Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T06:20:21.611Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

7 - Refugees and Their Allies as Agents of Progress

Knowledge and Power in Forbidden Boundary Regions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 November 2021

Piki Ish-Shalom
Affiliation:
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Markus Kornprobst
Affiliation:
University of Vienna
Vincent Pouliot
Affiliation:
McGill University, Montréal
Get access

Summary

Focusing on the historical and contemporary dilemmas posed by the “refugee crisis,” this essay investigates the potential for international progress in acknowledging our common humanity. I examine the utility of Emanuel Adler’s theory of cognitive evolution as a lens through which to assess the extent of that potential. I employ the theory to explore how certain practices dealing with forced migration became prevalent, while others lay dormant. I also examine how competing communities of practice battle to shape our understanding of forced migration in the current “post-truth” environment. I argue that cognitive evolution offers a potent conceptual framework for understanding both the extent to which the suffering of migrants has and has not been alleviated – a powerful indicator of the degree to which the world community has acknowledge their humanity. This holds for the social order of refugee protection, even in the current period as tribalism threatens to erode epistemological security, as normlessness threatens to replace a competition among norms, and as these threats weaken our shared reality.

Type
Chapter
Information
Theorizing World Orders
Cognitive Evolution and Beyond
, pp. 169 - 207
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adler, Emanuel. 1991. Cognitive Evolution: A Dynamic Approach for the Study of International Relations and Their Progress. In Progress in Postwar International Relations, edited by Adler, Emanuel and Crawford, Beverly, 4388. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Adler, Emanuel. 2019. World Ordering: A Social Theory of Cognitive Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Anderson, Norman. 1981. Foundations of Information Integration Theory. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Aronson, Shlomo. 2004. Hitler, the Allies, and the Jews. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnett, Michael. 2009. Evolution without Progress? Humanitarianism in a World of Hurt. International Organization 63 (4): 621–63.Google Scholar
Barnett, Michael and Stein, Janice. 2017. Pragmatism, Meaning, and Suffering: Evolutionary Callings and Exhaustions. Paper Presented at the Workshop A Celebration of Emanuel Adler’s Scholarship and Career. Toronto, 12 May.Google Scholar
Benkler, Yochi, Faris, Robert, Roberts, Hal and Zukerman, Ethan. 2017. Study: Breitbart-led Right-wing Media Ecosystem Altered Broader Media Agenda. Columbia Journalism Review. www.cjr.org/analysis/breitbart-media-trump-harvard-study.php. Accessed March 18, 2018.Google Scholar
Carr, Edward Hallet. 1939, 1964. The Twenty Years Crisis 1919–1939: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations. Reprint of the 2nd ed. New York: Harper and RowGoogle Scholar
Chua, Amy. 2017. Political Tribes: Group Instinct and the Fate of Nations. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Cohen, Aharon. 1970. Israel and the Arab World. New York: Funk and Wagnall.Google Scholar
Crawford, Beverly. 2018. Refugees and their Allies as Agents of Progress: Knowledge, Power and Action in Forbidden and Dangerous Boundary Regions. Working Paper. Berkeley: University of California Berkeley, Institute of European Studies. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7t86g05f.Google Scholar
Crisp, Jeff. 2009. Refugees, Persons of Concern, and People on the Move: The Broadening Boundaries of UNHCR. Refuge 26(1): 7376.Google Scholar
Deudney, Daniel and Mendenhall, Elizabeth 2016. Green Earth: The Emergence of Planetary Civilization. In New Earth Politics: Essays from the Anthropocene, edited by Nicholson, Simon and Sikina, Jinnah, 4372. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Douglass, Frederick. 1857. If There Is No Struggle, There Is No Progress. West India Emancipation Speech, Canandaigua, New York, August 3. www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/1857-frederick-douglass-if-there-no-struggle-there-no-progress/. Accessed February 4, 2018.Google Scholar
Elman, Colin and Elman, Miriam eds. 2003. Progress in International Relations Theory: Appraising the Field. Cambridge, MA. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Elster, Jon. 1999. Alchemies of the Mind: Rationality and the Emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
European Parliament. 2017. Attitudes towards Immigration in Europe: Myths and Realities. European Social Survey. www.europeansocialsurvey.org/docs/findings/IE_Handout_FINAL.pdf. Accessed March 21, 2018.Google Scholar
Gillespie, Marie, Ampofo, Lawrence, Cheesman, Margaret, et al. 2016. Mapping Refugee Media Journeys Smartphones and Social Media Networks. Research Report. Paris: The Open University/France Médias Monde. www.open.ac.uk/ccig/sites/www.open.ac.uk.ccig/files/Mapping%20Refugee%20Media%20Journeys%2016%20May%20FIN%20MG_0.pdf. Accessed March 3, 2018.Google Scholar
Goodwin-Gill, Guy. 1996. The Refugee in International Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Guterres, Antonio. 2007. People on the Move. The Guardian, December 11. www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/dec/11/peopleonthemove. Accessed June 18, 2021Google Scholar
Guterres, Antonio. 2008a. Climate Change, Natural Disasters and Human Displacement: A UNHCR Perspective. Geneva: UNHCR.Google Scholar
Guterres, Antonio. 2008b. Millions Uprooted: Saving Refugees and the Displaced. Foreign Affairs 87(5): 9099.Google Scholar
Guterres, Antonio. 2017. Remarks at the High-level event at COP23, November 15. www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/speeches/2017-11-15/secretary-general-cop23-remarks Accessed March 22, 2018.Google Scholar
Hammerstad, Anne. 2014. The Rise and Decline of a Global Security Actor: UNHCR, Refugee Protection and Security, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ikenberry, G. John. 2018. End of the International Order? International Affairs 94 (1): 723.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaumotte, Florence and Ksenia, Koloskova, Sweta, C. Saxena. 2016. Impact of Migration on Income Levels in Advanced Economies. Spillover Notes. Washington DC: International Monetary Fund.Google Scholar
Judt, Tony. 2005. Postwar: A History of Europe since 1945. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Keeley, Lawrence. 1996. War before Civilization. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
League of Nations. 1933. Convention of 28 October 1933 relating to the International Status of Refugees. www.refworld.org/docid/3dd8cf374.html. Accessed March 6, 2018.Google Scholar
Chai, Lee and Ma, Long. 2012. News Sharing in Social Media: The Effect of Gratifications and Prior Experience. Computers in Human Behavior 28(2): 331–39.Google Scholar
Linklater, Andrew. 2010. Global Civilizing Processes and the Ambiguities of Human Interconnectedness. European Journal of International Relations. 16(2): 155–78.Google Scholar
Linklater, Andrew. 2011. The Problem of Harm in International Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Loescher, Gil. 2017. UNHCR’s Origins and Early History: Agency, Influence, and Power in Global Refugee Policy. Refuge 33(1): 7786.Google Scholar
Latour, Bruno. 2004. Why Has Critique Run out of Steam? From Matters of Fact to Matters of Concern. Critical Inquiry 30(4): 225–48.Google Scholar
Lowe, K. 2012. Savage Continent: Europe in the Aftermath of World War Two. New York: Viking Press.Google Scholar
Mayblin, Lucy. 2014. Colonialism, Decolonisation, and the Right to be Human: Britain and the 1951 Geneva Convention on the Status of Refugees. Journal of Historical Sociology 27(3): 423–41.Google Scholar
Mazower, Mark. 1999. Dark Continent: Europe’s 20th Century. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.Google Scholar
McDermot, Rose. 2004. The Feeling of Rationality: The Meaning of Neuroscientific Advances for Political Science. Perspectives on Politics 2(4): 691706.Google Scholar
Nam, H. Hannah, , Jost, John T. and Van Bavel, Jay J.. 2013. “Not for All the Tea in China!” Political Ideology and the Avoidance of Dissonance-Arousing Situations. PLoS ONE 8(4): e59837.Google Scholar
Nickerson, Raymond. 1998. Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises. Review of General Psychology 2(2): 175220.Google Scholar
Nyhan, Brendan and Reifler, Jason. 2010. When Corrections Fail: The Persistence of Political Misperceptions. Political Behavior 32(2): 303–30.Google Scholar
Oeldorf-Hirsch, Anne and Shyam Sundar, S.. 2015. Posting, Commenting, and Tagging: Effects of Sharing News Stories on Facebook. Computers in Human Behavior 44(2): 240–49.Google Scholar
Palacio, Ana. 2017. The Twentieth Century Ended in 2017. Nobody Knows What Era We’re in Now. World Economic Forum/Project Syndicate, January 26. www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/01/twentieth-century-2017/. Accessed January 4, 2018.Google Scholar
Pew Research Center: Journalism and Media Staff. 2007. Cable News. Pew Research Center, May 25. www.journalism.org/2007/05/25/cable-news/. Accessed January 4, 2018.Google Scholar
Pinker, Stephen. 2018. Enlightenment Now: The Case for Science, Reason, Humanism, and Progress. New York: Viking.Google Scholar
Price, Richard, ed. 2008. Moral Limit and Possibility in World Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Redlawsk, David. 2002. Hot Cognition or Cool Consideration? Testing the Effects of Motivated Reasoning on Political Decision Making. Journal of Politics 64(4): 1021–44.Google Scholar
Reed-Hurtado, Michael. 2017. The Cartagena Declaration on Refugees and the Protection of People Fleeing Armed Conflict and Other Situations of Violence in Latin America. In In Flight from Conflict and Violence: UNHCR’s Consultations on Refugee Status and Other Forms of International Protection, edited by Volker, Türk, Edwards, Alice and Wouters, Cornelis, 141–80. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ross, Lee, Lelkes, Yphtach and Russell, Alexandra. 2012. How Christians Reconcile Their Personal Political Views and the Teachings of Their Faith: Projection as Means of Dissonance Reduction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the Unites States 109(10): 3616–22.Google Scholar
Sachar, Howard. 1979. A History of Israel. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.Google Scholar
Shephard, Ben. 2011. The Long Road Home: The Aftermath of the Second World War. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.Google Scholar
Sjöberg, Tommie. 1991. The Powers and the Persecuted: The Refugee Problem and the Intergovernmental Committee on Refugees (IGCR) 1938–1947. Lund: Lund University Press.Google Scholar
Silverman, Craig. 2011. The Backfire Effect. Columbia Journalism Review, June 17. https://archives.cjr.org/behind_the_news/the_backfire_effect.php. Accessed March 1, 2018.Google Scholar
Skran, Claudena. 1995. Refugees in Inter-War Europe: The Emergence of a Regime. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Stoessinger, John. 1956. The Refugees and the World Community. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Tate, Merze. 1943. The American Negro in World War I and World War II. The Journal of Negro Education 12(3): 521–32.Google Scholar
Turiel, Elliot. 2002. The Development of Social Knowledge: Morality and Convention. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
United Nations Ad Hoc Committee on Refugees and Stateless Persons. 1949. A Study of Statelessness: United Nations: Lake Success, August 1. www.refworld.org/docid/3ae68c2d0.html. Accessed February 5, 2018.Google Scholar
UNHCR. 2009. 2008 Global Trends: Refugees, Asylum-seekers, Returnees, Internally Displaced and Stateless Persons. Geneva: UNHCR.Google Scholar
Vitalis, Robert. 2017. White World Order, Black Power Politics: The Birth of American International Relations. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Vosoughi, Soroush, Roy, Deb and Aral, Sinan. 2018. The Spread of True and False News Online. Science 359(6380): 1146–51.Google Scholar
Waltz, Kenneth. 1999. On Interdependence. Forli: Lecture presented at the Bologna Center and the International Relations Program of the University of Bologna.Google Scholar
Wendt, Alexander 1992. Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics. International Organization 46(2): 391.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×