Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-669899f699-ggqkh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-04-30T03:25:58.269Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

9 - Memory systems

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 August 2009

By
Larry R. Squire  and
Craig E. L. Stark
Edited by
James R. Pomerantz
Larry R. Squire
Affiliation:
Professor of Psychiatry Neurosciences, and Psychology University of California 3350 La Jolla Village Drive San Diego, CA 92161
Craig E. L. Stark
Affiliation:
Assistant Professor Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences The Johns Hopkins University 204 Ames Hall 3400 N. Charles Street Baltimore, MD 21218
James R. Pomerantz
Affiliation:
Rice University, Houston
Get access

Summary

For all its diversity, one can view neuroscience as being concerned with two central issues – the hard wiring of the brain and the brain's capacity for plasticity. The former refers to how connections develop between cells, how cells function and communicate, and how an organism's inborn functions are organized (e.g., its sleep–wake cycles, hunger and thirst, and the ability to perceive the world). The nervous system has inherited such adaptations through evolution, because these are functions too important to be left to the vagaries of individual experience. In contrast, the capacity for plasticity refers to the fact that nervous systems can adapt or change as the result of experiences that occur during an individual lifetime. Experience can modify the nervous system, and as a result, organisms can learn and remember. Learning is the process by which new information is acquired about the world, and memory is the process by which this information can persist across time.

The scientific study of memory has reached a particularly fruitful stage. Memory is being studied at many levels of analysis – from questions about the cellular and molecular events that underlie synaptic change to questions about the organization of behavioral memory. This chapter considers memory from the perspective of brain systems and behavior and focuses on three topics (for recent reviews, see Squire & Bayley, 2007; Squire et al., 2004).

Type
Chapter
Information
Topics in Integrative Neuroscience
From Cells to Cognition
 , pp. 243 - 264
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Bachevalier, J. (1990). Ontogenetic development of habit and memory formation in primates. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 608, 457–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bayley, P. J., Hopkins, R. O., and Squire, L. R. (2007). The fate of old memories following medial temporal lobe damage. Journal of Neuroscience, 26, 13311–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broadbent, N., Clark, R. E., Zola, S., and Squire, L. R. (2002). The medial temporal lobe and memory. In Squire, L. R. and Schacter, D., eds., The Neuropsychology of Memory, 3rd edn. New York: Guilford Press, pp. 3–23.Google Scholar
Buffalo, E. A., Reber, P. J., and Squire, L. R. (1998). The human perirhinal cortex and recognition memory. Hippocampus, 8, 330–9.3.0.CO;2-L>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clark, R. E., Zola, S. M., and Squire, L. R. (2000). Impaired recognition memory in rats after damage to the hippocampus. Journal of Neuroscience, 20, 8853–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conroy, M. A., Hopkins, R. O., and Squire, L. R. (2005). Contribution of perceptual fluency and priming to recognition memory. Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience, 5, 14–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corkin, S., Amaral, D. G., Gonzalez, R. G., Johnson, K. A., and Hyman, B. T. (1997). H.M.'s medial temporal lobe lesion: findings from magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Neuroscience, 17, 3964–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ennaceur, A. and Delacour, J. (1988). A new one-trial test for neurobiological studies of memory in rats: 1. Behavioural data. Behavioral Brain Research, 31, 47–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamann, S. B. and Squire, L. R. (1997). Intact perceptual memory in the absence of conscious memory. Behavioral Neuroscience, 111, 850–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manns, J. R., Hopkins, R. O., and Squire, L. R. (2003). Semantic memory and the human hippocampus. Neuron, 37, 127–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mansuy, I. M., Mayford, M., Jacob, B., Kandel, E. R., and Bach, M. E. (1998). Restricted and regulated overexpression reveals calcineurin as a key component in the transition from short-term to long-term memory. Cell, 92, 39–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mishkin, M. (1978). Memory in monkeys severely impaired by combined but not by separate removal of amygdala and hippocampus. Nature, 273, 297–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mishkin, M., Spiegler, B. J., Saunders, R. C., and Malamut, B. J. (1982). An animal model of global amnesia. In Corkin, S., Davis, K. L., Growdon, J. H., Usdin, E., and Wurtman, R. J., eds., Toward a Treatment of Alzherimer's Disease. New York: Raven, pp. 235–47.Google Scholar
O'Keefe, J. and Nadel, L. (1978). The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Reed, J. M. and Squire, L. R. (1997). Impaired recognition memory in patients with lesions limited to the hippocampal formation. Behavioral Neuroscience, 111, 667–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rempel-Clower, N., Zola, S. M., Squire, L. R., and Amaral, D. G. (1996). Three cases of enduring memory impairment following bilateral damage limited to the hippocampal formation. Journal of Neuroscience, 16, 5233–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ribot, T. (1881). Les Maladies de la Memoire. English translation: Diseases of Memory. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.Google Scholar
Rosenbaum, D. L., Priselac, S., Kohler, S., et al. (2000). Remote spatial memory in an amnesic person with extensive bilateral hippocampal lesions. Nature Neuroscience, 3, 1044–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, W. R. and Nathan, P. W. (1946). Traumatic amnesia. Brain, 69, 280–300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schacter, D. L. and Buckner, R. L. (1998). Priming and the brain. Neuron, 20, 185–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scoville, W. B. and Milner, B. (1957). Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 20, 11–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Squire, L. R. (2004). Memory systems of the brain. A brief history and current perspective. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 82, 171–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Squire, L. R. and Alvarez, P. (1995). Retrograde amnesia and memory consolidation: a neurobiological perspective. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 5, 169–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Squire, L. R., Amaral, D. G., and Press, G. A. (1990). Magnetic resonance measurements of hippocampal formation and mammillary nuclei distinguish medial temporal lobe and diencephalic amnesia. Journal of Neuroscience, 10, 3106–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Squire, L. R., and Bayley, P. J. (2007). The neuroscience of remote memory. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 17, 185–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Squire, L. R., Clark, R. E., and Knowlton, B. J. (2001). Retrograde amnesia. Hippocampus, 11, 50–5.3.0.CO;2-G>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Squire, L. R., Stark, C. E. L., and Clark, R. E. (2004). The medial temporal lobe. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 27, 279–306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Squire, L. R. and Zola-Morgan, S. (1983). The neurology of memory: the case for correspondence between the findings for human and nonhuman primate. In Deutsch, J. A., ed., The Physiological Basis of Memory. New York: Academic Press, pp. 199–268.Google Scholar
Squire, L. R. and Zola-Morgan, S. (1991). The medial temporal lobe memory system. Science, 253, 1380–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stark, C. E. L. and Squire, L. R. (2000). Chance recognition memory performance in severe amnesia: no evidence for the use of repetition priming in familiarity judgments. Behavioral Neuroscience, 114, 459–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stefanacci, L., Buffalo, E. A., Schmolck, H., and Squire, L. R. (2000). Profound amnesia after damage to the medial temporal lobe: a neuroanatomical and neuropsychological profile of E.P. Society for Neuroscience, 20, 7024–36.Google ScholarPubMed
Suzuki, W. A. and Amaral, D. G. (1994). Perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices of the macaque monkey: cortical afferents. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 350, 497–533.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tang, Y. P., Shimizu, E., Dube, G. R., et al. (1999). Genetic enhancement of learning and memory in mice. Nature, 401, 63–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Teng, E. and Squire, L. R. (1999). Memory for places learned long ago is intact after hippocampal damage. Nature, 400, 675–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, R. F. and Krupa, D. J. (1994). Organization of memory traces in the mammalian brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 17, 519–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tulving, E. (1991). Concepts in human memory. In Squire, L. R., Weinberger, N. M., Lynch, G., and McGaugh, J. L., eds., Memory: Organization and Locus of Change X. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 3–32.Google Scholar
Tulving, E. and Schacter, D. L. (1990). Priming and human memory systems. Science, 247, 301–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wright, A. A., Santiago, H. C., Sands, S. F., Kendrick, D. F., and Cook, R. G. (1985). Memory processing of serial lists by pigeons, monkeys and people. Science, 229, 287–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zola, S. M., Squire, L. R., Teng, E., et al. (2000). Impaired recognition memory in monkeys after damage limited to the hippocampal region. Journal of Neuroscience, 20, 451–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zola-Morgan, S. and Squire, L. R. (1986). Memory impairment in monkeys following lesions limited to the hippocampus. Behavioral Neuroscience, 100, 155–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Memory systems
    • By Larry R. Squire, Professor of Psychiatry Neurosciences, and Psychology University of California 3350 La Jolla Village Drive San Diego, CA 92161, Craig E. L. Stark, Assistant Professor Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences The Johns Hopkins University 204 Ames Hall 3400 N. Charles Street Baltimore, MD 21218
  • Edited by James R. Pomerantz, Rice University, Houston
  • Book: Topics in Integrative Neuroscience
  • Online publication: 08 August 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511541681.014
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Memory systems
    • By Larry R. Squire, Professor of Psychiatry Neurosciences, and Psychology University of California 3350 La Jolla Village Drive San Diego, CA 92161, Craig E. L. Stark, Assistant Professor Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences The Johns Hopkins University 204 Ames Hall 3400 N. Charles Street Baltimore, MD 21218
  • Edited by James R. Pomerantz, Rice University, Houston
  • Book: Topics in Integrative Neuroscience
  • Online publication: 08 August 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511541681.014
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Memory systems
    • By Larry R. Squire, Professor of Psychiatry Neurosciences, and Psychology University of California 3350 La Jolla Village Drive San Diego, CA 92161, Craig E. L. Stark, Assistant Professor Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences The Johns Hopkins University 204 Ames Hall 3400 N. Charles Street Baltimore, MD 21218
  • Edited by James R. Pomerantz, Rice University, Houston
  • Book: Topics in Integrative Neuroscience
  • Online publication: 08 August 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511541681.014
Available formats
×