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Chapter 6 - Reperfusion of Ischaemic Brain by Intravenous Thrombolysis

from Part III - Acute Treatment of Ischaemic Stroke and Transient Ischaemic Attack

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 December 2020

By
Jeffrey L. Saver  and
Joanna Wardlaw
Edited by
Jeffrey L. Saver  and
Graeme J. Hankey
Jeffrey L. Saver
Affiliation:
David Geffen School of Medicine, University of Ca
Graeme J. Hankey
Affiliation:
University of Western Australia, Perth
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Summary

Intravenous thrombolytic therapy (IV) with recombinant tissue-plasminogen activator (alteplase; 0.9 mg/kg over 1h) is beneficial for acute ischaemic stroke patients with potentially disabling neurological deficits, and without contraindications, when started =4.5h of onset. Benefit is time-dependent: among 1000 patients, IVT =3h lessen long-term disability in 178 patients, between 3-4.5h in 66. IVT under 4.5h is associated with an increase in symptomatic haemorrhage, but not an increase in death or severe disability. Based on trial evidence, IVT =3h is strongly endorsed, and between 3-4.5 hours moderately endorsed, by guidelines on 5 continents. Benefit is evident in patients under and over age 80, and in patients with up to moderate, but not extensive (more than 100 cc), early ischaemic changes on initial CT or MRI. IVT is also beneficial for patients =4.5h after onset with substantial salvageable tissue on penumbral CT or MR imaging. Systems of care should be optimized to start IVT =60m, and optimally =30m, after ED arrival. Large-scale trials are needed to further enhance IVT, testing: faster treatment start in mobile stroke units (mobile CT ambulances): fibrinolytic agent and concomitant lytic-enhancing combinations; bridging neuroprotection and collateral enhancement; and the optimal way to combine intravenous thrombolytic therapy and endovascular mechanical thrombectomy.

Keywords

Thrombolysisfibrinolysisischaemic strokealteplasetenecteplasereperfusionrecanalizationhaemorrhagic transformationpenumbraischaemic stroke
Type
Chapter
Information
Stroke Prevention and Treatment
An Evidence-based Approach
 , pp. 98 - 126
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

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