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,African Rights, ‘Prisoner Releases: A Risk for the Gacaca System’, Kigali: African Rights, 16 January 2003.
,Amnesty International, ‘Namibia: Caprivi Treason Trial – Justice Delayed is Justice Denied!’, AI Index AFR 42/002/2003, 4 August 2003.
,Amnesty International, ‘Rwanda: Gacaca – A Question of Justice’, AI Index AFR 47/007/2002, December 2002.
,Amnesty International, ‘Rwanda: Gacaca – Gambling with Justice’, Press Release, AI Index AFR 47/003/2002, 19 June 2002.
,Amnesty International, ‘Rwanda: Human Rights Organisation Forced to Close Down’, AI Index AFR 47/001/2005, 10 January 2005.
,Amnesty International, ‘Rwanda: Reports of Killings and Abductions by the Rwandan Patriotic Army, April – August 1994’, AI Index AFR 47/016/1994, 20 October 1994.
,Amnesty International, ‘Rwanda: The Troubled Course of Justice’, AI Index AFR 47/10/00, April 2000.
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,Avocats Sans Frontières, ‘Les ‘Juridictions Gacaca’ au Jour le Jour’, ASF, 19 June 2002–27 July 2003, www.asf.be/FR/Frameset.htm.
,Avocats Sans Frontières, ‘Monitoring of the Gacaca Courts, Judgement Phase, Analytical Report, March–September 2005’, Brussels: ASF, 2005.
Babalola, S. and Karambizi, J., ‘Evaluation of the Gacaca Promotional Campaign in Rwanda: Report of Main Findings’, Baltimore, Md. Johns Hopkins University, Population Communication Services, 2003.
Bugingo, S., ‘Gacaca Courts Prepare for Trials’, Press Release, Kigali: NURC, 9 July 2004.
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,Harvard Law School, ‘Gacaca Jurisdictions: Interim Report of Observations, June 10–August 8 2002’, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Law School, 2002.
,Human Rights Watch, ‘Ituri “Covered in Blood”: Ethnically Targeted Violence in Northeastern DR Congo’, Washington, DC: HRW, April 2003.
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,International Centre for Prison Studies, ‘Prison Brief for Rwanda’, King's College, London: ICPS, 2002.
,International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, ‘Minutes of Proceedings: Nyiramasuhuko, Case No. ICTR-98-42-T’, ICTR Trial Minutes, 15 April 2004, www.ictr.org/ENGLISH/cases/Nyira/minutes/2004/040415.pdf.
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,International Crisis Group, ‘Congo Crisis: Military Intervention in Ituri’, ICG, 13 June 2003.
,International Crisis Group, ‘“Consensual Democracy in Post Genocide Rwanda”: Evaluating the March 2001 District Elections’, Nairobi/Brussels: ICG, 9 October 2001.
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,International Crisis Group, ‘Scramble for the Congo: Anatomy of an Ugly War’, ICG, 20 December 2000.
,International Panel of Eminent Personalities to Investigate the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda and the Surrounding Events, Organization of African Unity, ‘Report of International Panel’, Nairobi: OAU, 2000.
,International Rescue Committee, ‘Mortality in the Democratic Republic of the Congo’, New York: IRC, December 2004.
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,Ligue Rwandaise pour la Promotion et la Defense des Droits de l'Homme, ‘Juridictions gacaca au Rwanda: résultats de la recherch sur les attitudes et opinions de la population Rwandaise’, Kigali: LIRPODHOR, August 2000.
,Republic of Rwanda, ‘Problematique de la preuve dans les procès de génocide: l'institution imminente des juridictions gacaca constituerait-elle une panacée?’, Kigali: LIPRODHOR, June 2000.
,Republic of Rwanda, ‘Situation des droits de la personne au Rwanda en 2002: rapport annuel de la LIPRODHOR’, Kigali: LIPRODHOR, June 2003.
,Lord's Resistance Army Delegation to the Juba Talks, ‘LRA Position Paper on Accountability and Reconciliation in the Context of Alternative Justice System for Resolving the Northern Ugandan and Southern Sudan Conflicts’, Juba, Southern Sudan, August 2006.
,National Unity and Reconciliation Commission, ‘Nationwide Grassroots Consultations Report: Unity and Reconciliation Initiatives in Rwanda’, Kigali: NURC, January 2001.
,National Unity and Reconciliation Commission, ‘Opinion Survey on Participation in Gacaca and National Reconciliation’, Kigali: NURC, January 2003.
,National Unity and Reconciliation Commission, ‘Reconciliation and Democratization: Experiences and Lessons Learned in Reconciliation and Democratization from Germany, South Africa, Namibia and Rwanda’, Kigali: NURC, October 2003.
,National Unity and Reconciliation Commission, ‘Report on the National Summit on Unity and Reconciliation’, Kigali: NURC, 18–20 October 2000.
,National Unity and Reconciliation Commission, ‘Report of the National Summit on Unity and Reconciliation’, Kigali: NURC, 26–28 October 2002.
,National Unity and Reconciliation Commission, ‘Training Manual on Conflict Management’, Kigali: NURC, February 2006.
,National University of Rwanda, Proceedings of the Workshop on ‘Rethinking Peace, Coexistence and Human Security in the Great Lakes’, Butare: Center for Conflict Management, National University of Rwanda, April 2002.
,Norwegian Helsinki Committee for Human Rights, ‘Prosecuting Genocide in Rwanda: The Gacaca System and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda’, Oslo: NHCHR, September 2002.
,Oxford Policy Management, ‘The Impact of Increases in Public Expenditure on Poverty in Rwanda’, Oxford: OPM, March 2003.
,Penal Reform International, ‘Gacaca Courts in Rwanda’, Kigali: PRI, 2003.
,Penal Reform International, ‘Interim Report on Research on Gacaca Jurisdictions and its Preparations (July–December 2001)’, Kigali: PRI, January 2002.
,Penal Reform International, ‘Monitoring and Research Report No. IX on the Gacaca: Community Service (TIG) – Areas of Reflection’, Kigali: PRI, March 2007.
,Penal Reform International, ‘PRI Research Team on Gacaca (Report III: April–June 2002)’, Kigali: PRI, July 2002.
,Penal Reform International, ‘PRI Research on Gacaca Report (Report IV): The Guilty Plea Procedure, Cornerstone of the Rwandan Justice System’, Kigali: PRI, January 2003.
,Penal Reform International, ‘Research on the Gacaca [Report V]’, Kigali: PRI, September 2003.
,Penal Reform International, ‘Research Report on the Gacaca, Report VI: From Camp to Hill, the Reintegration of Released Prisoners’, Kigali: PRI, May 2004.
Prendergast, J. and Smock, D., ‘Postgenocidal Reconstruction: Building Peace in Rwanda and Burundi’, United States Institute of Peace Special Report, USIP, September 1999.
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,Republic of Rwanda, ‘Communiqué (Summary, Original in Kinyarwanda)’, 7 January 2003, www.gov.rw/government/070103.html.
,Republic of Rwanda, ‘Gacaca Judicial System Launched in Kigali’, Department of Information, 18 June 2002, www.gov.rw/government/061802.html.
,Republic of Rwanda, ‘Imfashanyigisho Y'Ingando N'Andi Mahugurwa’, Kigali: NURC, October 2006.
,Republic of Rwanda, ‘La Situation actuelle des juridictions gacaca’, Kigali: Supreme Court of Rwanda, 6th Chamber (Gacaca Commission), 25 June 2003.
,Republic of Rwanda, ‘Les Parténaires du processus gacaca’, official rwandan government website, www.inkiko-gacaca.gov.rw/fr/partenaires.html.
,Republic of Rwanda, ‘Loi Organique No. 33/2001 du 22/6/2001 modifiant et completant Loi Organique No. 40/2000 du 26 Janvier 2001 portant creation des “juridictions gacaca” et organisation des poursuite des infractions constitutives du crime de génocide ou de crimes contre l'humanité, commises entre le 1 Octobre 1990 et 31 Decembre 1994’, Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda, Kigali, 22 June 2001.
,Republic of Rwanda, ‘Loi Organique No. 8196 du 30/8/96 sur l'organisation des poursuites des infractions constitutives du crime de genocide ou de crimes contre l'humanité, commises à partir de 1er octobre 1990’, Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda, Kigali, 1 September 1996.
,Republic of Rwanda, ‘Manuel explicatif sur la Loi Organique portant création des juridictions gacaca’, Kigali: Cour Suprème, Département des Juridictions Gacaca, 2001.
,Republic of Rwanda, ‘Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning Budgets, 2002–9’, Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, www.minecofin.gov.rw/en/inno-file_galleries.php.
,Republic of Rwanda, ‘Minutes of the Symposium on Gacaca’, Hotel Umubano, Kigali, 6–7 March 2000.
,Republic of Rwanda, ‘Organic Law No. 10/2007 of 01/03/2007 Modifying and Complementing Organic Law No. 16/2004 of 19/6/2004 Establishing the Organisation, Competence and Functioning of Gacaca Courts Charged with Prosecuting and Trying the Perpetrators of the Crime of Genocide and Other Crimes against Humanity, Committed between October 1, 1990 and December 31, 1994, as Modified and Complemented to Date’, Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda, 3 January 2007.
,Republic of Rwanda, ‘Organic Law No. 13/2008 of 19/05/2008 Modifying and Complementing Organic Law No. 16/2004 of 19/6/2004 Establishing the Organisation, Competence and Functioning of Gacaca Courts Charged with Prosecuting and Trying the Perpetrators of the Crime of Genocide and Other Crimes against Humanity, Committed between October 1, 1990 and December 31, 1994, as Modified and Complemented to Date’, Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda, 19 May 2008.
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,Republic of Rwanda, ‘Organic Law No. 28/2006 of 27/06/2006 Modifying and Complementing Organic Law No. 16/2004 of 19/06/2004 Establishing the Organisation, Competence and Functioning of Gacaca Courts Charged with Prosecuting and Trying the Perpetrators of the Crime of Genocide and Other Crimes against Humanity, Committed between October 1, 1990 and December 31, 1994’, Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda, 27 June 2006.
,Republic of Rwanda, ‘Organic Law No. 40/2000 of 26/01/2001 Setting Up Gacaca Jurisdictions and Organising Prosecutions for Offences Constituting the Crime of Genocide or Crimes against Humanity Committed between 1 October 1993 and 31 December 1994’, Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda, Kigali, October 2000.
,Republic of Rwanda, ‘President Kagame Allays Concerns about Gacaca’, Department of Information, Government of Rwanda, 14 April 2002, www.gov.rw/government/07_11_01_genoconcern.htm.
,Republic of Rwanda, ‘Report on the Reflection Meetings Held in the Office of the President of the Republic from May 1998 to March 1999’, Kigali: Office of the President of the Republic, August 1999.
,United Nations, ‘Further Promotion and Encouragement of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Including the Question of the Programme and Methods of the Work of the Commission: Human Rights, Mass Exoduses and Displaced Persons’, UNESCO, UN Doc. E/CN.4/1995/50/Add.4, 16 February 1995.
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Ntampaka, C., ‘Le Gacaca devenu une justice aux mains des victimes’, Umubano, March 1999, www.umubano.be/02_fr/magazine/s_gacaca.htm.
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Smith, A., ‘Rwanda Warns of Hutus Preparing Second Genocide’, Independent, 4 August 2001, p.13.
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Internet sourcesCiabattari, J., ‘Rwanda Gambles on Renewal, Not Revenge’, Women's E-News, 9 October 2000, www.womensenews.org/article.cfm/dyn/aid/301/context.
Hirondelle, Fondation, ‘Training of Gacaca Judges Starts 8 April 2002’, 3 April 2002, www.hirondelle.org/hirondelle.nsf/0/192d793b82d9b481c1256cb800591075?OpenDocument.
Gabiro, G., ‘Rwanda Genocide: Paying for Reconciliation’, Fondation Hirondelle, 19 December 2002, www.hirondelle.org/hirondelle.nsf/0/192d793b82d9b481c1256cb800591075?OpenDocument.
Goodman, D., ‘Justice Drowns in Political Quagmire’, Mail and Guardian Online (Archives), 31 January 1997, www.mg.co.za.
,Hirondelle News Agency, ‘Cost of the ICTR to Reach $1 Billion by the End of 2007’, 12 May 2006, www.allafrica.com/stories/200605120745.html.
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,IRIN News, ‘Gacaca Judges Undergo “Solidarity Training”’, 24 November 2003, www.irinnews.info/report.asp?ReportID=38065&SelectRegion=Great_Lakes&SelectCountry=RWANDA.
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Braithwaite, J., ‘Rwanda: Del Ponte Addresses Alleged RPF Massacres with Kagame’, 14 December 2000, www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=7752&SelectRegion=Great_Lakes&SelectCountry=RWANDA.
Braithwaite, J., ‘Rwanda: Gacaca Courts Begin Operations’, 10 March 2005, www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=46037&SelectRegion=Great_Lakes&SelectCountry=RWANDA.
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Lerche, C., ‘Truth Commissions and National Reconciliation: Some Reflections on Theory and Practice’, www.gmu.edu/academic/pcs/lerche71pcs.html.
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Ntampaka, C., ‘Le Gacaca: une juridiction pénale populaire’, Agence intergouvernementale de la francophonie, 2001, www.droit.francophonie.org/acct/rjf/actu/13Ntampa.htm.
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Conference papers, films, unpublished theses and miscellaneous sourcesAghion, A. (director), Gacaca: Living Together Again in Rwanda?, film produced by P. Brooks, L. Bouchard and A. Aghion, New York: First Run Films, 2002.
Aghion, A. (director), In Rwanda We Say … the Family that Does Not Speak Dies, film produced by L. Bouchard and A. Aghion, New York: First Run Films, 2004.
Clark, P. and Palmer, N., ‘The International Community Fails Rwanda Again’, Oxford Transitional Justice Research Working Paper Series, 5 May 2009, www.csls.ox.ac.uk/documents/ClarkandPalmer_Rwanda_Final.pdf.
Cronin, J., ‘A Luta Dis-Continue: The TRC Final Report and the Nation Building Project’, paper delivered at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, June 1999, www.trcresearch.org.za/papers99/cronin.pdf.
Dortzbach, K., ‘Wholeness and Healing in Community: Toward Understanding Effective African Church Interventions Following Community Violence’, unpublished PhD thesis, Faculty of Theology, University of Pretoria, June 2002, copy on file with author.
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Fujii, L.A., ‘Origins of Power and Identity in Rwanda’, paper delivered at the Annual Conference of the International Studies Association, 20–4 February 2001, Chicago, Ill., pp.1–17, www.isanet.org/archive/fujii.html.
Gahima, G., ‘What is Understood by Justice in Rwanda Today?’, paper delivered at the Newick Park Initiative Conference, ‘The Role of the Churches in the Restoration of Justice in Rwanda’, Kigali, 19–21 August 1997.
Ingelaere, B., ‘“Does the Truth Pass across the Fire without Burning?” Transitional Justice and its Discontents in Rwanda's Gacaca Courts’, Institute of Development Policy and Management Discussion Paper, University of Antwerp, November 2007.
Institute for Contextual Theology ‘The Kairos Document: Challenge to the Church’, Cape Town, 1985, www.bethel.edu/~letnie/AfricanChristianity/SAKairos.html.
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Kerrigan, F., ‘Some Issues of Truth, Justice and Reconciliation in Genocide Trials before Gacaca Tribunals in Rwanda’, Copenhagen: Danish Centre for Human Rights, April 2002.
Molenaar, A., ‘Gacaca: Grassroots Justice after Genocide – The Key to Reconciliation in Rwanda?’, Research Report 77/2005, Leiden: African Studies Centre, 2005.
Morton, J., ‘Conflict in Darfur: A Different Perspective’, Resource Paper, Hempstead: HTSPE, June 2004.
Munyeli, J., ‘Gacaca comme voie oblige de la reconciliation: cas des prisonniers libérés par le communiqué présidentiel du 01 Janvier 2003 – District de Kanombe’, unpublished BA thesis, Department of Sociology, Université Libre de Kigali, June 2004, copy on file with author.
Ndangiza, F., ‘Transitional Justice and Reconciliation’, paper delivered at the Conference on Policy Research, Ottawa, 21 November 2002.
Pearlman, L.A., ‘Psychological Trauma’, paper prepared for the ‘Healing, Forgiving, and Reconciliation’ project, John Templeton Foundation, West Conshohocken, Pa., 13 March 2000, www-unix.oit.umass.edu/%7egubin/rwanda/lec4.htm.
Straus, S., ‘Letter from Rwanda: Gacaca Begins’, report for the Institute for the Study of Genocide, 26 June 2002.
Tuzinde, I., ‘Justice and Social Reconstruction in the Aftermath of Genocide in Rwanda: An Evaluation of the Possible Role of the Gacaca Tribunals’, unpublished LLM thesis, Bellville: University of the Western Cape, November 2000, copy on file with author.
Uvin, P., ‘The Introduction of a Modernized Gacaca for Judging Suspects of Participation in the Genocide and the Massacres of 1994 in Rwanda’, discussion paper prepared for the Belgian Secretary of State for Development Cooperation, 2000.
Vandeginste, S., ‘A Truth and Reconciliation Approach to the Genocide and Crimes against Humanity in Rwanda’, Antwerp: Centre for the Study of the Great Lakes Region of Africa, May 1998.
Vandeginste, S., ‘Justice, Reconciliation and Reparation after Genocide and Crimes against Humanity: The Proposed Establishment of Popular Gacaca Tribunals in Rwanda’, paper delivered at the All-Africa Conference on African Principles of Conflict Resolution and Reconciliation, Addis Ababa, 8–12 November 1999.
,Various, ‘The Rwandan Genocide and Transitional Justice: Commemorating the 10th Anniversary of the Genocide’, conference at St Antony's College, University of Oxford, 15 May 2004, notes on file with author.
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