Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-669899f699-cf6xr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-05-03T23:30:47.765Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 32 - Contraception in Women with Thyroid Dysfunction

from Section 2A - Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare: Contraception

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 January 2024

By
Christina I. Messini ,
George Anifandis ,
Alexandros Daponte  and
Ioannis E. Messinis
Edited by
Johannes Bitzer  and
Tahir A. Mahmood
Johannes Bitzer
Affiliation:
University Women's Hospital, Basel
Tahir A. Mahmood
Affiliation:
Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy
Get access

Summary

The thyroid gland is the largest endocrine gland in the human body, located in the anterior neck [1]. Its function is regulated by the anterior pituitary through the secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). The hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the secretion of TSH is thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH). Three hormones are produced by the thyroid gland – that is, thyroxin or tetraiodothyronine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and calcitonin, which reduces the levels of calcium in blood. The production and secretion of T3 and T4, derived from the amino acid tyrosine, is controlled by TSH.

Type
Chapter
Information
Textbook of Contraception, Sexual and Reproductive Health , pp. 200 - 203
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Broughton, C, Ahmad, B. Thyroid anatomy and physiology. In Llahana, S, Follin, C, Yedinak, C, Grossman, A (eds.). Advanced practice in endocrinology nursing. Cham: Springer, 2019, 497–503. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99817-6_26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santin, AP, Furlanetto, TW. Role of estrogen in thyroid function and growth regulation. J Thyroid Res. 2011:875125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knopp, RH, Bergelin, RO, Wahl, PW, Walden, CE, Chapman, MB. Clinical chemistry alterations in pregnancy and oral contraceptive use. Obstet Gynecol. 1985;66:682–90.Google ScholarPubMed
Krassas, GE, Poppe, K, Glinoer, D. Thyroid function and human reproductive health. Endocr Rev. 2010;31:702–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alexander, EK, Pearce, EN, Brent, GA et al. Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Disease during Pregnancy and the Postpartum. Thyroid. 2017;27:315–89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Busnelli, A, Somigliana, E, Benaglia, L et al. In vitro fertilization outcomes in treated hypothyroidism. Thyroid. 2013;23:1319–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chetkowski, RJ, Meldrum, DR, Steingold, KA et al. Biologic effects of transdermal estradiol. N Engl J Med. 1986;314:1615–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Westhoff, CL, Petrie, KA, Cremers, S. Using changes in binding globulins to assess oral contraceptive compliance. Contraception. 2013;87:176–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sathi, P, Kalyan, S, Hitchcock, CL, Pudek, M, Prior, JC. Progesterone therapy increases free thyroxine levels: Data from a randomized placebo-controlled 12-week hot flush trial. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2013;79:282–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Torre, F, Calogero, AE, Condorelli, RA et al. Effects of oral contraceptives on thyroid function and vice versa. J Endocrinol Invest. 2020;43:1181–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wiegratz, I, Kutschera, E, Lee, JH et al. Effect of four oral contraceptives on thyroid hormones, adrenal and blood pressure parameters. Contraception. 2003;67:361–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sänger, N, Stahlberg, S, Manthey, T et al. Effects of an oral contraceptive containing 30 mcg ethinyl estradiol and 2 mg dienogest on thyroid hormones and androgen parameters: conventional vs. extended-cycle use. Contraception. 2008;77:420–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raps, M, Curvers, J, Helmerhorst, FM et al. Thyroid function, activated protein C resistance and the risk of venous thrombosis in users of hormonal contraceptives. Thromb Res. 2014;133:640–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ali, S, Abbara, A, Comninos, A et al. A case of Graves’ disease occurring following cessation of the oral combined contraceptive pill. Endocrine Abstracts. 2015;38:P124. https://doi.org/10.1530/endoabs.38.P124.Google Scholar
Quintino-Moro, A, Zantut-Wittmann, DE, Silva Dos Santos, PN et al. Thyroid function during the first year of use of the injectable contraceptive depot medroxyprogesterone acetate. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2019;24:102–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Biswas, A, Viegas, OA, Bennink, HJ, Korver, T, Ratnam, SS. Effect of Implanon use on selected parameters of thyroid and adrenal function. Contraception. 2000;62:247–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olsson, SE, Wide, L, Odlind, V. Aspects of thyroid function during use of Norplant implants. Contraception. 1986;34:583–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kivelä, A, Ruuskanen, M, Agren, U, Dieben, T. The effects of two progrestogen-only pills containing either desogestrel (75 microgram/day) or levonorgestrel (30 microgram/day) on carbohydrate metabolism and adrenal and thyroid function. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2001;6:71–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duijkers, I, Killick, S, Bigrigg, A, Dieben, TO. A comparative study on the effects of a contraceptive vaginal ring NuvaRing and an oral contraceptive on carbohydrate metabolism and adrenal and thyroid function. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2004;9(3):131–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hernandez-Juarez, J, Garcia-Latorre, EA, Moreno-Hernandez, M et al. Metabolic effects of the contraceptive skin patch and subdermal contraceptive implant in Mexican women: A prospective study. Reprod Health. 2014;11:33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stavreus-Evers, AC, Freyschuss, B, Eriksson, HA. Hormonal regulation of the estrogen receptor in primary cultures of hepatocytes from female rats. Steroids. 1997;62:647–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benagiano, G, Benagiano, M, Bianchi, P, D’Elios, MM, Brosens, I . Contraception in autoimmune diseases. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2019;60:111–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×