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Chapter 7 - Reperfusion of the Ischaemic Brain by Endovascular Thrombectomy and Thrombolysis

from Part III - Acute Treatment of Ischaemic Stroke and Transient Ischaemic Attack

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 December 2020

By
Meng Lee  and
Jeffrey L. Saver
Edited by
Jeffrey L. Saver  and
Graeme J. Hankey
Jeffrey L. Saver
Affiliation:
David Geffen School of Medicine, University of Ca
Graeme J. Hankey
Affiliation:
University of Western Australia, Perth
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Summary

Endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) with highly effective reperfusion devices is beneficial for: 1) relatively broadly selected acute ischaemic stroke patients with anterior circulation large vessel occlusions (LVOs) who have failed or are ineligible for intravenous fibrinolysis, up to 7 h after onset; and 2) imaging-selected patients with a favorable penumbral profile (small core and substantial salvageable tissue) 6–24h after onset. Among early-presenting patients, benefit is strongly time-dependent; for every 4 m delay in door-to-reperfusion time, 1 of every 100 patients has a worse disability outcome. Based on the trial evidence, EVT is strongly endorsed by guidelines worldwide. Within the first 7h, benefit is evident in patients under and over age 80, and in patients with up to moderate early ischaemic changes on imaging (ASPECTS 6-10). Systems of care should be optimized to deliver likely LVO patients to endovascular-capable stroke centers, and for procedure start (arterial puncture) within 75m, and optimally within 45m, after ED arrival. Large-scale trials are testing: best prehospital recognition and routing protocols: novel device designs to increase reperfusion rates in large and also medium vessel occlusions; bridging neuroprotection and collateral enhancement; potential benefit in patients with large cores; and best concomitant therapies, including sedation mode and post-procedure blood pressure management.

Keywords

Endovascular thrombectomystent retrieveraspirationintra-arterial thrombolysisreperfusionrecanalizationhaemorrhagic transformationpenumbraischaemic stroke
Type
Chapter
Information
Stroke Prevention and Treatment
An Evidence-based Approach
 , pp. 127 - 145
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

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