 67. Copenhagen: Acta Archaeologica Supplementa I, pp. 15–37.Google Scholar
Manning, S. W., and Bronk Ramsey, C. (2009). Beyond the Santorino Eruption. In Warburton, D. V., ed., Time’s Up! Dating the Minoan Eruption of Santorini. Acts of the Minoan Eruption Chronology Workshop, Sandbjerg, November 2007. Athens: Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens, pp. 207–226.Google Scholar
Manning, S. W., Bronk Ramsey, C., Doumas, C., Marketou, T., Cadogan, G., and Pearson, C. L. (2002). New Evidence for an Early Date for the Aegean Late Bronze Age and Thera Eruption. Antiquity 76, pp. 733–744.Google Scholar
Martinelli, N. (2011). Lazise La Quercia Verona (Italia). In Piccoli, A. and Laffranchini, R., eds., Enigma. Un antico processo di interazione europea: le Tavolette Enigmatiche/An Ancient European Interaction: the Enigmatic Tablets. Supplemento al n. XIV di ‘Annali Benacensi’. Cavriana: pp. 76–80.Google Scholar
Marzatico, F. (2002). ‘Mobilität’ entlang des Etschtals vor der Romanisierung. In Hach, B., Röber, R. and Wesselkamp, G., eds., Über die Alpen, Menchen, Wege, Waren. Stuttgart: Archäologisches Landesmuseum Baden-Württemberg, pp. 23–37.Google Scholar
Mauss, M. (1993). The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Mildner, S., Falkenstein, F., Schmidt, J., Schüssler, U. (2010). Materialanalytische Untersuchungen an ausgewählten Glasperlen des bronzezeitlichen Hortfund von Neustrelitz, Lkr. Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Bodendenkmalpflege in Mecklenburg-Vorpommeren, Jahrbuch 57:2009, pp. 43–63.Google Scholar
Mildner, S., Schüssler, U., and Falkenstein, F. (2014). Bronzezeitliches Glas im westlichen Mitteleuropa Funde, Zusammensetzung, und die Frage nach seiner herkunft. In Nessel, B., Heske, I. and Brandherm, D., eds., Ressourcen und Rohstoffe in der Bronzezeit. Nutzung – Distribution- Kontrolle. Brandenburg an der Havel, pp. 100–107.Google Scholar
Morris, I. (1986). Gift and Commodity in Archaic Greece. Man, New Series 21:1, pp. 1–17.Google Scholar
Mukherjee, A. J., Rossberger, E., James, M. A., Pfälzner, P., Higgitt, C. L., White, R., Peggie, D. A., Azar, D., and Evershed, R. P. (2008). The Qatna Lion: Scientific Confirmation of Baltic Amber in Late Bronze Age Syria. Antiquity 82, pp. 49–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Müller, S. (1921). Bronzealderens Kunst i Danmark. Copenhagen: C. A. Reitzels Boghandel.Google Scholar
Muscheler, R. (2009). 14C and 10Be around 1650 cal. BC. In Warburton, D. V., ed., Time’s Up! Dating the Minoan Eruption of Santorini. Acts of the Minoan Eruption Chronology Workshop, Sandbjerg, November 2007. Athens: Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens, pp. 275–284.Google Scholar
Nicolis, F. (2010). The Role of the Central-Eastern Alps in Connecting Mediterranean and Central European Elites during the Bronze Age. In Meller, H. and Bertemes, F., eds., Der Griff nach den Sternen. Wie Europas Eliten zu Macht und Reichtum kamen. Internationales Symposium in Halle (Saale) 16.-21. Februar 2005. Band 05. Halle (Saale): Tagungen des Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle (Saale), pp. 253–259.Google Scholar
Perini, R. (1987). Scavi archeologici nella zona palafitticola di Fiavé-Carera, 2. Campagne 1969–1976: Resti della cultura materiale: metallo-osso-litica-legno. Trento: Patrimonio storico artistico del Trentino, p. 9.Google Scholar
Peroni, V. B. (1970). Die Schwerter in Italien/Le spade nell’Italia continentale. Prähistorische Bronzefunde, Abteilung IV, Band 1. C.H. München: Beck’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.Google Scholar
Pfälzner, P., and Rossberger, E. (2009). Das Gold des Nordens – Die Bernsteinobjecte. In Al-Maqdissi, M., Morandi Bonacossi, D. and Pfälzner, P., eds. Schätze des Alten Syrien. Die Entdeckung des Königreichs Qatna. Stuttgart: Konrad Theiss Verlag, pp. 213–215.Google Scholar
Piccoli, A. (2011a). Bande di Cavriana Mantova (Italia). In Piccoli, A. and Laffranchini, R., eds., Enigma. Un antico processo di interazione europea: Le Tavolette Enigmatiche/An Ancient European Interaction: The Enigmatic Tablets. Supplemento al n. XIV di ‘Annali Benacensi’. Cavriana: pp. 52–56.Google Scholar
Piccoli, A. (2011b). Monzambano Castellaro Lagusello Mantova (Italia). In Piccoli, A. and Laffranchini, R., eds., Enigma. Un antico processo di interazione europea: le Tavolette Enigmatiche/An Ancient European Interaction: The Enigmatic Tablets. Supplemento al n. XIV di ‘Annali Benacensi’. Cavriana: pp. 81–83.Google Scholar
Prangsgaard, K., Andersen, S. T., Breuning-Madsen, H., Holst, M., Malmros, C., and Robinson, D. (1999). Gravhøje ved Lejrskov. Undersøgelse af fem høje. Kuml, pp. 53–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Purowski, T., Kepa, L., and Wagner, B. (2016). Glass on the Amber Road: The Chemical Composition of Glass Beads from the Bronze Age in Poland. Journal of Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 10, pp. 1283–1302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quillfeldt, von, I. (1995). Die Vollgriffschwerter in Süddeutschland. Prähistorische Bronzefunde, Abteilung IV, Band 11. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.Google Scholar
Rageth, J. (1974). Der Lago di Ledro im Trentino und seine Beziehungen zu den alpinen und mitteleuropäischen Kulturen. Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission 55, pp. 73–259.Google Scholar
Rageth, J. (1986). Die wichtigsten Resultate der Ausgrabungen in der Bronzezeitlichen Siedlung auf dem Padnal bei Savognin. Jahrbuch der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Ur- und Frühgeschichte 69, pp. 63–108.Google Scholar
Randsborg, K. (1993). Kivik. Archaeology and Iconography. Copenhagen: Acta Archaeologica 64:1 (Monograph).Google Scholar
Randsborg, K., and Christensen, K. (2006). Bronze Age Oak-Coffin Graves: Archaeology & Dendro-Dating. Copenhagen: Acta Archaeologica 77 (Monographs).Google Scholar
Rehren, Th., and Freestone, I. C. (2015). Ancient Glass: From Kaleidoscope to Crystal Ball. Journal of Archaeological Science 56, pp. 233–241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwenzer, S. (1997). ‘Wanderer kommst Du nach Spa …’ Der Opferplatz von Berlin-Spandau. Ein Heiligtum für Krieger, Händler und Reisende. In Hänsel, A. and Hänsel, B., eds., Gaben an die Götter. Schätze der Bronzezeit Europa. Preussischer Kulturbesitz und Freie Universität, Seminar für Ur- und Frühgeschichte. Berlin: Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, pp. 61–66.Google Scholar
Shortland, A. J. (2012). Lapis Lazuli from the Kiln: Glass and Glassmaking in the Late Bronze Age. Leuven: Leuven University Press.Google Scholar
Shortland, A. J., Rogers, N., and Eremin, K. (2007). Trace Element Discriminants between Egyptian and Mesopotamian Late Bronze Age Glasses. Journal of Archaeological Science 34, pp. 781–789.Google Scholar
Shortland, A. J., Tite, M. S., and Ewart, I. (2006). Ancient Exploitation and Use of Cobalt Alums from the Western Oases of Egypt. Archaeometry 48:1, pp. 153–168.Google Scholar
Smirniou, M., and Rehren, T. (2013). Shades of Blue e Cobalt-Copper Coloured Blue Glass from New Kingdom Egypt and the Mycenaean World: A Matter of Production or Colourant Source? Journal of Archaeological Science 40, pp. 4731–4743.Google Scholar
Tecchiati, U. (1998). Sotciastel. Un abitato fortificato dell’età del bronzo in Val Badia. Istitut Cultural Ladin ‘Micurà de Rü’. Bolzano: Soprintendenza ai Beni Culturali di Bolzano – Alto Adige.Google Scholar
Tecchiati, U. (2011). Albanbühel Bolzano (Italia). In Piccoli, A. and Laffranchini, R., eds., Enigma. Un antico processo di interazione europea: le Tavolette Enigmatiche/An Ancient European Interaction: The Enigmatic Tablets. Supplemento al n. XIV di ‘Annali Benacensi’. Cavriana: pp. 94–98.Google Scholar
Terzan, B., Mihovilic, K., and Hänsel, B. (1999). Eine protourbane Siedlung der älteren Bronzezeit im istrischen Karst. Praehistorische Zeitschrift 74, pp. 154–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thrane, H. (1963). The Earliest Bronze Vessels in Denmark’s Bronze Age. Acta Archaeologica XXXIII 1962, pp.109–163.Google Scholar
Thrane, H. (1966). Dänische Funde fremder Bronzegefässe der jüngeren Bronzezeit (Periode IV). Acta Archaeologica XXXVI 1965, pp. 157–207.Google Scholar
Thrane, H. (1975). Europæiske forbindelser. Nationalmuseets Skrifter, Arkæologisk-historisk række. Bind XVI. Copenhagen: Nationalmuseet.Google Scholar
Vandkilde, H. (1996). From Stone to Bronze: The Metalwork of the Late Neolithic and Earliest Bronze Age in Denmark. Jutland Archaeological Society Publications XXXII. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press.Google Scholar
Vandkilde, H. (2014). Breakthrough of the Nordic Bronze Age: Transcultural Warriorhood and a Carpathian Crossroad in the Sixteenth Century BC. European Journal of Archaeology 17:4, pp. 602–633.Google Scholar
Varberg, J., Gratuze, B., and Kaul, F. (2015). Between Egypt, Mesopotamia and Scandinavia: Late Bronze Age Glass Beads Found in Denmark. Journal of Archaeological Science 64, pp. 168–181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Varberg, J., Gratuze, B., Kaul, F., Haslund Hansen, A., Rotea, M., and Wittenberger, M. (2016). Mesopotamian Glass from Late Bronze Age Egypt, Romania, Germany and Denmark. Journal of Archaeological Science 74, pp. 184–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walton, M., Eremin, K., Shortland, A., Degryse, P., and Kirk, S. (2012). Analysis of Late Bronze Age Glass Axes from Nippur – A New Cobalt Colourant. Archaeometry 54:5, pp. 835–852.Google Scholar
Walton, M. S., Shortland, A., Kirk, S., and Degryse, P. (2009). Evidence for the Trade of Mesopotamian and Egyptian Glass to Mycenaean Greece. Journal of Archaeological Science 36, pp. 1496–1503.Google Scholar
Wanscher, O. (1980). Sella Curulis: The Folding Stool. An Ancient Symbol of Dignity. Copenhagen: Rosenkilde and Bagger.Google Scholar
Warren, P. (2009). The Date of the Late Bronze Age Eruption of Santorini. In Warburton, D. V., ed., Time’s Up! Dating the Minoan Eruption of Santorini. Acts of the Minoan Eruption Chronology Workshop, Sandbjerg, November 2007. Athens: Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens, pp. 181–186.Google Scholar
Weber, C. (1996). Die Rasiermesser in Südosteuropa. Prähistorische Bronzefunde, Abteilung VIII. 5. Band. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.Google Scholar
Wiener, M. H. (2003). The Absolute Chronology of Late Helladic III A2 Revisited. The Annual of the British School at Athens 98, pp. 239–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winther Johannsen, J. (2010). The Wheeled Vehicles of the Bronze Age on Scandinavian Rock-Carvings. Acta Archaeologica 81, pp. 150–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willroth, K. F. (1997). Prunkbeil oder Stosswaffe, Pfriem oder Tätowierstift, Tüllengerät oder Treibstachel. In Becker, C., Dunkelmann, M.-L., Metzner-Nebelsick, H., Peter-Röcher, H., Roeder, M. and Terzan, B. eds., Chronos, Beiträge zur prähistorischen Archäologie zwischen Nord- und Südosteuropa, Festschrift für Bernhard Hänsel. Espelkamp: Internationale Archäologie 1, pp. 469–495.Google Scholar
Worsaae, J. J. A. (1882). The Industrial Arts of Denmark: From the Earliest Times to the Danish Conquest of England. London: Chapman and Hall.Google Scholar
- 1
- Cited by