Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T13:23:38.609Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part V - Prevention

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 December 2020

Edited by
Jeffrey L. Saver  and
Graeme J. Hankey
Jeffrey L. Saver
Affiliation:
David Geffen School of Medicine, University of Ca
Graeme J. Hankey
Affiliation:
University of Western Australia, Perth
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Stroke Prevention and Treatment
An Evidence-based Approach
 , pp. 289 - 484
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

ACCORD Study Group et al. (2010). Effects of intensive blood-pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med, 362, 1575–85.Google Scholar
Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists’ Collaboration. (2003). Effects of different blood-pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events: results of prospectively-designed overviews of randomised trials. Lancet, 362, 1527–35.Google Scholar
Boan, AD, Lackland, DT, Ovbiagele, B. (2014). Lowering of blood pressure for recurrent stroke prevention. Stroke, 45, 2506–13.Google Scholar
Brunström, M, Carlberg, B. (2018). Association of blood pressure lowering with mortality and cardiovascular disease across blood pressure levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med, 178(1), 28–36.Google Scholar
Collins, R, Peto, R, MacMahon, S, Hebert, P, Fiebach, NH, Eberlein, KA, et al. (1990). Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 2, short-term reductions in blood pressure: overview of randomised drug trials in their epidemiological context. Lancet, 335(8693), 827–38.Google Scholar
Ettehad, D, Emdin, CA, Kiran, A, Anderson, SG, Callender, T, Emberson, J, et al. (2016). Blood pressure lowering for prevention of cardiovascular disease and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet, 387(10022), 957–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, Y, Cai, X, Li, Y, Su, L, Mai, W, Wang, S, et al. (2014). Prehypertension and the risk of stroke: a meta-analysis. Neurology, 82, 1153–61.Google Scholar
Kim, S, Shin, DW, Yun, JM, Hwang, Y, Park, SK, Ko, YJ, et al. (2016). Medication adherence and the risk of cardiovascular mortality and hospitalization among patients with newly prescribed antihypertensive medications. Hypertension, 67, 506–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Law, MR, Morris, JK, Wald, NJ. (2009). Use of blood pressure lowering drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of 147 randomised trials in the context of expectations from prospective epidemiological studies. BMJ, 338, b1665. doi:10.1136/bmj.b1665.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, M, Saver, JL, Chang, B, Chang, KH, Hao, Q, Ovbiagele, B, et al. (2011). Presence of baseline prehypertension and risk of incident stroke: a meta-analysis. Neurology, 77, 1330–1337.Google Scholar
Lee, M, Saver, JL, Hong, K-S, Hao, Q, Ovbiagele, B. (2012). Does achieving an intensive versus usual blood pressure level prevent stroke? Ann Neurol, 71, 133–140.Google Scholar
Liu, L, Wang, Z, Gong, L, Zhang, Y, Thhijs, L, Staessen, JA, et al. (2009). Blood pressure reduction for the secondary prevention of stroke: a Chinese trial and a systematic review of the literature. Hypertens Res, 32, 1032–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacMahon, S, Peto, R, Cutler, J. (1990). Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 1, prolonged differences in blood pressure: prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilution bias. Lancet, 335, 765–74.Google Scholar
Perkovic, V, Rodgers, A. (2015). Redefining blood-pressure targets – SPRINT starts the marathon. N Engl J Med, 373, 2175–8.Google Scholar
PROGRESS Collaborative Group. (2001). Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet, 358, 1033–41.Google Scholar
Sardana, M, Syed, AA, Hashmath, Z, Phan, TS, Koppula, MR, Kewan, U, et al. (2017). Beta-blocker use is associated with impaired left atrial function in hypertension. J Am Heart Assoc, 6. doi:10.1161/JAHA.116.005163.Google Scholar
Sipahi, I, Swaminathan, A, Natesan, V, Debanne, SM, Simon, DI, Fang, JC. (2012). Effect of antihypertensive therapy on incident stroke in cohorts with prehypertensive blood pressure levels: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Stroke, 43, 432–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SPRINT MIND Investigators for the SPRINT Research Group. (2019). Effect of intensive vs standard blood pressure control on probable dementia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 322, 169–70.Google Scholar
SPRINT Research Group et al. (2015). A randomized trial of intensive versus standard blood-pressure control. N Engl J Med, 373, 2103–16.Google Scholar
Sundstrom, J, Arima, H, Jackson, R, Turnbull, F, Rahimi, K, Chalmers, J, et al. (2015). Effects of blood pressure reduction in mild hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med, 162, 184–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Turner, GM, Calvert, M, Feltham, MG, Ryan, R, Fitzmaurice, D, Cheng, KK, et al. (2016). Under-prescribing of prevention drugs and primary prevention of stroke and transient ischaemic attack in UK general practice: a retrospective analysis. PLoS Med, 13, e1002169.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whelton, PK, Carey, RM, Aronow, WS, Casey, DE Jr, Collins, KJ, Dennison Himmelfarb, C, et al. (2018). 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Hypertension, 71(6), e13–e115.Google Scholar
Zonneveld, TP, Richard, E, Vergouwen, MD, Nederkoorn, PJ, de Haan, R, Roos, YB, et al. (2018). Blood pressure-lowering treatment for preventing recurrent stroke, major vascular events, and dementia in patients with a history of stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 7. CD007858. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007858.pub2.Google Scholar

References

Acheson, J, Hutchinson, EC. (1972). Controlled trial of clofibrate in cerebral vascular disease. Atherosclerosis, 15, 177–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adams, SP, Sekhon, SS, Wright, JM. (2014). Lipid-lowering efficacy of rosuvastatin. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 11. CD010254.Google ScholarPubMed
Adams, SP, Tsang, M, Wright, JM. (2015). Lipid-lowering efficacy of atorvastatin. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 3. CD008226Google Scholar
Amarenco P, Kim JS, Labreuche J, et al. (2020). A comparison of two LDL cholesterol targets after ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med, 382, 9–19.Google Scholar
Amarenco, P, Labreuche, J. (2009). Lipid management in the prevention of stroke: review and updated meta-analysis of statins for stroke prevention. Lancet Neurol, 8, 453–63.Google Scholar
Battaggia, A, Donzelli, A, Font, M, Molteni, D, Galvano, A. (2015). Clinical efficacy and safety of ezetimibe on major cardiovascular endpoints: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS ONE, 10, e0124587.Google Scholar
Bays, H. (2006). Statin safety: an overview and assessment of the data – 2005. Am J Cardiol, 97(suppl), 6 C–26 C.Google Scholar
Bezerra, DC, Sharrett, AR, Matsushita, K, Gottesman, RF, Shibata, D, Mosley, TH Jr, et al. (2012). Risk factors for lacunar subtype in the atherosclerosis risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Neurology, 78, 102–108.Google Scholar
Bhatia, M, Howard, SC, Clarke, TG, Murphy, MFG, Rothwell, PM. (2004). Apo-lipoproteins predict ischaemic stroke in patients with a previous transient ischaemic attack. Presented at the World Stroke Congress, Vancouver, Canada.Google Scholar
Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaboration. (2005). Efficacy and safety of cholesterol lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet, 366, 1267–78.Google Scholar
Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaboration. (2010). Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomized trials. Lancet, 376, 1670–81.Google Scholar
Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaboration. (2012). The effect of lowering LDL-cholesterol with statin therapy in people at low risk of vascular disese: meta-analysis of individual data from 27 randomised trials. Lancet, 380, 581–90.Google Scholar
Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaboration. (2015). Efficacy and safety of LDL-lowering therapy among men and women: meta-analysis of individual data from 174,000 participants in 27 randomised studies. Lancet, 385, 1397–1405.Google Scholar
Collins, R, Reith, C, Emberson, J, Armitage, J, Baigent, C, Blackwell, L, et al. (2016). Interpretation of the evidence for the efficacy and safety of statin therapy. Lancet, 388(10059), 2532–61.Google Scholar
Dale, KM, Coleman, CI, Henyan, NN, Kluger, J, White, CM. (2006). Statins and cancer risk. JAMA, 295, 74–80.Google Scholar
Di Mascio, R, Marchioli, R, Tognoni, G. (2000). Cholesterol reduction and stroke occurrence: an overview of randomised clinical trials. Cerebrovasc Dis, 10, 85–92.Google Scholar
Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. (2011). Effects on 11-year mortality and morbidity of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin for about 5 years in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet, 578, 2013–20.Google Scholar
Hopper, L, Martin, N, Abpelhamid, A, Davey Smith, G. (2015). Reduced in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 6. CD011737.Google Scholar
HPS2-THRIVE Collaborative Group. (2014). Effects of extended-release niacin with laropiprant in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med, 371, 203–12.Google Scholar
HPS3/TIMI55–REVEAL Collaborative Group. (2017). Effects of anacetrapib in patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease. N Engl J Med, 377(13), 1217–27Google Scholar
Imamura, T, Doi, Y, Arima, H, Yonemoto, K, Hata, J, Kubo, M, et al. (2009). LDL-cholesterol and the development of stroke subtypes and coronary heart disease in a general Japanese population. Stroke, 40, 382–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keene, D, Price, C, Shun-Shin, MJ, Francis, DP. (2014). Effect on cardiovascular risk of high density lipoprotein targeted drug treatment niacin, fibrates, and CEPT inhibitors: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials including 117,411 patients. BMJ, 349, 1–14.Google Scholar
Koren-Morag, N, Tanne, D, Graff, E, Goldbourt, U, for the Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention Study Group. (2002). Low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and ischemic cerebrovascular disease. The Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention Registry . Arch Int Med, 162, 993–9.Google Scholar
Law, MR, Wald, NJ, Rudnicka, AR. (2003). Quantifying effect of statins on low density lipoprotein cholesterol, ischaemic heart disease and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 326, 1423–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leppala, JM, Virtamo, J, Fogelholm, R, Albanes, D, Heinonen, OP. (1999). Different risk factors for different stroke subtypes. Stroke, 30, 2535–40.Google Scholar
Lewington, S, Whitelock, G, Clarke, R, Sherliker, P, Emberson, J, Halsey, J, et al. (2007). Blood cholesterol and vascular mortality by age, sex, and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of individual data from 61 prospective studies with 55,000 vascular deaths. Lancet, 370, 1829–39.Google Scholar
Lp-PLA2 Studies Collaboration. (2010). Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 and risk of coronary disease, stroke and mortality: collaborative analysis of 32 prospective studies. Lancet, 375, 1536–44.Google Scholar
Manktelow, B, Gillies, C, Potter, JF. (2002). Interventions in the management of serum lipids for preventing stroke recurrence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 3. CD002091. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002091.Google Scholar
McKinney, JS, Kostis, WJ. (2012). Statin therapy and risk of intracerebral hemorrhage. A meta-analysis of 31 randomized controlled trials. Stroke, 43, 2149–56.Google Scholar
Nagasawa, S, Okamura, T, Iso, H, Tamakoshi, A, Yarada, M, Watanabe, M, et al. (2012). Relation between serum total cholesterol level and cardiovascular disease stratified by sex and age group: a pooled analysis of 65,594 individuals from cohort studies in Japan. J Am Heart Assoc, 1, e001974.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orozco-Beltran, D, Gil-Guillen, VF, Redon, J, Martin-Moreno, JM, Pallares-Carratala, V, Navarro-Perez, J, et al.; ESCARVAL Study Group. (2017). Lipid profile, cardiovascular disease and mortality in a Mediterranean high-risk population: the ESCARVAL-RISK study. PLoS One, 12(10), e0186196.Google Scholar
Paciaroni, M, Hennerici, M, Agnelli, G, Bogousslavsky, J. (2007). Statins and stroke prevention. Cerebrovasc Dis, 24, 170–82.Google Scholar
Peto, R, Collins, R. (2018). Trust the blinded randomized evidence that statin therapy rarely causes symptomatic side effects. Circulation, 138(15), 1499–1501.Google Scholar
Pikula, A, Belser, AS, Wang, J, Himali, JJ, Kelly-Haynes, M, Kase, CS, et al. (2015). Lipid and lipoprotein measurement and the risk of ischemic vascular events. Framingham Study. Neurology, 84, 472–9.Google Scholar
Plehn, JF, Davis, BR, Sacks, FM, Rouleau, JL, Pfeffer, MA, Bernstein, V, et al. (1999). Reduction of stroke incidence after myocardial infarction with pravastatin: the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) study. The CARE Investigators. Circulation, 99, 216–23.Google Scholar
Preiss, D, Seshasai, SR, Welsh, P, Murphy, SA, Ho, JE, Waters, DD, et al. (2011). Risk of incident diabetes with intensive-dose compared with moderate-dose statin therapy: a meta-analysis. JAMA, 305, 2556–64.Google Scholar
Prospective Studies Collaboration. (1995). Cholesterol, diastolic blood pressure, and stroke: 13,000 strokes in 450,000 people in 45 prospective cohorts. Lancet, 346, 1647–53.Google Scholar
Sabatine, MS, Giugliano, RP, Keech, AC, Honarpour, N, Wiviott, SD, Murphy, SA, et al.; FOURIER Steering Committee and Investigators. (2017). Evolocumab and clinical outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med, 376(18), 1713–22.Google Scholar
Sabatine, MS, Wiviott, SD, Im, K, Murphy, SA, Giugliano, RP. (2018). Efficacy and safety of further lowering of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients starting with very low levels: a meta-analysis. JAMA Cardiol, 3(9), 823–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sattar, N, Preiss, D, Murray, HM, Welsh, P, Buckley, BM, de Craen, AJ, et al. (2010). Statins and risk of incident diabetes: a collaborative meta-analysis of randomized statin trials. Lancet, 375, 735–42.Google Scholar
Savarese, G, De Ferrari, GM, Rosano, GM, Perrone-Filardi, P. (2015). Safety and efficacy of ezetimibe: a meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol, 10(201), 247–52.Google Scholar
Schandelmaier, S, Briel, M, Saccilotto, R, Olu, KK, Arpagaus, A, Hemkens, LG, et al. (2017). Niacin for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 6. CD009744.Google Scholar
Silverman, MG, Ference, BA, Im, K, Wiviott, SD, Giugliano, RP, Grundy, SM, et al. (2016). Association between lowering ldl-c and cardiovascular risk reduction among different therapeutic interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA, 316(12), 1289–97.Google Scholar
Simons, LA, Simons, J, Friedlander, Y, McCallum, J. (2001). Cholesterol and other lipids predict CHD and ischaemic stroke in the elderly, but only in those below 70 years. Atherosclerosis, 159, 201–08.Google Scholar
SPARCL Investigators. (2006). High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack. N Engl J Med, 355, 549–59.Google Scholar
Tanaka, T, Tomonori, O. (2012). Blood cholesterol level and risk of stroke in Community-based or Worksite cohort studies: a review of Japanese Cohort Studies in the past 20 years. Keio J Med, 81, 79–88.Google Scholar
Taylor, F, Huffman, MD, Macedo, AF, Moore, TH, Burke, M, Davey Smith, G, et al. (2013). Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 1. CD004816.Google Scholar
Teng, M, Lin, L, Zhao, YJ, Khoo, AL, Davis, BR, Yong, QW. (2015). Statins for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in elderly patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. Drugs Aging, 32(8), 649–61.Google Scholar
Thompson, PD, Clarkson, P, Karas, RH. (2003). Statin associated myopathy. JAMA, 289, 1681–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Driel, ML, Morledge, MD, Ulep, R, Shaffer, JP, Davies, P, Deichmann, R. (2016). Interventions to improve adherence to lipid-lowering medication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 12. CD004371.Google ScholarPubMed
Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group. (1973). The treatment of cerebrovascular disease with Clofibrate. Final report of the Veterans Administration Cooperative Study of Atherosclerosis, Neurology Section. Stroke, 4, 684–93.Google Scholar
Wang, D, Liu, B, Tao, W, Hao, Z, Liu, M. (2015). Fibrates for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease and stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 10. CD009580.Google Scholar
Wang, X, Dong, Y, Qi, X, Huang, C, Hou, L. (2013). Cholesterol levels and risk of hemorrhagic stroke. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke, 44, 1833–9.Google Scholar
White, HD, Simes, RJ, Anderson, NE, Hankey, GJ, Watson, JDG, Hunt, D, et al. (2000). Pravastatin therapy and the risk of stroke. N Engl J Med, 343, 317–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhan, S, Tang, M, Liu, F, Xia, P, Shu, M, Wu, X. (2018). Ezetimibe for the prevention of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality events. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 11. CD012502.Google Scholar
Zhang, XL, Zhu, QQ, Zhu, L, Chen, JZ, Chen, QH, Li, GN, et al. (2015). Safety and efficacy of anti-PCSK9 antibodies: a meta-analysis of 25 randomized, controlled trials. BMC Med, 13, 123. doi:10.1186/s12916.Google Scholar
Zhang, Y, Tuomilehto, J, Jousilahti, P, Wang, Y, Antikainen, R, Hu, G. (2012). Total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and stroke risk. Stroke, 4, 1768–74.Google Scholar

References

Aburto, NJ, Ziolkovska, A, Hooper, L, Elliott, P, Cappuccio, FP, Meerpohl, JJ. (2013). Effect of lower sodium intake on health: systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ, 346, f1326.Google Scholar
Adebamowo, SN, Spiegelman, D, Willett, WC, Rexrode, KM. (2015). Association between intakes of magnesium, potassium, and calcium and risk of stroke: 2 cohorts of US women and updated meta-analyses. Am J Clin Nutr, 101(6), 1269–77.Google Scholar
Adler, AJ, Taylor, F, Martin, N, Gottlieb, S, Taylor, RS, Ebrahim, S. (2014). Reduced dietary salt for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 12. CD009217.Google Scholar
Afshin, A, Micha, R, Khatibzadeh, S, Mozaffarian, D. (2014). Consumption of nuts and legumes and risk of incident ischemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr, 100(1), 278–88.Google Scholar
Anthenelli, RM, Benowitz, NL, West, R, St Aubin, L, McRae, T, Lawrence, D, et al. (2016). Neuropsychiatric safety and efficacy of varenicline, bupropion, and nicotine patch in smokers with and without psychiatric disorders (EAGLES): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Lancet, 387(10037), 2507–20.Google Scholar
Antithrombotic Trialists, C. (2002). Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ, 324(7329), 71–86.Google Scholar
Antithrombotic Trialists, Collaboration, Baigent, C Blackwell, L, Collins, R, Emberson, J, Godwin, J, Peto, R, et al. (2009). Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials. Lancet, 373(9678), 1849–60.Google Scholar
Aune, D, Giovannucci, E, Boffetta, P, Fadnes, LT, Keum, N, Norat, T, et al. (2017). Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer and all-cause mortality-a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Int J Epidemiol, 46(3), 1029–56.Google Scholar
Aune, D, Keum, N, Giovannucci, E, Fadnes, LT, Boffetta, P, Greenwood, DC, et al. (2016a). Nut consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer, all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMC Med, 14(1), 207.Google Scholar
Aune, D, Keum, N, Giovannucci, E, Fadnes, LT, Boffetta, P, Greenwood, DC, et al. (2016b). Whole grain consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all cause and cause specific mortality: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ, 353, i2716.Google Scholar
Aung, T, Halsey, J, Kromhout, D, Gerstein, HC, Marchioli, R, Tavazzi, L, et al., and Omega-3 Treatment Trialists. (2018). Associations of omega-3 fatty acid supplement use with cardiovascular disease risks: meta-analysis of 10 trials involving 77917 individuals. JAMA Cardiol, 3(3), 225–34.Google Scholar
Avert Trial Collaboration Group. (2015). Efficacy and safety of very early mobilisation within 24 h of stroke onset (AVERT): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 386(9988), 46–55.Google Scholar
Baliunas, DO, Taylor, BJ, Irving, H, Roerecke, , Patra, J, Mohapatra, S, et al. (2009). Alcohol as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care, 32(11), 2123–32.Google Scholar
Bath, PM, Gray, LJ. (2005). Association between hormone replacement therapy and subsequent stroke: a meta-analysis. BMJ, 330(7487), 342.Google Scholar
Bazerbachi, F, Haffar, S, Sawas, T, Vargas, EJ, Kaur, RJ, Wang, Z, et al. (2018). Fluid-filled versus gas-filled intragastric balloons as obesity interventions: a network meta-analysis of randomized trials. Obes Surg, 28(9), 2617–25.Google Scholar
Benowitz, NL, Pipe, A, West, R, Hays, JT, Tonstad, S, McRae, T, et al. (2018). Cardiovascular safety of varenicline, bupropion, and nicotine patch in smokers: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med, 178(5), 622–31.Google Scholar
Bernhardt, J, Churilov, L, Ellery, F, Collier, J, Chamberlain, J, Langhorne, P, et al., and A. C. Group (2016). Prespecified dose-response analysis for A Very Early Rehabilitation Trial (AVERT). Neurology, 86(23), 2138–45.Google Scholar
Bhat, VM, Cole, JW, Sorkin, JD, Wozniak, MA, Malarcher, AM, Giles, WH, et al. (2008). Dose-response relationship between cigarette smoking and risk of ischemic stroke in young women. Stroke, 39(9), 2439–43.Google Scholar
Bhatnagar, A, Whitsel, LP, Ribisl, KM, Bullen, C, Chaloupka, F, Piano, MR, et al.; American Heart Association Advocacy Coordinating Committee, Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing, Council on Clinical Cardiology, and Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research. (2014). Electronic cigarettes: a policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 130(16), 1418–36.Google Scholar
Billinger, SA, Arena, R, Bernhardt, J, Eng, JJ, Franklin, BA, Johnson, CM, et al.; American Heart Association Stroke Council; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Health; Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; Council on Clinical Cardiology. (2014). Physical activity and exercise recommendations for stroke survivors: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke, 45(8), 2532–53.Google Scholar
Bjelakovic, G, Nikolova, D, Gluud, LL, Simonetti, RG, Gluud, C. (2012). Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 3. CD007176.Google Scholar
Boardman, HM, Hartley, L, Eisinga, A, Main, C, Roque i Figuls, M, Bonfill Cosp, X, et al. (2015). Hormone therapy for preventing cardiovascular disease in post-menopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 3. CD002229.Google Scholar
Borek, AJ, Abraham, C, Greaves, CJ, Tarrant, M. (2018). Group-based diet and physical activity weight-loss interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Appl Psychol Health Well Being, 10(1), 62–86.Google Scholar
Briasoulis, A, Agarwal, V, Messerli, FH. (2012). Alcohol consumption and the risk of hypertension in men and women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich), 14(11), 792–8.Google Scholar
Brien, SE, Ronksley, PE, Turner, BJ Mukamal, KJ, Ghali, WA. (2011). Effect of alcohol consumption on biological markers associated with risk of coronary heart disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of interventional studies. BMJ, 342, d636.Google Scholar
Brunstrom, M, Carlberg, B. (2016). Effect of antihypertensive treatment at different blood pressure levels in patients with diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ, 352, i717.Google Scholar
Cahill, K, Lindson-Hawley, N, Thomas, KH, Fanshawe, TR, Lancaster, T. (2016). Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 5. CD006103.Google Scholar
Cahill, K, Stevens, S, Perera, R, Lancaster, T. (2013). Pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation: an overview and network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 5. CD009329.Google Scholar
Cai, X, Wang, C, Wang, S, Cao, G, Jin, C, Yu, J, et al. (2015). Carbohydrate intake, glycemic index, glycemic load, and stroke: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Asia Pac J Public Health, 27(5), 486–96.Google Scholar
Chan, WS., Ray, J, Wai, EK, Ginsburg, S, Hannah, ME, Corey, PN, et al. (2004). Risk of stroke in women exposed to low-dose oral contraceptives: a critical evaluation of the evidence. Arch Intern Med, 164(7), 741–7.Google Scholar
Chang, CL, Donaghy, M, Poulter, N. (1999). Migraine and stroke in young women: case-control study. The World Health Organization Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception. BMJ, 318(7175), 13–18.Google Scholar
Chang, SH, Stoll, CR, Song, J, Varela, JE, Eagon, CJ, Colditz, GA. (2014). The effectiveness and risks of bariatric surgery: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis, 2003–2012. JAMA Surg, 149(3), 275–87.Google Scholar
Chen, Y, Copeland, WK, Vedanthan, R, Grant, E, Lee, JE, Gu, D, et al. (2013). Association between body mass index and cardiovascular disease mortality in east Asians and south Asians: pooled analysis of prospective data from the Asia Cohort Consortium. BMJ, 347, f5446.Google Scholar
Cheng, P, Huang, W, Bai, W, Wu, Y, Yu, J, Zhu, X, et al. (2015). BMI affects the relationship between long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and stroke risk: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep, 5, 14161.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cholesterol Treatment Trialists, Kearney, PM, Blackwell, L, Collins, R, Keech, A, Simes, J, Peto, R, et al. (2008). Efficacy of cholesterol-lowering therapy in 18,686 people with diabetes in 14 randomised trials of statins: a meta-analysis. Lancet, 371(9607), 117–25.Google Scholar
Chowdhury, R, Stevens, S, Gorman, D, Pan, A, Warnakula, S, Chowdhury, S, et al. (2012). Association between fish consumption, long chain omega 3 fatty acids, and risk of cerebrovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 345, e6698.Google Scholar
D’Elia, L, Iannotta, C, Sabino, P, Ippolito, R. (2014). Potassium-rich diet and risk of stroke: updated meta-analysis. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis, 24(6), 585–7.Google Scholar
D’Isabella, NT, Shkredova, DA, Richardson, JA, Tang, A. (2017). Effects of exercise on cardiovascular risk factors following stroke or transient ischemic attack: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rehabil, 31(12), 1561–72.Google Scholar
de Goede, J, Soedamah-Muthu, SS, Pan, A Gijsbers, L, Geleijnse, M. (2016). Dairy consumption and risk of stroke: a systematic review and updated dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Am Heart Assoc, 5(5):e002787. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.115.002787 May 20;5(5):e002787. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.115.002787.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Souza, RJ, Mente, A, Maroleanu, A, Cozma, AI, Ha, V, Kishibe, T, et al. (2015). Intake of saturated and trans unsaturated fatty acids and risk of all cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMJ, 351, h3978.Google Scholar
Ding, M, Bhupathiraj, SN, Satija, A, van Dam, RM, Hu, FU. (2014). Long-term coffee consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Circulation, 129(6), 643–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edjoc, RK, Reid, RD, Sharma, M. (2012). The effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions in smokers with cerebrovascular disease: a systematic review. BMJ Open, 2(6), e002022.Google Scholar
Eisenberg, MJ, Windle, SB, Roy, N, Old, W, Grondin, FR, Bata, I, et al., and EVITA investigators. (2016). Varenicline for smoking cessation in hospitalized patients with acute coronary syndrome. Circulation, 133(1), 21–30.Google Scholar
Emdin, CA, Rahimi, K, Neal, B, Callender, T, Perkovic, V, Patel, A. (2015). Blood pressure lowering in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA, 313(6), 603–15.Google Scholar
Epstein, KA, Viscoli, CM, Spence, JD, Young, LH, Inzucchi, SE, Gorman, M, et al, and I. T. Investigators. (2017). Smoking cessation and outcome after ischemic stroke or TIA. Neurology, 89(16), 1723–9.Google Scholar
Fang, X, Wang, K, Han, D, He, X, Wei, J, Zhao, L, et al. (2016). Dietary magnesium intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and all-cause mortality: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. BMC Med, 14(1), 210.Google Scholar
Ferri, M, Amato, L, Davoli, M. (2006). Alcoholics Anonymous and other 12-step programmes for alcohol dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 3. CD005032.Google Scholar
Ford, JA, MacLennan, GS, Avenell, A, Bolland, M, Grey, A, Witham, M, et al. (2014). Cardiovascular disease and vitamin D supplementation: trial analysis, systematic review, and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr, 100(3), 746–55.Google Scholar
Fox, CS, Golden, SH, Anderson, C, Bray, GA, Burke, LE, de Boer, IH, et al.; American Heart Association Diabetes Committee of the Council on Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Health; Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research; American Diabetes Association. (2015). Update on prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in light of recent evidence: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and the American Diabetes Association. Circulation, 132(8), 691–718.Google Scholar
Gillum, LA, Mamidipudi, SK, Johnston, SC. (2000). Ischemic stroke risk with oral contraceptives: a meta-analysis. JAMA, 284(1), 72–8.Google Scholar
Greaves, CJ, Sheppard, KE, Abraham, C, Hardeman, W, Roden, M, Evans, PH, et al., I. S. Group (2011). Systematic review of reviews of intervention components associated with increased effectiveness in dietary and physical activity interventions. BMC Public Health, 11, 119.Google Scholar
Guo, Y, Yue, XJ, Li, HH, Song, ZX, Yan, HQ, Zhang, P, et al. (2016). Overweight and obesity in young adulthood and the risk of stroke: a meta-analysis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis, 25(12), 2995–3004.Google Scholar
Hankey, GJ. (2017). The role of nutrition in the risk and burden of stroke: an update of the evidence. Stroke, 48(11), 3168–74.Google Scholar
Harvard Women’s Health Watch (2015). DASH or Mediterranean: which diet is better for you? Harvard Women’s Health Watch, 14(9), 4.Google Scholar
He, Y, Li, Y, Chen, Y, Feng, L, Nie, Z. (2014). Homocysteine level and risk of different stroke types: a meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis, 24(11), 1158–65.Google Scholar
Hooper, L, Martin, N, Abdelhamid, A., Davey Smith, G. (2015). Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 6. CD011737.Google Scholar
Hopper, I, Billah, B, Skiba, M, Krum, H. (2011). Prevention of diabetes and reduction in major cardiovascular events in studies of subjects with prediabetes: meta-analysis of randomised controlled clinical trials. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil, 18(6), 813–23.Google Scholar
Hsu, CY, Chiu, SW, Hong, KS, Saver, JL, Wu, YL, Lee, JD, et al. (2018). Folic acid in stroke prevention in countries without mandatory folic acid food fortification: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Stroke, 20(1), 99–109.Google Scholar
Huang, K, Liu, F, Han, X, Huang, C, Huang, J, Gu, D, et al. (2016). Association of BMI with total mortality and recurrent stroke among stroke patients: A meta-analysis of cohort studies. Atherosclerosis, 253(10), 94–101.Google Scholar
Hughes, JR, Stead, LF, J. Hartmann-Boyce, J, Cahill, K, Lancaster, T. (2014). Antidepressants for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 1. CD000031.Google Scholar
James, AH, Bushnell, CD, Jamison, MG, Myers, ER. (2005). Incidence and risk factors for stroke in pregnancy and the puerperium. Obstet Gynecol, 106(3), 509–16.Google Scholar
Jensen, MD, Ryan, DH, Apovian, CM, Ard, JD Comuzzie, AG, Donato, KA, et al., American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; Obesity Society. (2014). 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society. J Am Coll Cardiol 63(25 Pt B): 2985–3023.Google Scholar
Johnston, BC, Kanters, S, Bandayrel, K, Wu, P, Naji, F, Siemieniuk, RA, et al. (2014). Comparison of weight loss among named diet programs in overweight and obese adults: a meta-analysis. JAMA, 312(9), 923–933.Google Scholar
Jonas, DE, Amick, HR, Feltner, C, Bobashev, G, Thomas, K, Wines, R, et al. (2014). Pharmacotherapy for adults with alcohol use disorders in outpatient settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA, 311(18), 1889–1900.Google Scholar
Kawachi, I, Colditz, GA, Stampfer, MJ, Willett, WC, Manson, JE, Rosner, B, et al. (1993). Smoking cessation and decreased risk of stroke in women. JAMA, 269(2), 232–6.Google Scholar
Kemmeren, JM, Tanis, BC, van den Bosch, MA, Bollen, EL, Helmerhorst, FM, van der Graaf, Y, et al. (2002). Risk of Arterial Thrombosis in Relation to Oral Contraceptives (RATIO) study: oral contraceptives and the risk of ischemic stroke. Stroke, 33(5), 1202–08.Google Scholar
Kernan, WN, Ovbiagele, B, Black, HR, Bravata, DM, Chimowitz, MI, Ezekowitz, MD, et al. (2014). Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke, 45(7), 2160–2236.Google Scholar
Khoury, JC, Kleindorfer, D, Alwell, K, Moomaw, CJ, Woo, D, Adeoye, O, et al. (2013). Diabetes mellitus: a risk factor for ischemic stroke in a large biracial population. Stroke, 44(6), 1500–04.Google Scholar
Kodama, S, Saito, K, Tanaka, S, Horikawa, C, Saito, A, Heianza, Y, et al. (2011). Alcohol consumption and risk of atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol, 57(4), 427–36.Google Scholar
Kwok, CS, Pradhan, A, Khan, MA, Anderson, SG, Keavney, BD, Myint, PK, et al. (2014). Bariatric surgery and its impact on cardiovascular disease and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol, 173(1), 20–8.Google Scholar
Larsson, SC, Wallin, A, Wolk, A, Markus, HS. (2016). Differing association of alcohol consumption with different stroke types: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med, 14(1), 178.Google Scholar
Lee, HJ, Choi, EK, Lee, SH, Kim, YJ, Han, D, Oh, S. (2018). Risk of ischemic stroke in metabolically healthy obesity: a nationwide population-based study. PLoS One, 13(3), e0195210.Google Scholar
Lee, M, Saver, JL, Hong, KS, Song, S, Chang, KH, Ovbiagele, B. (2012). Effect of pre-diabetes on future risk of stroke: meta-analysis. BMJ, 344, e3564.Google Scholar
Lee, PN, Forey, BA. (2006). Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and risk of stroke in nonsmokers: a review with meta-analysis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis, 15(5), 190–201.Google Scholar
Li XY, Cai XL, Bian PD, Hu LR. (2012). High salt intake and stroke: meta-analysis of the epidemiologic evidence. CNS Neurosci Ther, 18(8), 691–701.Google Scholar
Lin, MP, Ovbiagele, B, Markovic, D, Towfighi, A. (2016). Association of secondhand smoke with stroke outcomes. Stroke, 47(11), 2828–35.Google Scholar
Liyanage, T, Ninomiya, T, Wang, A, Neal, B, Jun, M, Wong, MG, et al. (2016). Effects of the Mediterranean Diet on cardiovascular outcomes – a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 11(8), e0159252.Google Scholar
Lloyd-Jones, DM, Hong, Y, Labarthe, D, Mozaffarian, D, Appel, LJ, Van Horn, L, et al. (2010). Defining and setting national goals for cardiovascular health promotion and disease reduction: the American Heart Association’s strategic Impact Goal through 2020 and beyond. Circulation, 121(4), 586–613.Google Scholar
Malek, AM, Cushman, M, Lackland, DT, Howard, G, McClure, LA. (2015). Secondhand smoke exposure and stroke: the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study. Am J Prev Med, 49(6), e89–97.Google Scholar
Marso, SP, Kennedy, KF, House, JA, McGuire, DK. (2010). The effect of intensive glucose control on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, myocardial infarction and stroke in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diab Vasc Dis Res, 7(2), 119–30.Google Scholar
Marti-Carvajal, AJ, Sola, I, Lathyris, D, Dayer, M. (2017). Homocysteine-lowering interventions for preventing cardiovascular events. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 8. CD006612.Google Scholar
Martinez-Gonzalez, MA, Dominguez, LJ, Delgado-Rodriguez, M. (2014). Olive oil consumption and risk of CHD and/or stroke: a meta-analysis of case-control, cohort and intervention studies. Br J Nutr, 112(2), 248–59.Google Scholar
McRobbie, H, Bullen, C, Hartmann-Boyce, J, Hajek, P. (2014). Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation and reduction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 12. CD010216.Google Scholar
Meschia, JF, Bushnell, C, Boden-Albala, B, Braun, LT, Bravata, DM, Chaturvedi, S, et al.; American Heart Association Stroke Council; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Clinical Cardiology; Council on Functional Genomics and Translational Biology; Council on Hypertension. (2014). Guidelines for the primary prevention of stroke: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke, 45(12), 3754–3832.Google Scholar
Moresoli, P, Habib, B, Reynier, P, Secrest, MH, Eisenberg, MJ, Filion, KB. (2017). Carotid stenting versus endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke, 48(8), 2150–7.Google Scholar
Mukamal, KJ, Massaro, JM, Ault, KA, Mittleman, MA, Sutherland, PA, Lipinska, I, (2005). Alcohol consumption and platelet activation and aggregation among women and men: the Framingham Offspring Study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 29(10), 1906–12.Google Scholar
Myung, SK, Ju, W, Cho, B, Oh, SW, Park, SM, Koo, BK, Park, BJ, and Korean Meta-Analysis Study Group. (2013). Efficacy of vitamin and antioxidant supplements in prevention of cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ, 346, f10.Google Scholar
Narain, A, Kwok, CS, Mamas, MA. (2016). Soft drinks and sweetened beverages and the risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Clin Pract, 70(10), 791–805.Google Scholar
Ndanuko, RN, Tapsell, LC, Charlton, KE, Neale, EP, Batterham, MJ. (2016). Dietary patterns and blood pressure in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Adv Nutr, 7(1), 76–89.Google Scholar
Nightingale, AL, Farmer, RD. (2004). Ischemic stroke in young women: a nested case-control study using the UK General Practice Research Database. Stroke, 35(7), 1574–8.Google Scholar
O’Donnell, MJ, Chin, SL, Rangarajan, S, Xavier, D, Liu, L, Zhang, H, et al.; and INTERSTROKE Investigators. (2016). Global and regional effects of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with acute stroke in 32 countries (INTERSTROKE): a case-control study. Lancet, 388(10046), 761–75.Google Scholar
Oesch, L, Tatlisumak, T, Arnold, M, Sarikaya, H. (2017). Obesity paradox in stroke – myth or reality? A systematic review. PLoS One, 12(3), e0171334.Google Scholar
Oono, IP, Mackay, DF, Pell, JP. (2011). Meta-analysis of the association between secondhand smoke exposure and stroke. J Public Health (Oxf), 33(4), 496–502.Google Scholar
Pan, A, Wang, Y, Talaei, M, Hu, FB. (2015). Relation of smoking with total mortality and cardiovascular events among patients with diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Circulation, 132(19), 1795–1804.Google Scholar
Peters, SA, Huxley, RR, Woodward, M. (2013). Smoking as a risk factor for stroke in women compared with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 81 cohorts, including 3,980,359 individuals and 42,401 strokes. Stroke, 44(10), 2821–8.Google Scholar
Peters, SA, Huxley, RR, Woodward, M. (2014). Diabetes as a risk factor for stroke in women compared with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 64 cohorts, including 775,385 individuals and 12,539 strokes. Lancet, 383(9933), 1973–80.Google Scholar
Qin, X, Li, J, Spence, JD, Zhang, Y, Li, Y, Wang, X, et al. (2016). Folic acid therapy reduces the first stroke risk associated with hypercholesterolemia among hypertensive patients. Stroke, 47(11), 2805–12.Google Scholar
Roach, RE, Helmerhorst, FM, Lijfering, WM, Stijnen, T, Algra, A, Dekkers, OM. (2015). Combined oral contraceptives: the risk of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 8. CD011054.Google Scholar
Roberson, LL, Aneni, EC, Maziak, W, Agatston, A, Feldman, T, Rouseff, M, et al. (2014). Beyond BMI: the metabolically healthy obese phenotype & its association with clinical/subclinical cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality – a systematic review. BMC Public Health, 14, 14.Google Scholar
Rothwell, PM, Eliasziw, M, Gutnikov, SA, Fox, AJ, Taylor, DW, Mayberg, MR, et al. (2003). Analysis of pooled data from the randomised controlled trials of endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis. Lancet, 361(9352), 107–16.Google Scholar
Sabatine, MS, Leiter, LA, Wiviott, SD, Giugliano, RP, Deedwania, P, De Ferrari, GM, et al. (2017). Cardiovascular safety and efficacy of the PCSK9 inhibitor evolocumab in patients with and without diabetes and the effect of evolocumab on glycaemia and risk of new-onset diabetes: a prespecified analysis of the FOURIER randomised controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 5(12), 941–50.Google Scholar
Sackner-Bernstein, J, Kanter, D, Kaul, S. (2015). Dietary intervention for overweight and obese adults: comparison of low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets. a meta-analysis. PLoS One, 10(10), e0139817.Google Scholar
Samson, JE, Tanner-Smith, EE. (2015). Single-session alcohol interventions for heavy drinking college students: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Stud Alcohol Drugs, 76(4), 530–43.Google Scholar
Santos, FL, Esteves, SS, da Costa Pereira, A, Yancy, WS Jr, Nunes, JP. (2012). Systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials of the effects of low carbohydrate diets on cardiovascular risk factors. Obes Rev, 13(11), 1048–66.Google Scholar
Sattar, N, Preiss, D, Murray, HM, Welsh, P, Buckley, BM, de Craen, AJ, et al. (2010). Statins and risk of incident diabetes: a collaborative meta-analysis of randomised statin trials. Lancet, 375(9716), 735–42.Google Scholar
Schwingshackl, L, Bogensberger, B, Hoffmann, G. (2018). Diet quality as assessed by the Healthy Eating Index, Alternate Healthy Eating Index, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Score, and Health Outcomes: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. J Acad Nutr Diet, 118(1), 74–100 e111.Google Scholar
Schwingshackl, L, Hoffmann, G. (2014). Monounsaturated fatty acids, olive oil and health status: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Lipids Health Dis, 13, 154.Google Scholar
Shah, RS, Cole, JW. (2010). Smoking and stroke: the more you smoke the more you stroke. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther, 8(7), 917–32.Google Scholar
Shou, J, Zhou, L, Zhu, S, Zhang, X. (2015). Diabetes is an independent risk factor for stroke recurrence in stroke patients: a meta-analysis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis, 24(9), 1961–8.Google Scholar
Siebenhofer, A, Jeitler, K, Horvath, K, Berghold, A, Posch, N, Meschik, J, et al. (2016). Long-term effects of weight-reducing drugs in people with hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 3. CD007654.Google Scholar
Spence, JD, Yi, Q, Hankey, GJ. (2017). B vitamins in stroke prevention: time to reconsider. Lancet Neurol, 16(9), 750–60.Google Scholar
Stead, LF, Buitrago, D, Preciado, N, Sanchez, G, Hartmann-Boyce, J, Lancaster, T. (2013). Physician advice for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 5. CD000165.Google Scholar
Stead, LF, Koilpillai, P, Lancaster, T. (2015). Additional behavioural support as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 10. CD009670.Google Scholar
Stead, LF, Perera, R, Bullen, C, Mant, D, Hartmann-Boyce, J, Cahill, K, et al. (2012). Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 11. CD000146.Google Scholar
Strazzullo, P, D’Elia, L, Cairella, G, Garbagnati, F, Cappuccio, FP, Scalfi, L. (2010). Excess body weight and incidence of stroke: meta-analysis of prospective studies with 2 million participants. Stroke, 41(5): e418–26.Google Scholar
Threapleton, DE, Greenwood, DC, Evans, CE, Cleghorn, CL, Nykjaer, C, Woodhead, C, et al. (2013). Dietary fiber intake and risk of first stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke, 44(5), 1360–8.Google Scholar
Tian, DY, Tian, J, Shi, CH, Song, B, Wu, J, Ji, Y, et al. (2015). Calcium intake and the risk of stroke: an up-dated meta-analysis of prospective studies. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 24(2), 245–52.Google Scholar
Towfighi, A, Markovic, D, Ovbiagele, B. (2012a). Current national patterns of comorbid diabetes among acute ischemic stroke patients. Cerebrovasc Dis, 33(5), 411–18.Google Scholar
Towfighi, A, Markovic, D, Ovbiagele, B. (2012b). Impact of a healthy lifestyle on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality after stroke in the USA. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 83(2), 146–151.Google Scholar
Towfighi, A, Ovbiagele, B. (2009). The impact of body mass index on mortality after stroke. Stroke, 40(8), 2704–08.Google Scholar
Vinceti, M, Filippini, T, Crippa, A, de Sesmaisons, A, Wise, LA, Orsini, N. (2016). Meta-analysis of potassium intake and the risk of stroke. J Am Heart Assoc, 5(10), e004210.Google Scholar
Wahid, A, Manek, N, Nichols, M, Kelly, P, Foster, C, Webster, P, et al. (2016). Quantifying the association between physical activity and cardiovascular disease and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Heart Assoc, 5(9).Google Scholar
Whiting, DR, Guariguata, L, Weil, C, Shaw, J. (2011). IDF diabetes atlas: global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2011 and 2030. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 94(3), 311–21.Google Scholar
Wilk, AI, Jensen, NM, Havighurst, TC. (1997). Meta-analysis of randomized control trials addressing brief interventions in heavy alcohol drinkers. J Gen Intern Med, 12(5), 274–83.Google Scholar
Woodward, M, Lam, TH, Barzi, F, Patel, A, Gu, D, Rodgers, A, et al., and Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration. (2005). Smoking, quitting, and the risk of cardiovascular disease among women and men in the Asia-Pacific region. Int J Epidemiol, 34(5), 1036–45.Google Scholar
Wu, O, Robertson, L, Twaddle, S, Lowe, GD, Clark, P, Greaves, M, et al. (2006). Screening for thrombophilia in high-risk situations: systematic review and cost-effectiveness analysis. The Thrombosis: Risk and Economic Assessment of Thrombophilia Screening (TREATS) study. Health Technol Assess, 10(11), 1–110.Google Scholar
Xu, L, Lam, TH, Jiang, CQ, Zhang, WS, Zhu, F, Jin, YL, et al. (2019). Egg consumption and the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study and meta-analyses. Eur J Nutr, 58(2), 785–96.Google Scholar
Xu, Z, Li, Y, Tang, S, Huang, X, Chen, T. (2015). Current use of oral contraceptives and the risk of first-ever ischemic stroke: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Thromb Res, 136(1), 52–60.Google Scholar
Yang, C, Pan, L, Sun, C, Xi, Y, Wang, L, Li, D. (2016). Red meat consumption and the risk of stroke: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis, 25(5), 1177–86.Google Scholar
Yuan, S, Li, X, Jin, Y, Lu, J. (2017). Chocolate consumption and risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Nutrients, 9(7):688. doi: 10.3390/nu9070688.Google Scholar
Zhang, C, Qin, YY, Wei, X, Yu, FF, Zhou, YH, He, J. (2015). Tea consumption and risk of cardiovascular outcomes and total mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Eur J Epidemiol, 30(2), 103–13.Google Scholar
Zhao, M, Wu, G, Li, Y, Wang, X, Hou, FF, Xu, X, et al. (2017). Meta-analysis of folic acid efficacy trials in stroke prevention: insight into effect modifiers. Neurology, 88(19), 1830–8.Google Scholar
Zhong, CK, Zhong, XY, Xu, T, Zhang, YH. (2016). Measures of abdominal adiposity and risk of stroke: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Biomed Environ Sci, 29(1), 12–23.Google Scholar
Zoungas, S, Arima, H, Gerstein, HC, Holman, RR, Woodward, M, Reaven, P, et al.; Collaborators on Trials of Lowering Glucose. (2017). Effects of intensive glucose control on microvascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised controlled trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 5(6), 431–7.Google Scholar

References

ACTIVE Investigators. (2009). Effect of clopidogrel added to aspirin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med, 360, 2066–78.Google Scholar
Albertsen, IE, Rasmussen, LH, Overvad, TF, Graungaard, T, Larsen, TB, Lip, GY. (2013). Risk of stroke or systemic embolism in atrial fibrillation patients treated with warfarin: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke, 44, 1329–36.Google Scholar
Alli, OO, Holmes, DR Jr. (2015). Left atrial appendage occlusion for stroke prevention. Curr Probl Cardiol, 40, 429–76.Google Scholar
Almekhlafi, MA, Wilton, SB, Rabi, DM, Ghali, WA, Lorenzetti, DL, Hill, MD. (2009). Recurrent cerebral ischemia in medically treated patent foramen ovale: a meta-analysis. Neurology, 73, 89–97.Google Scholar
Ansell, JE, Bakhru, SH, Laulicht, BE, Steiner, SS, Grosso, M, Brown, K, et al. (2014). Use of PER977 to reverse the anticoagulant effect of edoxaban. N Engl J Med, 371, 2141–2Google Scholar
Baddour, LM, Wilson, WR, Bayer, AS, Fowler, VG Jr, Tleyjeh, IM, Rybak, MJ, et al. (2015) Infective endocarditis in adults: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 132, 1435–86.Google Scholar
Bala, MM, Paszek, E, Lesniak, W, Wloch-Kopec, D, Jasinska, K, Undas, A. (2018) Antiplatelet and anticoagulant agents for primary prevention of thrombosis in individuals with antiphospholipid antibodies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 7, CD012534.Google Scholar
Beyer-Westendorf, J, Forster, K, Pannach, S, Ebertz, F, Gelbricht, V, Thieme, C, et al. (2014). Rates, management, and outcome of rivaroxaban bleeding in daily care: results from the Dresden NOAC registry. Blood, 124, 955–962.Google Scholar
Borre, ED, Goode, A, Raitz, G, Shah, B, Lowenstern, A, Chatterjee, R, et al. (2018). Predicting thromboembolic and bleeding event risk in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation: a systematic review. Thromb Haemost, 118, 2171–87.Google Scholar
Bruins Slot, KM, Berge, E. (2018). Factor Xa inhibitors versus vitamin K antagonists for preventing cerebral or systemic embolism in patients with atrial fibrillation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 3, CD008980. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008980.pub3.Google Scholar
Cannon, CP, Bhatt, DL, Oldgren, J, Lip, GYH, Ellis, SG, Kimura, T, et al.; RE-DUAL PCI Steering Committee and Investigators. (2017). Dual antithrombotic therapy with dabigatran after PCI in atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med, 377, 1513–24.Google Scholar
Chandrashekhar, Y, Westaby, S, Narula, J. (2009) Mitral stenosis. Lancet, 374, 1271–83.Google Scholar
Chen, LY, Norby, FL, Chamberlain, AM, MacLehose, RF, Bengtson, LG, Lutsey, PL, et al. (2019). CHA2DS2-VASc score and stroke prediction in atrial fibrillation in whites, blacks and Hispanics. Stroke, 50, 28–33.Google Scholar
Chi, G, Kerneis, M, Kalayci, A, Liu, Y, Mehran, R, Bode, C, et al (2018). Safety and efficacy of non-vitamin K oral anticoagulant for atrial fibrillation patients after percutaneous coronary intervention: A bivariate analysis of the PIONEER AF-PCI and RE-DUAL PCI trial. Am Heart J, 203,17–24.Google Scholar
Connolly, SJ, Pogue, J, Eikelboom, J, Flaker, G, Commerford, P, Franzosi, MG, et al. (2008). Benefit of oral anticoagulant over antiplatelet therapy in atrial fibrillation depends on the quality of international normalized ratio control achieved by centers and countries as measured by time in therapeutic range. Circulation, 118, 2029–37.Google Scholar
Connolly, SJ, Ezekowitz, MD, Yusuf, S, Eikelboom, J, Oldgren, J, Parekh, A, et al., for the RE-LY Steering Committee and Investigators. (2009). Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med, 361, 1139–51.Google Scholar
Connolly, SJ, Ezekowitz, MD, Yusuf, S, Reilly, PA, Wallentin, L, for the Randomized Evaluation of Long-Term Anticoagulation Therapy Investigators. (2010). Newly identified events in the RE-LY trial (letter to the editor). N Engl J Med, 363, 1875–6.Google Scholar
Connolly, SJ, Eikelboom, JW, Ng, J, Hirsh, J, Yusuf, S, Pogue, J, et al., and the ACTIVE (Atrial Fibrillation Clopidogrel Trial with Irbesartan for Prevention of Vascular Events) Steering Committee and Investigators. (2011a). Net clinical benefit of adding clopidogrel to aspirin therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation for whom vitamin K antagonists are unsuitable. Ann Intern Med, 155, 579–86.Google Scholar
Connolly, SJ, Eikelboom, J, Joyner, C, Diener, HC, Hart, R, Golitsyn, S, et al., and the AVERROES Steering Committee and Investigators. (2011b). Apixaban in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med, 364, 806–17.Google Scholar
Connolly, SJ, Milling, TJ, Eikelboom, JW, Gibson, CM, Curnutte, JT, Gold, A, et al., ANNEXA-4 Investigators. (2016). Andexanet Alfa for acute major bleeding associated with factor Xa inhibitors. N Engl J Med, 375, 1131–41.Google Scholar
Connolly, SJ, Crowther, M, Eikelboom, JW, Gibson, CM, Curnutte, JT, Lawrence, JH, et al; ANNEXA-4 Investigators. (2019). Full study report of Andexanet Alfa for bleeding associated with factor Xa inhibitors. N Engl J Med, 380, 1326–35.Google Scholar
Das, A, Liu, D. (2015). Novel antidotes for target specific oral anticoagulants. Exp Hematol Oncol, 4, 25.Google Scholar
DeWilde, WJ, Oirbans, T, Verheugt, FW, Kelder, JC, De Smet, JP, Adriaenssens, T, et al.; WOEST Study Investigators. (2013). Use of clopidogrel with or without aspirin in patients taking oral anticoagulant therapy and undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: an open-label, randomized, controlled trial. Lancet, 381, 1107–15.Google Scholar
Di Biase, L, Santangeli, P, Anselmino, M, Mohanty, P, Salvetti, I, Gili, S, et al. (2012). Does the left atrial appendage morphology correlate with the risk of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation? Results from a multicenter study. J Am Coll Cardiol, 60, 531–8.Google Scholar
Diener, HC, Eikelboom, J, Connolly, SJ, Joyner, CD, Hart, RG, Lip, GY, et al.; AVERROES Steering Committee and Investigators. (2012). Apixaban versus aspirin in patients with atrial fibrillation and previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack: a predefined subgroup analysis from AVERROES, a randomized trial. Lancet Neurol, 11, 225–31.Google Scholar
Douketis, JD, Spyropoulos, AC, Kaatz, S, Becker, RC, Caprini, JA, Dunn, AS, et al.; BRIDGE Investigators. (2015). Perioperative bridging anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med, 373, 823–33.Google Scholar
Eikelboom, JW, Connolly, SJ, Brueckmann, M, Granger, CB, Kappetein, AP, Mack, MJ, et al.; RE-ALIGN Investigators. (2013). Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with mechanical heart valves. N Engl J Med, 369, 1206–14.Google Scholar
Eikelboom, JW, Quinlan, DJ, van Ryn, J, Weitz, JI. (2015). Idarucizumab: the antidote for reversal of dabigatran. Circulation, 132, 2412–22.Google Scholar
European Atrial Fibrillation Trial Study Group. (1993). Secondary prevention in non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation after transient ischemic attack or minor stroke. Lancet, 342, 1255–62.Google Scholar
Freudenberger, RS, Hellkamp, AS, Halperin, JL, Poole, J, Anderson, J, Johnson, G, et al. (2007). Risk of thromboembolism in heart failure: an analysis from the Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial (SCD-HeFT). Circulation, 115, 2637–41.Google Scholar
Friberg, L, Rosenqvist, M, Lip, GY. (2012). Evaluation of risk stratification schemes for ischaemic stroke and bleeding in 182678 patients with atrial fibrillation: the Swedish Atrial Fibrillation cohort study. Eur Heart J, 33, 1500–10.Google Scholar
Gibson, CM, Mehran, R, Bode, C, Halperin, J, Verheugt, FW, Wildgoose, P, et al. (2016). Prevention of bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing PCI. N Engl J Med, 375, 2423–34.Google Scholar
Giugliano, RP, Ruff, CT, Braunwald, E, Murphy, SA, Wiviott, SD, Halperin, JL, et al.; ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 Investigators. (2013). Edoxaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med, 369, 2093–104.Google Scholar
Giugliano, RP, Ruff, CT, Rost, NS, Silverman, S, Wiviott, SD, Lowe, C, et al.; ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 Investigators. (2014). Cerebrovascular events in 21 105 patients with atrial fibrillation randomized to edoxaban versus warfarin: Effective Anticoagulation with Factor Xa Next Generation in Atrial Fibrillation-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 48. Stroke, 45, 2372–8.Google Scholar
Gladstone, DJ, Spring, M, Dorian, P, for the EMBRACE Investigators and Coordinators. (2014). Atrial fibrillation in patients with cryptogenic stroke. N Engl J Med, 370, 2467–77.Google Scholar
Glund, S, Stangier, J, Schmohl, M, Gansser, D, Norris, S, van Ryn, J, et al. (2015). Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of idarucizumab for the reversal of the anticoagulant effect of dabigatran in healthy male volunteers: a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind phase 1 trial. Lancet, 386, 680–90.Google Scholar
Goldberger, JJ, Arora, R, Green, D, Greenland, P, Lee, DC, Lloyd-Jones, DM, et al. (2015). Evaluating the atrial myopathy underlying atrial fibrillation: identifying the arrhythmogenic and thrombogenic substrate. Circulation, 132, 278–91.Google Scholar
Goldstein, JN, Refaai, MA, Milling, TJ Jr, Lewis, B, Goldberg-Alberts, R, Hug, BA, et al. (2015). Four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate versus plasma for rapid vitamin K antagonist reversal in patients needing urgent surgical or invasive interventions: a phase 3b, open-label, non-inferiority, randomised trial. Lancet, 385, 2077–87.Google Scholar
Gosselin, RC, Adcock, DM, Bates, SM, Douxfils, J, Favaloro, EJ, Gouin-Thibault, I, et al., International Council for Standardization in Haematology (ICSH). (2018). Recommendations for laboratory measurement of direct oral anticoagulants. Thromb Haemost, 118, 437–50.Google Scholar
Granger, CB, Alexander, JH, McMurray, JJV, Lopes, RD, Hylek, EM, Hanna, M, et al., for the ARISTOTLE Committees and Investigators. (2011). Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med, 365, 981–92.Google Scholar
Gurol, ME. (2018). Nonpharmacological management of atrial fibrillation in patients at high intracranial hemorrhage risk. Stroke, 49, 247–254.Google Scholar
Hankey, GJ, Patel, MR, Stevens, SR, Becker, RC, Breithardt, G, Carolei, A, et al.; ROCKET AF Steering Committee Investigators. (2012). Rivaroxaban compared with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation and previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack: a subgroup analysis of ROCKET AF. Lancet Neurol, 11, 315-22.Google Scholar
Hankey, GJ, McQuillan, BM. (2018). Patent foramen ovale closure: the pendulum swings. Circulation, 137, 1991–3.Google Scholar
Hankey, GJ, Stevens, SR, Piccini, JP, Lokhnygina, Y, Mahaffey, KW, Halperin, JL, et al.; ROCKET AF Steering Committee and Investigators. (2014). Intracranial hemorrhage among patients with atrial fibrillation anticoagulated with warfarin or rivaroxaban: the rivaroxaban once daily, oral, direct factor XA inhibition compared with vitamin K antagonism for prevention of stroke and embolism trial in atrial fibrillation. Stroke, 45, 1304–12.Google Scholar
Hanif, H, Belley-Cote, EP, Alotaibi, A, Dvirnik, N, Neupane, B, Beyene, J, et al. (2018). Left atrial appendage occlusion for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino), 59, 128–39.Google Scholar
Hart, RG, Diener, HC, Yang, S, Connolly, SJ, Wallentin, L, Reilly, PA, et al. (2012). Intracranial hemorrhage in atrial fibrillation patients during anticoagulation with warfarin or dabigatran: the RE-LY trial. Stroke, 43, 1511–17.Google Scholar
Hart, RG, Pearce, LA, Aguilar, MI. (2007). Meta-analysis: antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients who have nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med, 146, 857–67.Google Scholar
Healey, JS, Eikelboom, J, Douketis, J, Wallentin, L, Oldgren, J, Yang, S, et al. (2012). Periprocedural bleeding and thromboembolic events with dabigatran compared with warfarin: results from the Randomized Evaluation of Long- Term Anticoagulation Therapy (RE-LY) randomized trial. Circulation, 126, 343–8.Google Scholar
Healey, JS, Hart, RG, Pogue, J, Pfeffer, MA, Hohnloser, SH, De Caterina, R, et al. (2008). Risks and benefits of oral anticoagulation compared with clopidogrel plus aspirin in patients with atrial fibrillation according to stroke risk: the atrial fibrillation clopidogrel trial with irbesartan for prevention of vascular events (ACTIVE-W). Stroke, 39, 1482–6.Google Scholar
Heidbuchel, H, Verhamme, P, Alings, M, Antz, M, Hacke, W, Oldgren, J, et al.; European Heart Rhythm Association. (2013). European Heart Rhythm Association Practical Guide on the use of new oral anticoagulants in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Europace, 15, 625–51.Google Scholar
Heidbuchel, H, Verhamme, P, Alings, M, Antz, M, Diener, HC, Hacke, W, et al.; ESC Scientific Document Group. (2017) Updated European Heart Rhythm Association practical guide on the use of non-vitamin-K antagonist anticoagulants in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation: executive summary. Eur Heart J, 38, 2137–49.Google Scholar
Heo, YA. (2018). Andexanet alfa: first global approval. Drugs, 78, 1049–55.Google Scholar
Hijazi, Z, Lindbäck, J, Alexander, JH, Hanna, M, Held, C, Hylek, EM, et al., for the ARISTOTLE and STABILITY Investigators. (2016a). The ABC (age, biomarkers, clinical history) stroke risk score: a biomarker-based risk score for predicting stroke in atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J, 37, 1582–90.Google Scholar
Hijazi, Z, Oldgren, J, Lindbäck, J, Alexander, JH, Connolly, SJ, Eikelboom, JW, et al., for the ARISTOTLE and RE-LY Investigators. (2016b). The novel biomarker-based ABC (age, biomarkers, clinical history)-bleeding risk score for patients with atrial fibrillation: a derivation and validation study. Lancet, 387, 2302–11.Google Scholar
Homma, S, Sacco, RL, Di Tullio, MR, Sciacca, RR, Mohr, JP; PFO In Cryptogenic Stroke Study (PICSS) Investigators. (2002). Effect of medical treatment in stroke patients with patent foramen ovale: Patent foramen ovale In Cryptogenic Stroke Study. Circulation, 105, 2625–31.Google Scholar
Huang, WY, Singer, DE, Wu, YL, Chiang, CE, Weng, HH, Lee, M, et al. (2018). Association of intracranial haemorrhage risk with non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant use vs aspirin use. A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol, 75, 1511–18.Google Scholar
Idarucizumab (Praxbind) – an antidote for dabigatran. (2015). Med Lett Drugs Ther, 57, 157–8.Google Scholar
Iversen, K, Ihlemann, N, Gill, SU, Madsen, T, Elming, H, Jensen, KT, et al. (2019). Partial oral versus intravenous antibiotic treatment of endocarditis. N Engl J Med, 380, 415–24.Google Scholar
Jonas, DE, Kahwati, LC, Yun, JDY, Middleton, JC, Coker-Schwimmer, M, Asher, GN. (2018). Screening for atrial fibrillation with electrocardiography: evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA, 320, 485–98.Google Scholar
Kasner, SE, Swaminathan, B, Lavados, P, Sharma, M, Muir, K, Veltkamp, R, et al.; NAVIGATE ESUS Investigators. (2018). Rivaroxaban or aspirin for patent foramen ovale and embolic stroke of undetermined source: a prespecified subgroup analysis from the NAVIGATE ESUS trial. Lancet Neurol, 17, 1053–60.Google Scholar
Kernan, WN, Ovbiagele, B, Black, HR, Bravata, DM, Chimowitz, MI, Ezekowitz, MD, et al. (2014). Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke, 45, 2160–236.Google Scholar
Kontny, F, Dale, J, Abildgaard, U, Pedersen, TR. (1997). Randomized trial of low molecular weight heparin (dalteparin) in prevention of left ventricular thrombus formation and arterial embolism after acute anterior myocardial infarction: the Fragmin in Acute Myocardial Infarction (FRAMI) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol, 30,962–9.Google Scholar
Kuijpers, T, Spencer, FA, Siemieniuk, RAC, Vandvik, PO, Otto, CM, Lytvyn, L, et al. (2018). Patent foramen ovale closure, antiplatelet therapy or anticoagulation therapy alone for management of cryptogenic stroke? A clinical practice guideline. BMJ, 362, k2515.Google Scholar
Leyden, JM, Kleinig, TJ, Newbury, J, Castle, S, Cranefield, J, Anderson, CS, et al. (2013). Adelaide Stroke Incidence Study: declining stroke rates but many preventable cardioembolic strokes. Stroke, 44, 1226–31.Google Scholar
Lindahl, TL, Wallstedt, M, Gustafsson, KM, Persson, E, Hillarp, A. (2015). More efficient reversal of dabigatran inhibition of coagulation by activated prothrombin complex concentrate or recombinant factor VIIa than by four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate. Thromb Res, 135, 544–7.Google Scholar
Lip, GY, Nieuwlaat, R, Pisters, R, Lane, DA, Crijns, HJ. (2010). Refining clinical risk stratification for predicting stroke and thromboembolism in AF using a novel risk factor-based approach: the Euro Heart Survey on Atrial Fibrillation. Chest, 137, 263–72.Google Scholar
Lowenstern, A, Al-Khatib, SM, Sharan, L, Chatterjee, R, Allen LaPointe, NM, Shah, B, et al. (2018). Interventions for preventing thromboembolic events in people with atrial fibrillation. A systematic review. Ann Intern Med, 169, 774–87.Google Scholar
Lu, G, DeGuzman, FR, Hollenbach, SJ, Karbarz, MJ, Abe, K, Lee, G, et al. (2013). A specific antidote for reversal of anticoagulation by direct and indirect inhibitors of coagulation factor Xa. Nat Med, 19, 446–51.Google Scholar
Mahajan, N, Ganguly, J, Simegn, M, Bhattacharya, P, Shankar, L, Madhavan, R, et al. (2010). Predictors of stroke in patients with severe systolic dysfunction in sinus rhythm: role of echocardiography. Int J Cardiol, 145, 87–9.Google Scholar
Maheshwari, A, Norby, FL, Roetker, NS, Soliman, EZ, Koene, RJ, Rooney, MR, et al. (2019). Refining predictions of atrial fibrillation-related stroke using the P2- CHA2DS2-VASc score. ARIC and MESA. Circulation, 139,180–91.Google Scholar
Majeed, A, Agren, A, Holmstrom, M, Bruzelius, M, Chaireti, R, Odeberg, J, et al. (2017). Management of rivaroxaban- or apixaban-associated major bleeding with prothrombin complex concentrates: a cohort study. Blood, 130,1706–12Google Scholar
Mas, JL, Arquizan, C, Lamy, C, Zuber, M, Cabanes, L, Derumeaux, G, et al., and the Patent Foramen Ovale and Atrial Septal Aneurysm Study Group. (2001). Recurrent cerebrovascular events associated with patent foramen ovale, atrial septal aneurysm, or both. N Engl J Med, 345, 1740–6.Google Scholar
Mas, JL, Derumeaux, G, Guillon, B, Massardier, E, Hosseini, H, Mechtouff, L, et al., CLOSE Investigators. (2017) Patent foramen ovale closure or anticoagulation vs. antiplatelets after stroke. N Engl J Med, 377, 1011–21.Google Scholar
Massel, DR, Little, SH. (2013). Antiplatelet and anticoagulation for patients with prosthetic heart valves. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 7, CD003464. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003464.pub2.Google Scholar
Mazzucco, S, Li, L, Binney, L, Rothwell, PM; Oxford Vascular Study Phenotyped Cohort. (2018). Prevalence of patent foramen ovale in cryptogenic transient ischaemic attack and non-disabling stroke at older ages: a population-based study, systematic review, and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol; 17, 609–17.Google Scholar
McGrath, ER, Kapral, MK, Fang, J, Eikelboom, JW, o Conghaile, A, Canavan, M, et al., and the Investigators of the Registry of the Canadian Stroke Network. (2012). Which risk factors are more associated with ischemic stroke than intracerebral hemorrhage in patients with atrial fibrillation? Stroke, 43, 2048–54.Google Scholar
Merkler, AE, Gialdini, G, Yaghi, S, Okin, PM, Iadecola, C, Navi, BB, Kamel, H. (2017). Safety outcomes after percutaneous transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale. Stroke, 48, 3073–7.Google Scholar
Mir, H, Siemieniuk, RAC, Ge, LC, Foroutan, F, Fralick, M, Syed, T, et al (2018). Patent foramen ovale closure, antiplatelet therapy or anticoagulation in patients with patent foramen ovale and cryptogenic stroke: a systematic review and network meta-analysis incorporating complementary external evidence. BMJ Open, 8, e023761.Google Scholar
Nishimura, RA, Otto, CM, Bonow, RO, Carabello, BA, Erwin, JP 3rd, Guyton, RA, et al. (2014). 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients with Valvular Heart Disease: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation, 129, 2440–92.Google Scholar
Ng, KKH, Whiteley, W. (2017). Anticoagulation timing for atrial fibrillation in acute ischemic stroke: time to reopen Pandora’s box? JAMA Neurol, 74, 1174–5.Google Scholar
Ntaios, G, Papavasileiou, V, Diener, HC, Makaritsis, K, Michel, P. (2017). Nonvitamin-K-antagonist oral anticoagulants versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation and previous stroke or transient ischemic attack: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Stroke, 12, 589–96.Google Scholar
Ntaios, G, Papavasileiou, V, Sagris, D, Makaritsis, K, Vemmos, K, Steiner, T, Michel, P. (2018). Closure of patent foramen ovale versus medical therapy in patients with cryptogenic stroke or transient ischemic attack: updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke, 49, 412–18.Google Scholar
Oldgren, J, Alings, M, Darius, H, Diener, HC, Eikelboom, J, Ezekowitz, MD, et al., and the RE-LY Investigators. (2011). Risks for stroke, bleeding, and death in patients with atrial fibrillation receiving dabigatran or warfarin in relation to the CHADS2 score: a subgroup analysis of the RE-LY trial. Ann Intern Med, 155, 660–7.Google Scholar
Olesen, JB, Lip, GY, Hansen, ML, Tolstrup, JS, Lindhardsen, J, Selmer, C, et al. (2011). Validation of risk stratification schemes for predicting stroke and thromboembolism in patients with atrial fibrillation: a nationwide cohort study. BMJ, 342, d124.Google Scholar
Patel, MR, Mahaffey, KW, Garg, J, Pan, G, Singer, DE, Hacke, W, et al., for the ROCKET AF Investigators. (2011). Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med, 365, 883–91.Google Scholar
Pisters, R, Lane, DA, Nieuwlaat, R, de Vos, CB, Crijns, HJ, Lip, GY. (2010). A novel user-friendly score (HAS-BLED) to assess one-year risk of major bleeding in AF patients: the Euro Heart Survey. Chest, 138, 1093–100.Google Scholar
Pollack, CV Jr, Reilly, PA, Eikelboom, J, Glund, S, Verhamme, P, Bernstein, RA, et al. (2015). Idarucizumab for Dabigatran Reversal. N Engl J Med. 373, 511–20.Google Scholar
Pollack, CV Jr, Reilly, PA, van Ryn, J, Eikelboom, JW, Glund, S, Bernstein, RA, et al. (2017). Idarucizumab for dabigatran reversal – full cohort analysis. N Engl J Med, 377, 431–41.Google Scholar
Powers, WJ. (2018) Additional factors in considering patent foramen ovale closure to prevent recurrent ischemic stroke. JAMA Neurol, 75, 895.Google Scholar
Reddy, VY, Sievert, H, Halperin, J, Doshi, SK, Buchbinder, M, Neuzil, P, et al., PROTECT AF Steering Committee and Investigators. (2014). Percutaneous left atrial appendage closure vs warfarin for atrial fibrillation: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 312, 1988–98.Google Scholar
Reddy, VY, Doshi, SK, Kar, S, Gibson, DN, Price, MJ, Huber, K, et al.; PREVAIL and PROTECT AF Investigators. (2017). 5-year outcomes after left atrial appendage closure: from the PREVAIL and PROTECT AF trials. J Am Coll Cardiol, 70, 2964–75.Google Scholar
Reddy, VY, Akehurst, RL, Amorosi, SL, Gavaghan, MB, Hertz, DS, Holmes, DR Jr. (2018). Cost-effectiveness of left atrial appendage closure with the WATCHMAN device compared with warfarin or non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants for secondary prevention in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Stroke, 49, 1464–70.Google Scholar
Ruff, CT, Giugliano, RP, Braunwald, E, Hoffman, EB, Deenadayalu, N, Ezekowitz, MD, et al. (2014). Comparison of the efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet, 383, 955–62.Google Scholar
Ruff, CT, Giugliano, RP, Braunwald, E, Morrow, DA, Murphy, SA, Kuder, JF, et al. (2015). Association between edoxaban dose, concentration, anti-factor Xa activity, and outcomes: an analysis of data from the randomised, double-blind ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 trial. Lancet, 385, 2288–95.Google Scholar
Sahay, S, Nombela-Franco, L, Rodes-Cabau, J, Jimenez-Quevedo, P, Salinas, P, Biagioni, C, et al. (2017). Efficacy and safety of left atrial appendage closure versus medical treatment in atrial fibrillation: a network meta-analysis from randomised trials. Heart, 103, 139–47.Google Scholar
Salazar, CA, del Aguila, D, Cordova, EG. (2014). Direct thrombin inhibitors versus vitamin K antagonists for preventing cerebral or systemic embolism in people with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 3, CD009893. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009893.pub2.Google Scholar
Sanna, T, Diener, HC, Passman, RS, Di Lazzaro, V, Bernstein, RA, Morillo, CA, et al., for the CRYSTAL AF Investigators. (2014). Cryptogenic stroke and underlying atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med, 370, 2478–86.Google Scholar
Sarode, R, Milling, TJ Jr, Refaai, MA, Mangione, A, Schneider, A, Durn, BL, et al. (2013). Efficacy and safety of a 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate in patients on vitamin K antagonists presenting with major bleeding: a randomized, plasma-controlled, phase IIIb study. Circulation, 128, 1234–43.Google Scholar
Sartori, M, Cosmi, B. (2018). Andexanet alfa to reverse the anticoagulant activity of factor Xa inhibitors: a review of design, development and potential place in therapy. J Thromb Thrombolysis, 45, 345–52.Google Scholar
Saver, JL, Mattle, HP, Thaler, D. (2018). Patent foramen ovale closure versus medical therapy for cryptogenic ischemic stroke: a topical review. Stroke, 49, 1541–8.Google Scholar
Saxena, R, Koudstaal, PJ. (2004a). Anticoagulants for preventing stroke in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation and a history of stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2, CD000185.Google Scholar
Saxena, R, Koudstaal, PJ. (2004b). Anticoagulants versus antiplatelet therapy for preventing stroke in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation and a history of stroke or transient ischemic attack. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 4, CD000187.Google Scholar
Schneider, B, Bauer, R. (2005). Is surgical closure of patent foramen ovale the gold standard for treating interatrial shunts? An echocardiographic follow-up study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 18, 1385–91.Google Scholar
Seiffge, DJ, Werring, DJ, Paciaroni, M, Dawson, J, Warach, S, Milling, TJ, et al. (2019). Timing of anticoagulation after recent ischaemic stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. Lancet Neurol, 18, 117–26.Google Scholar
Siegal, DM, Curnutte, JT, Connolly, SJ, Lu, G, Conley, PB, Wiens, BL, et al. (2015). Andexanet alfa for the reversal of factor Xa inhibitor activity. N Engl J Med, 373, 2413–24.Google Scholar
Song, Y, Wang, Z, Perlstein, I, Wang, J, LaCreta, F, Frost, RJA, Frost, C. (2017). Reversal of apixaban anticoagulation by four-factor prothrombin complex concentrates in healthy subjects: a randomized three-period crossover study. J Thromb Haemost, 15, 2125–37.Google Scholar
SPIRIT Trial Investigators. (1997). A randomized trial of anticoagulants versus aspirin after cerebral ischemia of presumed arterial origin. The Stroke Prevention in Reversible Ischemia Trial (SPIRIT) Study Group. Ann Neurol, 43, 857–65.Google Scholar
Sposato, LA, Cipriano, LE, Saposnik, G, Ruíz Vargas, E, Riccio, PM, Hachinski, V. (2015). Diagnosis of atrial fibrillation after stroke and transient ischaemic attack: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol, 14, 377–87.Google Scholar
Steffel, J, Verhamme, P, Potpara, TS, Albaladejo, P, Antz, M, Desteghe, L, et al.; ESC Scientific Document Group. (2018). The 2018 European Heart Rhythm Association Practical Guide on the use of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J, 39, 1330–93.Google Scholar
Steiner, T, Poli, S, Griebe, M, Husing, J, Hajda, J, Freiberger, A, et al. (2016). Fresh frozen plasma versus prothrombin complex concentrate in patients with intracranial haemorrhage related to vitamin K antagonists (INCH): a randomised trial. Lancet Neurol, 15, 566–73.Google Scholar
Turc, G, Calvet, D, Guérin, P, Sroussi, M, Chatellier, G, Mas, JL; CLOSE Investigators. (2018). Closure, anticoagulation, or antiplatelet therapy for cryptogenic stroke with patent foramen ovale: systematic review of randomized trials, sequential meta-analysis, and new insights from the CLOSE Study. J Am Heart Assoc, 7, pii: e008356.Google Scholar
Uphaus, T, Weber-Kruger, M, Grond, M, Toenges, G, Jahn-Eimermacher, A, Jauss, M, et al. (2019). Development and validation of a score to detect paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Neurology, 92, e115–e124.Google Scholar
US Preventive Services Task Force, Curry, SJ, Krist, AH, Owens, DK, Barry, MJ, Caughey, AB, Davidson, KW, et al. (2018). Screening for atrial fibrillation with electrocardiography: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA, 320, 478–84Google ScholarPubMed
Vaitkus, PT, Barnathan, ES. (1993). Embolic potential, prevention and management of mural thrombus complicating anterior myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol, 22, 1004–9.Google Scholar
Verheugt, FW, Granger, CB. (2015). Oral anticoagulants for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: current status, special situations, and unmet needs. Lancet, 386, 303–10.Google Scholar
Wang, A, Gaca, JG, Chu, VH. (2018). Management considerations in infective endocarditis: a review. JAMA, 320, 72–83.Google Scholar
Warkentin, TE, Margetts, P, Connolly, SJ, Lamy, A, Ricci, C, Eikelboom, JW. (2012). Recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa) and hemodialysis to manage massive dabigatran-associated postcardiac surgery bleeding. Blood, 119, 2172–4.Google Scholar
Wilson, D, Ambler, G, Shakeshaft, C, Brown, MM, Charidimou, A, Al-Shahi Salman, R, et al.; CROMIS-2 collaborators. (2018). Cerebral microbleeds and intracranial haemorrhage risk in patients anticoagulated for atrial fibrillation after acute ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack (CROMIS-2): a multicentre observational cohort study. Lancet Neurol, 17, 539–47.Google Scholar

References

Amarenco, P, Davis, S, Jones, EF, Cohen, AA, Heiss, WD, Kaste, M, et al.; Aortic Arch Related Cerebral Hazard Trial Investigators. (2014). Clopidogrel plus aspirin versus warfarin in patients with stroke and aortic arch plaques. Stroke, 45, 1248–57Google Scholar
Anand, SS, Bosch, J, Eikelboom, JW, Connolly, SJ, Diaz, R, Widimsky, P, et al.; COMPASS Investigators. (2018). Rivaroxaban with or without aspirin in patients with stable peripheral or carotid artery disease: an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet, 391, 219–29.Google Scholar
Antithrombotic Trialists’ (ATT) Collaboration, Baigent, C, Blackwell, L, Collins, R, Emberson, J, Godwin, J, Peto, R, et al. (2009). Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials. Lancet, 373, 1849–60.Google Scholar
Bhatt, DL, Fox, KA, Hacke, W, Berger, PB, Black, HR, Boden, WE, et al.; CHARISMA Investigators. (2006). Clopidogrel and aspirin versus aspirin alone for the prevention of atherothrombotic events. N Engl J Med, 354,1706–17Google Scholar
Bhatt, DL, Paré, G, Eikelboom, JW, Simonsen, KL, Emison, ES, Fox, KA, et al.; CHARISMA Investigators. (2012). The relationship between CYP2C19 polymorphisms and ischaemic and bleeding outcomes in stable outpatients: the CHARISMA genetics study. Eur Heart J, 33, 2143–50.Google Scholar
Bousser, MG, Amarenco, P, Chamorro, A, Fisher, M, Ford, I, Fox, KM, et al., for the PERFORM Study Investigators. (2011). Terutroban versus aspirin in patients with cerebral ischaemic events (PERFORM): a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group trial. Lancet, 377, 2013–22. Erratum in: Lancet, 378, 402.Google Scholar
CAPRIE Steering Committee. (1996) A randomised, blinded trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet, 348, 1329–39.Google Scholar
Costa, J, Ferro, J, Matias-Guiu, J, Alvarez-Sabin, J, Torres, F. (2005). Triflusal for preventing serious vascular events in people at high risk. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 3. CD004296.Google Scholar
De Schryver, ELLM, Algra, A, vanGijn, J. (2007). Dipyridamole for preventing stroke and other vascular events in patients with vascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 3. CD001820. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001820.pub3.Google Scholar
De Schryver, ELLM, Algra, A, Kappelle, LJ, van Gijn, J, Koudstaal, PJ. (2012). Vitamin K antagonists versus antiplatelet therapy after transient ischaemic attack or minor ischaemic stroke of presumed arterial origin. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 9. CD001342. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001342.pub3.Google Scholar
Diener, HC, Bogousslavsky, J, Brass, LM, Cimminiello, C, Csiba, L, Kaste, M, et al.; MATCH Investigators. (2004). Aspirin and clopidogrel compared with clopidogrel alone after recent ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack in high-risk patients (MATCH): randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet, 364, 331–7.Google Scholar
Diener, HC, Cunha, L, Forbes, C, Sivenius, J, Smets, P, Lowenthal, A. (1996). European Stroke Prevention Study. 2. Dipyridamole and acetylsalicylic acid in the secondary prevention of stroke. J Neurol Sci, 143, 1-13.Google Scholar
Diener, HC, Easton, JD, Granger, CB, Cronin, L, Duffy, C, Cotton, D, et al.; RE-SPECT ESUS Investigators. (2015). Design of Randomized, double-blind, Evaluation in secondary Stroke Prevention comparing the EfficaCy and safety of the oral Thrombin inhibitor dabigatran etexilate vs. acetylsalicylic acid in patients with Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source (RE-SPECT ESUS). Int J Stroke, 10, 1309–12.Google Scholar
Dinicolantonio, JJ, Lavie, CJ, Fares, H, Menezes, AR, O’Keefe, JH, Bangalore, S, et al. (2013). Meta-analysis of cilostazol versus aspirin for the secondary prevention of stroke. Am J Cardiol, 112, 1230–4.Google Scholar
Donadini, MP, Bellesini, M, Squizzato, A. (2018). Aspirin plus clopidogrel vs aspirin alone for preventing cardiovascular events among patients at high risk for cardiovascular events. JAMA, 320, 593–4. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.9641.Google Scholar
Eikelboom, JW, Connolly, SJ, Bosch, J, Dagenais, GR, Hart, RG, Shestakovska, O, et al.; COMPASS Investigators. (2017). Rivaroxaban with or without aspirin in stable cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med, 377, 1319–30.Google Scholar
Gotoh, F, Tohgi, H, Hirai, S, Terashi, A, Fukuuchi, Y, Otomo, E, et al. (2000). Cilostazol Stroke Prevention Study: a placebo-controlled double-blind trial for secondary prevention of cerebral infarction. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis, 9, 147–57.Google Scholar
Gouya, G, Arrich, J, Wolzt, M, Huber, K, Verheugt, FW, Gurbel, PA, et al. (2014). Antiplatelet treatment for prevention of cerebrovascular events in patients with vascular diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke, 45, 492–503.Google Scholar
Halkes, PH, Gray, LJ, Bath, PM, Diener, HC, Guiraud-Chaumeil, B, Yatsu, FM, et al. (2008). Dipyridamole plus aspirin versus aspirin alone in secondary prevention after TIA or stroke: a meta-analysis by risk. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 79, 1218–23.Google Scholar
Hankey, GJ, Johnston, SC, Easton, JD, Hacke, W, Mas, JL, Brennan, D, et al.; CHARISMA Trial Investigators. (2011). Effect of clopidogrel plus ASA vs. ASA early after TIA and ischaemic stroke: a substudy of the CHARISMA trial. Int J Stroke, 6, 3–9.Google Scholar
Hart, RG, Sharma, M, Mundl, H, Kasner, SE, Bangdiwala, SI, Berkowitz, SD, et al.; NAVIGATE ESUS Investigators. (2018) Rivaroxaban for stroke prevention after embolic stroke of undetermined source. N Engl J Med, 378, 2191–2201.Google Scholar
Hilkens, NA, Algra, A, Kappelle, LJ, Bath, PM, Csiba, L, Rothwell, PM, Greving, JP; CAT Collaboration. (2018a). Early time course of major bleeding on antiplatelet therapy after TIA or ischemic stroke. Neurology, 90, e683–9.Google Scholar
Hilkens, NA, Algra, A, Diener, HC, Reitsma, JB, Bath, PM, Csiba, L, et al.; Cerebrovascular Antiplatelet Trialists’ Collaborative Group. (2017). Predicting major bleeding in patients with noncardioembolic stroke on antiplatelets: S2TOP-BLEED. Neurology, 89, 936–43.Google Scholar
Hilkens, NA, Li, L, Rothwell, PM, Algra, A, Greving, JP. (2018b). External validation of risk scores for major bleeding in a population-based cohort of transient ischemic attack and ischemic stroke patients. Stroke, 49, 601–06.Google Scholar
Huang, WY, Singer, DE, Wu, YL, Chiang, CE, Weng, HH, Lee, M, Ovbiagele, B. (2018). Association of intracranial hemorrhage risk with non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant use vs aspirin use: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol, 75(12), 1511–18. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.2215.Google Scholar
Kamal, AK, Naqvi, I, Husain, MR, Khealani, BA. (2011). Cilostazol versus aspirin for secondary prevention of vascular events after stroke of arterial origin. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 1. CD008076. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008076.pub2.Google Scholar
Kim, BJ, Lee, E-J, Kwon, SU, Park, JH, Kim, YJ, Hong, KS, et al. (2018). Prevention of cardiovascular events in Asian patients with ischaemic stroke at high risk of cerebral haemorrhage (PICASSO): a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol, 17, 509–18.Google Scholar
Kwok, CS, Shoamanesh, A, Copley, HC, Myint, PK, Loke, YK, Benavente, OR. (2015). Efficacy of antiplatelet therapy in secondary prevention following lacunar stroke: pooled analysis of randomized trials. Stroke, 46, 1014–23.Google Scholar
Leonardi-Bee, J, Bath, PM, Bousser, MG, Davalos, A, Diener, HC, Guiraud-Chaumeil, B, et al.; Dipyridamole in Stroke Collaboration (DISC). (2005). Dipyridamole for preventing recurrent ischemic stroke and other vascular events: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomized controlled trials. Stroke, 36, 162–8.Google Scholar
Markus, HS, Levi, C, King, A, Madigan, J, Norris, J; Cervical Artery Dissection in Stroke Study (CADISS) Investigators. (2019). Antiplatelet therapy vs anticoagulation therapy in cervical artery dissection: the Cervical Artery Dissection in Stroke Study (CADISS) Randomized Clinical Trial Final Results. JAMA Neurol, 76, 657-64.Google Scholar
McDonough, CW, McClure, LA, Mitchell, BD, Gong, Y, Horenstein, RB, Lewis, JP, et al. (2015). CYP2C19 metabolizer status and clopidogrel efficacy in the Secondary Prevention of Small Subcortical Strokes (SPS3) study. JAHA, 4, e001652.Google Scholar
Morrow, DA, Alberts, MJ, Mohr, JP, Ameriso, SF, Bonaca, MP, Goto, S, Hankey, GJ, et al.; Thrombin Receptor Antagonist in Secondary Prevention of Atherothrombotic Ischemic Events–TIMI 50 Steering Committee and Investigators. (2013). Efficacy and safety of vorapaxar in patients with prior ischemic stroke. Stroke, 44, 691–8.Google Scholar
Ogawa, A, Toyoda, K, Kitagawa, K, Kitazono, T, Nagao, T, Yamagami, H, et al. (2019). Comparison of prasugrel and clopidogrel in patients with non-cardioembolic ischaemic stroke: the PRASTRO-I randomised trial. Lancet Neurol, 18, 238–47.Google Scholar
Roe, MT, Armstrong, PW, Fox, KA, White, HD, Prabhakaran, D, Goodman, SG, et al. (2012). Prasugrel versus clopidogrel for acute coronary syndromes without revascularization. N Engl J Med, 367, 1297–309.Google Scholar
Rothwell, PM, Algra, A, Chen, Z, Diener, HC, Norrving, B, Mehta, Z. (2016). Effects of aspirin on risk and severity of early recurrent stroke after transient ischaemic attack and ischaemic stroke: time-course analysis of randomised trials. Lancet, 388, 365–75Google Scholar
Rothwell, PM, Cook, NR, Gaziano, JM, Price, JF, Belch, JFF, Roncaglioni, MC, et al. (2018). Effects of aspirin on risks of vascular events and cancer according to bodyweight and dose: analysis of individual patient data from randomised trials. Lancet, 392, 387–99.Google Scholar
Sacco, RL, Diener, H-C, Yusuf, S, Cotton, D, Ounpuu, S, Lawton, WA, et al. (2008). Aspirin and extended-release dipyridamole versus clopidogrel for recurrent stroke. The Prevention Regimen for Effectively Avoiding Second Strokes (PRoFESS) trial. N Engl J Med, 359, 1238–51.Google Scholar
Sandercock, PAG, Gibson, LM, Liu, M. (2009). Anticoagulants for preventing recurrence following presumed non-cardioembolic ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2. CD000248. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000248.pub2.Google Scholar
Sharma, M, Hart, RG, Connolly, S, Bosch, J, Shestakovska, O, Ng, KH, et al. (2019). Stroke Outcomes in the Cardiovascular OutcoMes for People using Anticoagulation StrategieS (COMPASS) trial. Circulation, 139(9), 1134–45. doi 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.035864.Google Scholar
SPS3 Investigators, Benavente, OR, Hart, RG, McClure, LA, Szychowski, JM, Coffey, CS, Pearce, LA. (2012). Effects of clopidogrel added to aspirin in patients with recent lacunar stroke. N Engl J Med, 367, 817–25.Google Scholar
Squizzato, A, Bellesini, M, Takeda, A, Middeldorp, S, Donadini, MP. (2017). Clopidogrel plus aspirin versus aspirin alone for preventing cardiovascular events. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 12. CD005158.Google Scholar
Sudlow, CLM, Mason, G, Maurice, JB, Wedderburn, CJ, Hankey, GJ. (2009). Thienopyridine derivatives versus aspirin for preventing stroke and other serious vascular events in high vascular risk patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 4. CD001246. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001246.pub2.Google Scholar
Topol, EJ, Easton, D, Harrington, RA, Amarenco, P, Califf, RM, Graffagnino, C, et al.; Blockade of the Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Receptor to Avoid Vascular Occlusion Trial Investigators. (2003). Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, international trial of the oral IIb/IIIa antagonist lotrafiban in coronary and cerebrovascular disease. Circulation, 108, 399–406.Google Scholar
Toyoda, K, Uchiyama, S, Yamaguchi, T, Easton, JD, Kimura, K, Hoshino, H, et al., for the CSPS.com Trial Investigators. (2019). Dual antiplatelet therapy using cilostazol for secondary prevention in high-risk ischaemic stroke: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol, 18(6), 539–48.Google Scholar
Wiviott, SD, Braunwald, E, McCabe, CH, Montalescot, G, Ruzyllo, W, Gottlieb, S, et al. (2007). Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med, 357, 2001–15.Google Scholar

References

Alberts, MJ. (2001). Results of a multicentre prospective randomized trial of carotid artery stenting vs. carotid endarterectomy. Stroke, 32, 325.Google Scholar
Barbato, JE, Dillavou, E, Horowitz, MB, Jovin, TG, Kanal, E. (2008). A randomized trial of carotid artery stenting with and without cerebral protection. J Vasc Surg, 47, 760–5. doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2007.11.058.Google Scholar
Bijuklic, K, Wandler, A, Hazizi, F, Schofer, J. (2012). The PROFI study (prevention of cerebral embolization by proximal balloon occlusion compared to filter protection during carotid artery stenting): a prospective randomized trial. J Am Coll Cardiol, 59, 1383–9.Google Scholar
Bonati, LH, Dobson, J, Featherstone, RL, Ederle, J, van der Worp, HB, de Borst, GJ, et al.; International Carotid Stenting Study Investigators. (2015). Long-term outcomes after stenting versus endarterectomy for treatment of symptomatic carotid stenosis: the International Carotid Stenting Study (ICSS) randomised trial. Lancet 385: 529–538Google Scholar
Bonati, LH, Jongen, LM, Haller, S, Flach, HZ, Dobson, J, Nederkoorn, PJ, et al. (2010). New ischaemic brain lesions on MRI after stenting or endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis: a substudy of the International Carotid Stenting Study (ICSS). Lancet Neurol, 9, 353–62.Google Scholar
Bonati, LH, Lyrer, P, Ederle, J, Featherstone, R, Brown, MM. (2012). Percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty and stenting for carotid artery stenosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 9. CD000515. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000515.pub4.Google Scholar
Bond, R, Rerkasem, K, Rothwell, PM. (2003). A systematic review of the risks of carotid endarterectomy in relation to the clinical indication and the timing of surgery. Stroke, 34, 2290–2301.Google Scholar
Brooks, WH, Jones, MR, Gisler, P, McClure, RR, Coleman, TC, Breathitt, L, et al. (2014). Carotid angioplasty with stenting versus endarterectomy: 10-year randomized trial in a community hospital. JACC, 7. 163–8.Google Scholar
Brott, TG, Hobson, RW, Howard, G, Roubin, GS, Clark, WM, Brooks, W, et al. (2010). Stenting versus endarterectomy for treatment of carotid-artery stenosis. N Engl J Med, 363, 11–23.Google Scholar
Brott, TG, Howard, G, Roubin, GS, Meschia, JF, Mackey, A, Brooks, W, et al. (2016). Long-term results of stenting versus endarterectomy for carotid-artery stenosis. N Engl J Med, 374, 1021–31.Google Scholar
Bulbulia, R, Halliday, A. (2013). ACST-2 – an update. A large, simple randomised trial to compare carotid endarterectomy versus carotid artery stenting to prevent stroke in asymptomatic patients. Gefasschirurgie, 18, 626–32.Google Scholar
Cao, PG, De Rango, P, Zannetti, S, Giordano, G, Ricci, S, Celani, MG . (2001). Eversion versus conventional carotid endarterectomy for preventing stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 1. CD001921.Google Scholar
CAVATAS Investigators. (2001). Endovascular versus surgical treatment in patients with carotid stenosis in the Carotid and Vertebral Artery Transluminal Angioplasty Study (CAVATAS): a randomised trial. Lancet, 357, 1729–37.Google Scholar
Cheng, SF, Brown, MM. (2017). Contemporary medical therapies of atherosclerotic carotid artery disease. Semin Vasc Surg, 30, 8–16Google Scholar
Cheng, SF, Brown, MM, Simister, RJ, Richards, T. (2019). Contemporary prevalence of carotid stenosis in patients presenting with ischaemic stroke. Br J Surg, 106, 872–8.Google Scholar
Chimowitz, MI, Lynn, MJ, Derdeyn, CP, Turan, TN, Fiorella, D, Lane, BF, et al. (2011). Stenting versus aggressive medical therapy for intracranial arterial stenosis. N Engl J Med, 365, 993–1003.Google Scholar
Chongruksut, W, Vaniyapong, T, Rerkasem, K. (2014). Routine or selective carotid artery shunting for carotid endarterectomy (and different methods of monitoring in selective shunting). Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 6. CD000190. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000190.pub3.Google Scholar
Compter, A, van der Worp, HB, Schonewille, WJ, Schonewille, WJ, Vos, JA, Boiten, J, et al; VAST Investigators. (2015). Stenting versus medical treatment in patients with symptomatic vertebral artery stenosis: a randomised open-label phase 2 trial. Lancet Neurol, 14, 606–14.Google Scholar
Coull, AJ, Lovett, JK, Rothwell, PM, on behalf of the Oxford Vascular Study. (2004). Population based study of early risk of stroke after transient ischemic attack or minor stroke: implications for public education and organisation of services. BMJ, 328, 326–8.Google Scholar
Coward, LJ, McCabe, DJ, Ederle, J, Featherstone, RL, Clifton, A, Brown, MM; CAVATAS Investigators. (2007). Long-term outcome after angioplasty and stenting for symptomatic vertebral artery stenosis compared with medical treatment in the Carotid and Vertebral Artery Transluminal Angioplasty Study (CAVATAS): a randomized trial. Stroke, 38, 1526–30.Google Scholar
Dotter, CT, Judkins, MP, Rosch, J. (1967). Nonoperative treatment of arterial occlusive disease: a radiologically facilitated technique. Radiol Clin North Am, 5, 531–42.Google Scholar
Eberhardt, O, Naegele, T, Raygrotzki, S, Weller, M, Ernemann, U. (2006). Stenting of vertebrobasilar arteries in symptomatic atherosclerotic disease and acute occlusion: case series and review of the literature. J Vasc Surg, 43, 1145–54.Google Scholar
Eckstein, H-H, Ringleb, P, Allenberg, J-R, Berger, J, Fraedrich, G, Hacke, W, et al. (2008). Results of the Stent-Protected Angioplasty versus Carotid Endarterectomy (SPACE) study to treat symptomatic stenoses at 2 years: a multinational, prospective, randomised trial. Lancet Neurol, 7, 893–902Google Scholar
Eckstein, H-H, Reiff, T, Ringleb, P, Jansen, O, Mansmann, U, Hacke, W. (2016). SPACE-2: a missed opportunity to compare carotid endarterectomy, carotid stenting, and best medical treatment in patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 51, 761–5. doi:10.1016/j.ejvs.2016.02.005.Google Scholar
Ederle, J, Davagnanam, I, van der Worp, HB, Venables, GS, Lyrer, PA, Featherstone, RL, et al. (2013). Effect of white-matter lesions on the risk of periprocedural stroke after carotid artery stenting versus endarterectomy in the International Carotid Stenting Study (ICSS): a prespecified analysis of data from a randomised trial. Lancet Neurol, 12, 866–72.Google Scholar
Ederle, J, Featherstone, RL, Brown, MM. (2009a). Long-term outcome of endovascular treatment versus medical care for carotid artery stenosis in patients not suitable for surgery and randomised in the Carotid and Vertebral Artery Transluminal Angioplasty study (CAVATAS). Cerebrovasc Dis, 28, 1–7. doi:10.1159/000215936.Google Scholar
Ederle, J, Bonati, LH, Dobson, J, Featherstone, RL, Gaines, PA, Beard, JD. (2009b). Endovascular treatment with angioplasty or stenting versus endarterectomy in patients with carotid artery stenosis in the Carotid and Vertebral Artery Transluminal Angioplasty Study (CAVATAS): long-term follow-up of a randomised trial. Lancet Neurol, 8, 898–907. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70228-5.Google Scholar
Engelter, S, Lyrer, P (2003). Antiplatelet therapy for preventing stroke and other vascular events after carotid endarterectomy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2. CD001458. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001458.Google Scholar
Engelter, S, Lyrer, P. (2004). Antiplatelet therapy for preventing stroke and other vascular events after carotid endarterectomy (Cochrane Corner). Stroke, 35, 1227–8Google Scholar
European Carotid Surgery Trialists’ Collaborative Group. (1991). MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial. Interim results for symptomatic patients with severe (70–99%) or with mild (0–29%) carotid stenosis. Lancet, 337, 1235–43.Google Scholar
European Carotid Surgery Trialists’ Collaborative Group. (1998). Randomised trial of endarterectomy for recently symptomatic carotid stenosis: final results of the MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST). Lancet, 351, 1379–87.Google Scholar
Feasby, TE, Quan, H, Ghali, WA. (2002). Hospital and surgeon determinants of carotid endarterectomy outcomes. Archiv Neurol, 59, 1877–81.Google Scholar
Fields, WS, Maslenikov, V, Meyer, JS, Hass, WK, Remington, RD, MacDonald, M. (1970). Joint study of extracranial arterial occlusion. V. Progress report on prognosis following surgery or non- surgical treatment for transient cerebral ischaemic attacks and cervical carotid artery lesions. JAMA, 211, 1993–2003.Google Scholar
GALA Trial Collaborative Group, Lewis, SC, Warlow, CP, Bodenham, AR, Colam, B, Rothwell, PM, Torgerson, D, et al. (2008). General anaesthesia versus local anaesthesia for carotid surgery (GALA): a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 372, 2132–42.Google Scholar
Goldstein, LB, Moore, WS, Robertson, JT, Chaturvedi, S. (1997). Complication rates for carotid endarterectomy: a call for action. Stroke, 28, 889–90.Google Scholar
Gorelick, PB. (1993). Distribution of atherosclerotic cerebrovascular lesions. Effects of age, race, and sex. Stroke, 24, 116–19Google Scholar
Gray, WA, Hopkins, LN, Yadav, S, Davis, T, Wholey, M, Atkinson, R. (2006). Protected carotid stenting in high-surgical-risk patients: the ARCHeR results. J Vasc Surg, 44, 258–68. doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2006.03.044.Google Scholar
Gray, WA, Yadav, JS, Verta, P, Scicli, A, Fairman, R, Wholey, M. (2007). The CAPTURE registry: predictors of outcomes in carotid artery stenting with embolic protection for high surgical risk patients in the early post-approval setting. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv, 70, 1025–33. doi:10.1002/ccd.21359.Google Scholar
Grubb, Jr RL, Derdeyn, CP, Fritsch, SM, Carpenter, DA, Yundt, KD, Videen, TO, et al. (1998). Importance of hemodynamic factors in the prognosis of symptomatic carotid occlusion. JAMA, 280, 1055–60.Google Scholar
Guimaraens, L, Sola, MT, Matali, A, Arbelaez, A, Delgado, M, Soler, L. (2002). Carotid angioplasty with cerebral protection and stenting: report of 164 patients (194 carotid percutaneous transluminal angioplasties). Cerebrovasc Dis, 13, 114–19.Google Scholar
Gulli, G, Marquardt, L, Rothwell, PM, Markus, HS. (2013). Stroke risk after posterior circulation stroke/transient ischemic attack and its relationship to site of vertebrobasilar stenosis: pooled data analysis from prospective studies. Stroke, 44, 598–604.Google Scholar
Gurm, HS, Yadav, JS, Fayad, P, Katzen, BT, Mishkel, GJ, Bajwa, TK. (2008). Long-term results of carotid stenting versus endarterectomy in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med, 358, 1572–9. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0708028.Google Scholar
Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. (2004). Effects of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin on stroke and other major vascular events in 20,536 people with cerebrovascular disease or other high-risk conditions. Lancet, 363, 757–67.Google Scholar
Higgins, JP, Altman, DG, Gotzsche, PC, Juni, P, Moher, D, Oxman, AD. (2011). The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ, 343, d5928. doi:10.1136/bmj.d5928.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, A, Taschner, C, Mendelowitsch, A, Merlo, A, Radue, EW. (2008). Carotid artery stenting versus carotid endarterectomy – a prospective randomised controlled single-centre trial with long-term follow-up (BACASS). Schweizer Archiv fur Neurologie und Psychiatrie, 159, 84–9.Google Scholar
Howard, G, Roubin, GS, Jansen, O, Hendrikse, J, Halliday, A, Fraedrich, G, et al. (2016). Association between age and risk of stroke or death from carotid endarterectomy and carotid stenting: a meta-analysis of pooled patient data from four randomised trials. Lancet, 387, 1305–11.Google Scholar
International Carotid Stenting Study Investigators. (2010). Carotid artery stenting compared with endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis (International Carotid Stenting Study): an interim analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 375, 985–97.Google Scholar
Kuliha, M, Roubec, M, Prochazka, V. (2015). Randomized clinical trial comparing neurological outcomes after carotid endaterectomy or stenting. J Vasc Surg, 62, 519.Google Scholar
Liem, MI, Kennedy, F, Bonati, LH, van der Lugt, A, Coolen, BF, Nederveen, A, et al. (2017). Investigations of carotid stenosis to identify vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque and determine individual stroke risk. Circ J, 81, 1246–53.Google Scholar
Lin, PH, Bush, RL, Lubbe, DF, Cox, MM, Zhou, W, McCoy, SA. (2004). Carotid artery stenting with routine cerebral protection in high-risk patients. Am J Surg, 188, 644–52. doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2004.08.035.Google Scholar
Ling, F. (2006). Preliminary report of trial of endarterectomy versus stenting for the treatment of carotid atherosclerotic stenosis in China (TESCAS-C). Chinese J Cerebrovasc Dis, 3, 4–8.Google Scholar
Liu, CW, Liu, B, Ye, W, Wu, WW, Li, YJ, Zheng, YH. (2009). Carotid endarterectomy versus carotid stenting: a prospective randomized trial. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi, 47, 267–70.Google Scholar
Lovett, JK, Coull, A, Rothwell, PM, on behalf of the Oxford Vascular Study. (2004). Early risk of recurrent stroke by aetiological subtype: implications for stroke prevention. Neurology, 62, 569–74.Google Scholar
Lovett, J, Dennis, M, Sandercock, PAG, Bamford, J, Warlow, CP, Rothwell, PM. (2003). The very early risk of stroke following a TIA. Stroke, 34, e138–e140.Google Scholar
MacDonald, S, Evans, DH, Griffiths, PD, McKevitt, FM, Venables, GS, Cleveland, TJ, et al. (2010). Filter-protected versus unprotected carotid artery stenting: a randomised trial. Cerebrovasc Dis, 29, 282–9.Google Scholar
Markus, HS, Droste, DW, Kaps, M, Larrue, V, Lees, K, Siebler, M, Ringelstein, EB (2005). Dual antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel and aspirin in symptomatic carotid stenosis evaluated using doppler embolic signal detection. The Clopidogrel and Aspirin for Reduction of Emboli in Symptomatic carotid Stenosis (CARESS) trial. Circulation, 111, 2233–40.Google Scholar
Markus, HS, Larsson, SC, Kuker, W, Schulz, UG, Ford, I, Rothwell, PM, Clifton, A; VIST Investigators. (2017). Stenting for symptomatic vertebral artery stenosis: The Vertebral Artery Ischaemia Stenting Trial. Neurology, 89, 1229–36.Google Scholar
Markus, HS, van der Worp, HB, Rothwell, PM. (2013). Posterior circulation ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack: diagnosis, investigation, and secondary prevention. Lancet Neurol, 12, 989–98.Google Scholar
Mas, J-L, Chatellier, G, Beyssen, B, Branchereau, A, Moulin, T, Becquemin, JP, et al. (2006). Endarterectomy versus stenting in patients with symptomatic severe carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med, 355, 1660–71.Google Scholar
Mas, JL, Arquizan, C, Calvet, D, Viguier, A, Albucher, JF, Piquet, P (2014). Long-term follow-up study of endarterectomy versus angioplasty in patients with symptomatic severe carotid stenosis trial. Stroke, 45, 2750–6. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.005671.Google Scholar
Matsen, SL, Chang, DC, Perler, BA, Roseborough, GS, Williams, GM. (2006). Trends in the in-hospital stroke rate following carotid endarterectomy in California and Maryland. J Vasc Surg, 44, 488–95.Google Scholar
Mayberg, MR, Wilson, E, Yatsu, F, Weiss, DG, Messina, L, Hershey, LA, et al. (1991). Carotid endarterectomy and prevention of cerebral ischemia in symptomatic carotid stenosis. Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program 309 Trialist Group. JAMA, 266, 3289–94.Google Scholar
Mercuri, M, Bond, MG, Sirtori, CR, Veglia, F, Crepaldi, G, Feruglio, FS, et al. (1996). Pravastatin reduces carotid intima-media thickness progression in an asymptomatic hypercholesterolemic Mediterranean population: the Carotid Atherosclerosis Italian Ultrasound Study. Am J Med, 101, 627–34.Google Scholar
Molloy, J, Markus, HS. (1999). Asymptomatic embolization predicts stroke and TIA risk in patients with carotid artery stenosis. Stroke, 30, 1440–3.Google Scholar
Morgenstern, LB, Fox, AJ, Sharpe, BL, Eliasziw, M, Barnett, HJ, Grotta, JC, for the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET) Group. (1997). The risks and benefits of carotid endarterectomy in patients with near occlusion of the carotid artery. Neurology, 48, 911–15.Google Scholar
Naylor, AR, Bolia, A, Abbott, RJ, Pye, IF, Smith, J, Lennard, N. (1998). Randomized study of carotid angioplasty and stenting versus carotid endarterectomy: a stopped trial. J Vasc Surg, 28, 326–334.Google Scholar
North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. (1991a). Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med, 325, 445–53.Google Scholar
North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. (1991b). North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial. Methods, patient characteristics, and progress. Stroke, 22, 711–20.Google Scholar
North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators (1998). Benefit of carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic moderate or severe stenosis. N Engl J Med, 339, 1415–25.Google Scholar
Ogata, J, Masuda, J, Yutani, C, Yamaguchi, T. (1990). Rupture of atheromatous plaque as a cause of thrombotic occlusion of stenotic internal carotid artery. Stroke, 21, 1740–45.Google Scholar
Orrapin, S, Rerkasem, K. (2017). Carotid endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 6. CD001081. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001081.pub3.Google Scholar
Paraskevas, KI, Robertson, V, Saratzis, AN, Naylor, AR. (2018). An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of outcomes following eversion vs. conventional carotid endarterectomy in randomised controlled trials and observational studies. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 55, 465–73. doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2017.12.025Google Scholar
Payne, DA, Jones, CI, Hayes, PD, Thompson, MM, London, NJ, Bell, PR, et al. (2004). Beneficial effects of clopidogrel combined with aspirin in reducing cerebral emboli in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. Circulation, 109, 1476–81.Google Scholar
PROGRESS Collaborative Group. (2001). Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure- lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet, 358, 1033–41.Google Scholar
Reimers, B, Corvaja, N, Moshiri, S, Sacca, S, Albiero, R, Di Mario, C. (2001). Cerebral protection with filter devices during carotid artery stenting. Circulation, 104, 12–15.Google Scholar
Reimers, B, Schluter, M, Castriota, F, Tubler, T, Corvaja, N, Cernetti, C. (2004). Routine use of cerebral protection during carotid artery stenting: results of a multicenter registry of 753 patients. Am J Med, 116, 217–22. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2003.09.043Google Scholar
Rerkasem, K, Rothwell, PM. (2009). Patch angioplasty versus primary closure for carotid endarterectomy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 4. CD000160. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000160.pub3.Google Scholar
Rerkasem, K, Rothwell., PM (2010). Patches of different types for carotid patch angioplasty. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 3. CD000071. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000071.pub3.Google Scholar
Ringleb, PA, Allenberg, J, Bruckmann, H, Eckstein, HH, Fraedrich, G, Hartmann, M. (2006). 30 day results from the SPACE trial of stent-protected angioplasty versus carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet, 368, 1239–47. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69122-8.Google Scholar
Rosenfield, K, Matsumura, JS, Chaturvedi, S, Riles, T, Ansel, GM, Metzger, DC. (2016). Randomized trial of stent versus surgery for asymptomatic carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med, 374, 1011–20.Google Scholar
Rothwell, PM. (2005). With what to treat which patient with recently symptomatic carotid stenosis? Pract Neurol, 5, 68–83.Google Scholar
Rothwell, P, Slattery, J, Warlow, C. (1997). Clinical and angiographic predictors of stroke and death from carotid endarterectomy: systematic review. BMJ, 315, 1571–7.Google Scholar
Rothwell, PM, Eliasziw, M, Gutnikov, SA, Fox, AJ, Taylor, W, Mayberg, MR, et al., for the Carotid Endarterectomy Trialists’ Collaboration. (2003b). Pooled analysis of individual patient data from randomised controlled trials of endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis. Lancet, 361, 107–16.Google Scholar
Rothwell, PM, Eliasziw, M, Gutnikov, SA, Warlow, CP, Barnett, HJ, for the Carotid Endarterectomy Trialists’ Collaboration. (2004). Endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis in relation to clinical subgroups and the timing of surgery. Lancet, 363, 915–24.Google Scholar
Rothwell, PM, Gibson, R, Warlow, CP. (2000). Interrelation between plaque surface morphology and degree of stenosis on carotid angiograms and the risk of ischemic stroke in patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis. Stroke, 31, 615–21.Google Scholar
Rothwell, PM, Gibson, RJ, Slattery, JM, Sellar, RJ, Warlow, CP. (1994). Equivalence of measurements of carotid stenosis: a comparison of three methods of 1001 angiograms. Stroke, 25, 2435–9.Google Scholar
Rothwell, PM, Gutnikov, SA, Warlow, CP, for the ECST. (2003a). Re-analysis of the final results of the European Carotid Surgery Trial. Stroke, 34, 514–23.Google Scholar
Rothwell, PM, Howard, SC, Spence, D. (2003c). Relationship between blood pressure and stroke risk in patients with symptomatic carotid occlusive disease. Stroke, 34, 2583–90.Google Scholar
Rothwell, PM, Mehta, Z, Howard, SC, Gutnikov, SA, Warlow, CP. (2005). From subgroups to individuals: general principles and the example of carotid endartectomy. Lancet, 365, 256–65.Google Scholar
Rothwell, PM, Slattery, J, Warlow, CP. (1996a). A systematic comparison of the risk of stroke and death due to carotid endarterectomy. Stroke, 27, 260–5.Google Scholar
Rothwell, PM, Slattery, J, Warlow, CP. (1996b). A systematic comparison of the risk of stroke and death due to carotid endarterectomy for symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Stroke, 27, 266–9.Google Scholar
Rothwell, PM, Warlow, CP, for the European Carotid Surgery Trialists’ Collaborative Group. (2000). Low risk of ischaemic stroke in patients with collapse of the internal carotid artery distal to severe carotid stenosis: cerebral protection due to low post-stenotic flow? Stroke, 31, 622–30.Google Scholar
Rothwell, PM, Warlow, CP, on behalf of the ECST Collaborators. (1999). Prediction of benefit from carotid endarterectomy in individual patients: a risk-modelling study. Lancet, 353, 2105–10.Google Scholar
Safian, RD, Jaff, MR, Bresnahan, JF, Foster, M, Bacharach, JM, Yadav, J. (2010). Protected carotid stenting in high-risk patients: results of the SpideRX arm of the carotid revascularization with ev3 arterial technology evolution trial. J Interv Cardiol, 23, 491–8.Google Scholar
Sandercock, PA, Warlow, CP, Jones, LN, Starkey, IR. (1989). Predisposing factors for cerebral infarction: the Oxfordshire community stroke project. BMJ, 298, 75–80.Google Scholar
Schnaudigel, S, Groschel, K, Pilgram, SM, Kastrup, A. (2008). New brain lesions after carotid stenting versus carotid endarterectomy: a systematic review of the literature. Stroke, 39, 1911–19. doi:10.1161/strokeaha.107.500603.Google Scholar
Shaw, DA, Venables, GS, Cartilidge, NE, Bates, D, Dickinson, PH. (1984). Carotid endarterectomy in patients with transient cerebral ischaemia. J Neurol Sci, 64, 45–53.Google Scholar
Sillesen, H, Amarenco, P, Hennerici, MG, Callahan, A, Goldstein, LB, Zivin, J, et al. (2008). Atorvastatin reduces the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with carotid atherosclerosis: a secondary analysis of the Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) trial. Stroke, 39, 3297–3302.Google Scholar
Spence, JD. (2000). Management of resistant hypertension in patients with carotid stenosis: high prevalence of renovascular hypertension. Cerebrovasc Dis, 10, 249–54.Google Scholar
Stabile, E, Sannino, A, Schiattarella, GG, Gargiulo, G, Toscano, E, Brevetti, L. (2014). Cerebral embolic lesions detected with diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging following carotid artery stenting: a meta-analysis of 8 studies comparing filter cerebral protection and proximal balloon occlusion. JACC, 7, 1177–83.Google Scholar
Stayman, AN, Nogueira, RG, Gupta, R. (2011). A systematic review of stenting and angioplasty of symptomatic extracranial vertebral artery stenosis. Stroke, 42, 2212–16.Google Scholar
Steinbauer, MG, Pfister, K, Greindl, M, Schlachetzki, F, Borisch, I, Schuirer, G. (2008). Alert for increased long-term follow-up after carotid artery stenting: results of a prospective, randomized, single-center trial of carotid artery stenting vs carotid endarterectomy. J Vasc Surg, 48, 93–8. doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2008.02.049.Google Scholar
Streifler, JY, Eliasziw, M, Benavente, OR, Alamowitch, S, Fox, AJ, Hachinski, V, et al. (2002). Prognostic importance of leukoaraiosis in patients with symptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis. Stroke, 33, 1651–5.Google Scholar
Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) Investigators. (2006). High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack. N Engl J Med, 355, 549–59.Google Scholar
Stroke Prevention in Reversible Ischaemia Trial (SPIRIT) Study Group. (1997). A randomised trial of anticoagulants versus aspirin after cerebral ischaemia of presumed arterial origin. Annals of Neurology, 42, 857–65.Google Scholar
Strömberg, S, Gelin, J, Osterberg, T, Bergström, GM, Karlström, L, Osterberg, K; Swedish Vascular Registry (Swedvasc) Steering Committee. (2012). Very urgent carotid endarterectomy confers increased procedural risk. Stroke, 43, 1331–5.Google Scholar
Theron, JG, Payelle, GG, Coskun, O, Huet, HF, Guimaraens, L. (1996). Carotid artery stenosis: treatment with protected balloon angioplasty and stent placement. Radiology, 201, 627–36. doi:10.1148/radiology.201.3.8939208Google Scholar
Thiele, BL, Young, JV, Chikos, PM, Hirsch, JH, Strandness, DE. (1980). Correlation of arteriographic findings and symptoms in cerebrovascular disease. Neurology, 30, 1041–6.Google Scholar
Torvik, A, Svindland, A, Lindboe, CF. (1989). Pathogenesis of carotid thrombosis. Stroke, 20, 1477–83.Google Scholar
Valton, L, Larrue, V, Le Traon, AP, Massabuau, P, Geraud, G. (1998). Microembolic signals and risk of early recurrence in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack. Stroke, 29, 2125–8.Google Scholar
Van der Grond, J, Balm, R, Kappelle, J, Eikelboom, BC, Mali, WP. (1995). Cerebral metabolism of patients with stenosis or occlusion of the internal carotid artery. Stroke, 26, 822–8.Google Scholar
van Swieten, JC, Koudstaal, PJ, Visser, MC, Schouten, HJ, van Gijn, J. (1988). Interobserver agreement for the assessment of handicap in stroke patients. Stroke, 19, 604–7.Google Scholar
Wang, P, Liang, C, Du, J, Li, J. (2013). Effects of carotid endarterectomy and carotid artery stenting on high-risk carotid stenosis patients. Pakistan J Med Sci, 29.Google Scholar
Warfarin Aspirin Recurrent Stroke Study Group. (2001). A comparison of warfarin and aspirin for the prevention of recurrent ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med, 345, 1444–51.Google Scholar
Yadav, JS, Wholey, MH, Kuntz, RE, Fayad, P, Katzen, BT, Mishkel, GJ. (2004). Protected carotid-artery stenting versus endarterectomy in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med, 351, 1493–1501. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa040127.Google Scholar
Zaidat, OO, Fitzsimmons, BF, Woodward, BK, Wang, Z, Killer-0berphalzer, M, Wakhloo, A, et al; VIS- SIT Trial Investigators. (2015). Effect of a balloon-expandable intracranial stent vs medical therapy on risk of stroke in patients with symptomatic intracranial stenosis: the VISSIT randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 313, 1240–8.Google Scholar
Zhao, XL, Ji, XM, Peng, M, Ling, F. (2003). A follow-up: stroke in patients with bilateral severe carotid stenosis after intervention treatment. Chinese J Clin Rehab, 7, 2714–15.Google Scholar

References

Alrawi, A, Trobe, JD, Blaivas, M, Musch, DC. (1999). Brain biopsy in primary angiitis of the central nervous system. Neurology, 53(4), 858–60.Google Scholar
Bejot, Y, Daubail, B, Debette, S, Durier, J, Giroud, M. (2014). Incidence and outcome of cerebrovascular events related to cervical artery dissection: the Dijon Stroke Registry. Int J Stroke, 9(7), 879–82. doi:10.1111/ijs.12154.Google Scholar
Berkhemer, OA, Fransen, PS, Beumer, D, van den Berg, LA, Lingsma, HF, Yoo, AJ, et al; MR CLEAN Investigators. (2015). A randomized trial of intraarterial treatment for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med, 372(1), 11–20. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1411587.Google Scholar
CADISS Trial Investigators, Markus, HS, Hayter, E, Levi, C, Feldman, A, Venables, G, Norris, J. (2015). Antiplatelet treatment compared with anticoagulation treatment for cervical artery dissection (CADISS): a randomised trial. Lancet Neurol, 14(4), 361–7. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(15)70018-9.Google Scholar
Campbell, BC, Mitchell, PJ, Kleinig, TJ, Dewey, HM, Churilov, L, Yassi, N, et al., for the EXTEND-IA Investigators. (2015). Endovascular therapy for ischemic stroke with perfusion-imaging selection. N Engl J Med, 372(11), 1009–18. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1414792.Google Scholar
Chowdhury, MM, Sabbagh, CN, Jackson, D, Coughlin, PA, Ghosh, J. (2015). Antithrombotic treatment for acute extracranial carotid artery dissections: a meta-analysis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 50(2), 148–56. doi:10.1016/j.ejvs.2015.04.034.Google Scholar
de Boysson, H, Arquizan, C, Guillevin, L, Pagnoux, C. (2013a). Rituximab for primary angiitis of the central nervous system: report of 2 patients from the French COVAC cohort and review of the literature. J Rheumatol, 40(12), 2102–03. doi:10.3899/jrheum.130529Google Scholar
de Boysson, H, Boutemy, J, Creveuil, C, Ollivier, Y, Letellier, P, Pagnoux, C, et al. (2013b). Is there a place for cyclophosphamide in the treatment of giant-cell arteritis? A case series and systematic review. Semin Arthritis Rheum, 43(1), 105–12. doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2012.12.023.Google Scholar
de Boysson, H, Zuber, M, Naggara, O, Neau, JP, Gray, F, Bousser, MG, et al; French Vasculitis Study Group and the French NeuroVascular Society. (2014). Primary angiitis of the central nervous system: description of the first fifty-two adults enrolled in the French cohort of patients with primary vasculitis of the central nervous system. Arthritis Rheumatol, 66(5), 1315–26. doi:10.1002/art.38340.Google Scholar
Debette, S, Compter, A, Labeyrie, MA, Uyttenboogaart, M, Metso, TM, Majersik, JJ, et al. (2015). Epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of intracranial artery dissection. Lancet Neurol, 14(6), 640–54. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00009-5Google Scholar
Debette, S, Grond-Ginsbach, C, Bodenant, M, Kloss, M, Engelter, S, Metso, T, et al.; Cervical Artery Dissection Ischemic Stroke Patients Group. (2011a). Differential features of carotid and vertebral artery dissections: the CADISP study. Neurology, 77(12), 1174–81. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e31822f03fc.Google Scholar
Debette, S, Leys, D. (2009). Cervical-artery dissections: predisposing factors, diagnosis, and outcome. Lancet Neurol, 8(7), 668–78. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70084-5.Google Scholar
Debette, S, Metso, T, Pezzini, A, Abboud, S, Metso, A, Leys, D, et al.; Ischemic Stroke Patients Group. (2011b). Association of vascular risk factors with cervical artery dissection and ischemic stroke in young adults. Circulation, 123(14), 1537–44. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.000125.Google Scholar
Demaerschalk, BM, Kleindorfer, DO, Adeoye, OM, Demchuk, AM, Fugate, JE, Grotta, JC, et al.; American Heart Association Stroke Council and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention. (2016). Scientific rationale for the inclusion and exclusion criteria for intravenous alteplase in acute ischemic stroke: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke, 47(2), 581–641. doi:10.1161/STR.0000000000000086.Google Scholar
Emberson, J, Lees, KR, Lyden, P, Blackwell, L, Albers, G, Bluhmki, E, et al.; Stroke Thrombolysis Trialists’ Collaborative Group (2014). Effect of treatment delay, age, and stroke severity on the effects of intravenous thrombolysis with alteplase for acute ischaemic stroke: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomised trials. Lancet, 384(9958), 1929–35. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60584-5.Google Scholar
Engelter, ST, Brandt, T, Debette, S, Caso, V, Lichy, C, Pezzini, A, et al.; Cervical Artery Dissection in Ischemic Stroke Patients Study Group. (2007). Antiplatelets versus anticoagulation in cervical artery dissection. Stroke, 38(9), 2605–11. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.489666.Google Scholar
Engelter, ST, Grond-Ginsbach, C, Metso, TM, Metso, AJ, Kloss, M, Debette, S, et al.; Ischemic Stroke Patients Study, G. (2013). Cervical artery dissection: trauma and other potential mechanical trigger events. Neurology, 80(21), 1950–7. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e318293e2eb.Google Scholar
Engelter, ST, Rutgers, MP, Hatz, F, Georgiadis, D, Fluri, F, Sekoranja, L, et al. (2009). Intravenous thrombolysis in stroke attributable to cervical artery dissection. Stroke, 40(12), 3772–6. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.555953.Google Scholar
Engelter, ST, Traenka, C, Lyrer, P. (2017). Dissection of cervical and cerebral arteries. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep, 17(8), 59. doi:10.1007/s11910-017-0769-3.Google Scholar
Falk, RJ, Gross, WL, Guillevin, L, Hoffman, GS, Jayne, DR, Jennette, JC, et al.; American College of Rheumatology; American Society of Nephrology; European League Against Rheumatism. (2011). Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s): an alternative name for Wegener’s granulomatosis. Arthritis Rheum, 63(4), 863–4. doi:10.1002/art.30286.Google Scholar
Ferro, JM. (1998). Vasculitis of the central nervous system. J Neurol, 245(12), 766–76.Google Scholar
Gensicke, H, Ahlhelm, F, Jung, S, von Hessling, A, Traenka, C, Goeggel Simonetti, B, et al. (2015). New ischaemic brain lesions in cervical artery dissection stratified to antiplatelets or anticoagulants. Eur J Neurol, 22(5), 859–65, e861. doi:10.1111/ene.12682.Google Scholar
Goyal, M, Demchuk, AM, Menon, BK, Eesa, M, Rempel, JL, Thornton, J, et al.; ESCAPE Trial Investigators. (2015). Randomized assessment of rapid endovascular treatment of ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med, 372(11), 1019–30. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1414905.Google Scholar
Grau, AJ, Brandt, T, Buggle, F, Orberk, E, Mytilineos, J, Werle, E, et al. (1999). Association of cervical artery dissection with recent infection. Arch Neurol, 56(7), 851–6.Google Scholar
Grond-Ginsbach, C, Debette, S. (2009). The association of connective tissue disorders with cervical artery dissections. Curr Mol Med, 9(2), 210–14.Google Scholar
Guellec, D, Cornec-Le Gall, E, Groh, M, Hachulla, E, Karras, A, Charles, P, et al., the French Vasculitis Study Group. (2015). ANCA-associated vasculitis in patients with primary Sjogren’s syndrome: detailed analysis of 7 new cases and systematic literature review. Autoimmun Rev, 14(8), 742–750. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2015.04.009Google Scholar
Guillevin, L, Pagnoux, C. (2003). When should immunosuppressants be prescribed to treat systemic vasculitides? Intern Med, 42(4), 313–17.Google Scholar
Hayreh, SS, Zimmerman, B, Kardon, RH. (2002). Visual improvement with corticosteroid therapy in giant cell arteritis. Report of a large study and review of literature. Acta Ophthalmol Scand, 80(4), 355–67.Google Scholar
Hoffman, GS, Cid, MC, Hellmann, DB, Guillevin, L, Stone, JH, Schousboe, J, et al.; International Network for the Study of Systemic Vasculitides (INSSYS). (2002). A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of adjuvant methotrexate treatment for giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum, 46(5), 1309–18. doi:10.1002/art.10262.Google Scholar
Jauch, EC, Saver, JL, Adams, HP Jr, Bruno, A, Connors, JJ, Demaerschalk, BM, et al.; (2013). Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke, 44(3), 870–947. doi:10.1161/STR.0b013e318284056a.Google Scholar
Jennette, JC, Falk, RJ, Milling, DM. (1994). Pathogenesis of vasculitis. Semin Neurol, 14(4), 291–9. doi:10.1055/s-2008-1041088.Google Scholar
Jensen, J, Salottolo, K, Frei, D, Loy, D, McCarthy, K, Wagner, J, et al. (2017). Comprehensive analysis of intra-arterial treatment for acute ischemic stroke due to cervical artery dissection. J Neurointerv Surg, 9(7), 654–8. doi:10.1136/neurintsurg-2016-012421.Google Scholar
Jovin, TG, Chamorro, A, Cobo, E, de Miquel, MA, Molina, CA, Rovira, A, et al.; REVASCAT Trial Investigators. (2015). Thrombectomy within 8 hours after symptom onset in ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med, 372(24), 2296–2306. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1503780.Google Scholar
Kennedy, F, Lanfranconi, S, Hicks, C, Reid, J, Gompertz, P, Price, C, et al.; CADISS Investigators. (2012). Antiplatelets vs anticoagulation for dissection: CADISS nonrandomized arm and meta-analysis. Neurology, 79(7), 686–9. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e318264e36b.Google Scholar
Kloss, M, Metso, A, Pezzini, A, Leys, D, Giroud, M, Metso, TM, et al. (2012). Towards understanding seasonal variability in cervical artery dissection (CeAD). J Neurol, 259(8), 1662–7. doi:10.1007/s00415-011-6395-0.Google Scholar
Leys, D, Bandu, L, Henon, H, Lucas, C, Mounier-Vehier, F, Rondepierre, P, et al. (2002). Clinical outcome in 287 consecutive young adults (15 to 45 years) with ischemic stroke. Neurology, 59(1), 26–33.Google Scholar
Lin, J, Sun, Y, Zhao, S, Xu, J, Zhao, C. (2016). Safety and efficacy of thrombolysis in cervical artery dissection-related ischemic stroke: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Cerebrovasc Dis, 42(3–4), 272–9. doi:10.1159/000446004.Google Scholar
Lyrer, P, Engelter, S. (2010). Antithrombotic drugs for carotid artery dissection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 10. CD000255. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000255.pub2.Google Scholar
Marnat, G, Mourand, I, Eker, O, Machi, P, Arquizan, C, Riquelme, C, et al. (2016). Endovascular management of tandem occlusion stroke related to internal carotid artery dissection using a distal to proximal approach: insight from the RECOST Study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 37(7), 1281–8. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A4752.Google Scholar
Mazlumzadeh, M, Hunder, GG, Easley, KA, Calamia, KT, Matteson, EL, Griffing, WL, et al. (2006). Treatment of giant cell arteritis using induction therapy with high-dose glucocorticoids: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized prospective clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum, 54(10), 3310–18. doi:10.1002/art.22163.Google Scholar
Menon, R, Kerry, S, Norris, JW, Markus, HS. (2008). Treatment of cervical artery dissection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 79(10), 1122–7. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2007.138800Google Scholar
Metso, AJ, Metso, TM, Debette, S, Dallongeville, J, Lyrer, PA, Pezzini, A, et al. (2012). Gender and cervical artery dissection. Eur J Neurol, 19(4), 594–602. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2011.03586.x.Google Scholar
Metso, TM, Tatlisumak, T, Debette, S, Dallongeville, J, Engelter, ST, Lyrer, PA, et al. (2012). Migraine in cervical artery dissection and ischemic stroke patients. Neurology, 78(16), 1221–8. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e318251595fGoogle Scholar
Moosig, F, Bremer, JP, Hellmich, B, Holle, JU, Holl-Ulrich, K, Laudien, M, et al. (2013). A vasculitis centre based management strategy leads to improved outcome in eosinophilic granulomatosis and polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss, EGPA): monocentric experiences in 150 patients. Ann Rheum Dis, 72(6), 1011–17. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-201531.Google Scholar
Mouthon, L, Dunogue, B, Guillevin, L. (2014). Diagnosis and classification of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly named Churg-Strauss syndrome). J Autoimmun, 48–49, 99–103. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2014.01.018Google Scholar
Myles, AB. (1992). Steroid treatment in giant cell arteritis. Br J Rheumatol, 31(11), 787.Google Scholar
Nebelsieck, J, Sengelhoff, C, Nassenstein, I, Maintz, D, Kuhlenbaumer, G, Nabavi, DG, et al. (2009). Sensitivity of neurovascular ultrasound for the detection of spontaneous cervical artery dissection. J Clin Neurosci, 16(1), 79–82. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2008.04.005.Google Scholar
Nedeltchev, K, der Maur, TA, Georgiadis, D, Arnold, M, Caso, V, Mattle, HP, et al. (2005). Ischaemic stroke in young adults: predictors of outcome and recurrence. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 76(2), 191–5. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2004.040543Google Scholar
Puppo, C, Massollo, M, Paparo, F, Camellino, D, Piccardo, A, Shoushtari Zadeh Naseri, M, et al. (2014). Giant cell arteritis: a systematic review of the qualitative and semiquantitative methods to assess vasculitis with 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Biomed Res Int, 2014, 574248. doi:10.1155/2014/574248.Google Scholar
Ruegg, S, Engelter, S, Jeanneret, C, Hetzel, A, Probst, A, Steck, AJ, Lyrer, P. (2003). Bilateral vertebral artery occlusion resulting from giant cell arteritis: report of 3 cases and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore), 82(1), 1–12.Google Scholar
Salvarani, C, Brown, RD, Jr, Calamia, KT, Christianson, TJ, Weigand, SD, Miller, DV, et al. (2007). Primary central nervous system vasculitis: analysis of 101 patients. Ann Neurol, 62(5), 442–51. doi:10.1002/ana.21226.Google Scholar
Salvarani, C, Brown, RD Jr, Christianson, T, Miller, DV, Giannini, C, Huston, J 3rd, et al. (2015). An update of the Mayo Clinic cohort of patients with adult primary central nervous system vasculitis: description of 163 patients. Medicine (Baltimore), 94(21), e738. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000000738Google Scholar
Salvarani, C, Brown, RD, Jr, Hunder, GG. (2017). Adult primary central nervous system vasculitis. Isr Med Assoc J, 19(7), 448–53.Google Scholar
Salvarani, C, Brown, RD, Jr., Huston, J, 3rd, Morris, J M, Hunder, GG. (2014). Treatment of primary CNS vasculitis with rituximab: case report. Neurology, 82(14), 1287–8. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000000293.Google Scholar
Salvarani, C, Cantini, F, Boiardi, L, Hunder, GG. (2002). Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant-cell arteritis. N Engl J Med, 347(4), 261–71. doi:10.1056/NEJMra011913.Google Scholar
Salvarani, C, Hatemi, G. (2019). Management of large-vessel vasculitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol, 31(1), 25–31. doi:10.1097/BOR.0000000000000561.Google Scholar
Sarikaya, H, da Costa, BR, Baumgartner, RW, Duclos, K, Touze, E, de Bray, JM, et al. (2013). Antiplatelets versus anticoagulants for the treatment of cervical artery dissection: Bayesian meta-analysis. PLoS One, 8(9), e72697. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0072697.Google Scholar
Saver, JL, Goyal, M, Bonafe, A, Diener, HC, Levy, EI, Pereira, VM, et al.; SWIFT PRIME Investigators. (2015). Stent-retriever thrombectomy after intravenous t-PA vs. t-PA alone in stroke. N Engl J Med, 372(24), 2285–95. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1415061.Google Scholar
Schievink, WI. (2001). Spontaneous dissection of the carotid and vertebral arteries. N Engl J Med, 344(12), 898–906. doi:10.1056/NEJM200103223441206.Google Scholar
Schievink, WI, Mokri, B, Whisnant, JP. (1993). Internal carotid artery dissection in a community. Rochester, Minnesota, 1987–1992. Stroke, 24(11), 1678–80.Google Scholar
Siva, A. (2001). Vasculitis of the nervous system. J Neurol, 248(6), 451–68.Google Scholar
Stone, JH, Tuckwell, K, Dimonaco, S, Klearman, M, Aringer, M, Blockmans, D, et al. (2017). Trial of Tocilizumab in Giant-Cell Arteritis. N Engl J Med, 377(4), 317–28. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1613849.Google Scholar
Torres, J, Loomis, C, Cucchiara, B, Smith, M, Messe, S. (2016). Diagnostic yield and safety of brain biopsy for suspected primary central nervous system angiitis. Stroke, 47(8), 2127–9. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.013874.Google Scholar
Traenka, C, Jung, S, Gralla, J, Kurmann, R, Stippich, C, Simonetti, BG, et al. (2018). Endovascular therapy versus intravenous thrombolysis in cervical artery dissection ischemic stroke – results from the SWISS registry. Eur Stroke J, 3(1), 47–56. doi:10.1177/2396987317748545.Google Scholar
Unizony, S, Arias-Urdaneta, L, Miloslavsky, E, Arvikar, S, Khosroshahi, A, Keroack, B, et al. (2012). Tocilizumab for the treatment of large-vessel vasculitis (giant cell arteritis, Takayasu arteritis) and polymyalgia rheumatica. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken), 64(11), 1720–9. doi:10.1002/acr.21750.Google Scholar
Wardlaw, JM, Murray, V, Berge, E, del Zoppo, GJ. (2014). Thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 7. CD000213. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000213.pub3.Google Scholar
Zinkstok, SM, Vergouwen, MD, Engelter, ST, Lyrer, PA, Bonati, LH, Arnold, M, et al. (2011). Safety and functional outcome of thrombolysis in dissection-related ischemic stroke: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Stroke, 42(9), 2515–20. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.617282.Google Scholar

References

Akers, A, Al-Shahi Salman, R A, Awad, I, Dahlem, K, Flemming, K, Hart, B, et al. (2017). Synopsis of guidelines for the clinical management of cerebral cavernous malformations: consensus recommendations based on systematic literature review by the Angioma Alliance Scientific Advisory Board Clinical Experts Panel. Neurosurgery, 80(5), 665–80.Google Scholar
An, SJ, Kim, TJ, Yoon, B-W. (2017). Epidemiology, risk factors, and clinical features of intracerebral hemorrhage: an update. J Stroke, 19(1), 3–10.Google Scholar
Antithrombotic Trialists’ Collaboration, Baigent, C, Blackwell, L, Collins, R, Emberson, J, Godwin, J, Peto, R, et al. (2009). Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials. Lancet, 373(9678), 1849–60.Google Scholar
Ariesen, MJ, Claus, SP, Rinkel, GJ, Algra, A. (2003). Risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage in the general population: a systematic review. Stroke, 34(8), 2060–5.Google Scholar
Aune, D, Giovannucci, E, Boffetta, P, Fadnes, LT, Keum, N, Norat, T, et al. (2017). Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer and all-cause mortality – a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Int J Epidemiol, 46(3), 1029–56.Google Scholar
Backes, D, Vergouwen, MD, Tiel Groenestege, AT, Bor, AS, Velthuis, BK, Greving, JP, et al. (2015). PHASES score for prediction of intracranial aneurysm growth. Stroke, 46, 1221–6.Google Scholar
Backes, D, Rinkel, GJE, Greving, JP, Velthuis, BK, Murayama, Y, Takao, H, et al. (2017). ELAPSS score for prediction of risk of growth of unruptured intracranial aneurysms. Neurology, 88(17), 1600–06.Google Scholar
Becske, T, Kallmes, DF, Saatci, I, McDougal, CG, Szikora, I, Lanzino, G, et al. (2013). Pipeline for uncoilable or failed aneurysms: results from a multicenter clinical trial. Radiology, 267(3), 858–68.Google Scholar
Bell, S, Daskalopoulou, M, Rapsomaniki, E, George, J, Britton, A, Bobak, M, et al. (2017). Association between clinically recorded alcohol consumption and initial presentation of 12 cardiovascular diseases: population based cohort study using linked health records. BMJ, 356, j909.Google Scholar
Biffi, A, Kuramatsu, JB, Leasure, A, Kamel, H, Kourkoulis, C, Schwab, K, et al. (2017). Oral anticoagulation and functional outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage. Ann Neurol, 82(5), 755–65.Google Scholar
Biffi, A, Sonni, A, Anderson, CD, Kissela, B, Jagiella, JM, Schmidt, H, et al.; International Stroke Genetics Consortium. (2010). Variants at APOE influence risk of deep and lobar intracerebral hemorrhage. Ann Neurol, 68(6), 934–43.Google Scholar
Bor, AS, Koffijberg, H, Wermer, MJ, Rinkel, GJ. (2010). Optimal screening strategy for familial intracranial aneurysms: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Neurology, 74(21), 1671–9.Google Scholar
Boulanger, M, Poon, MT, Wild, SH, Al-Shahi Salman, R. (2016). Association between diabetes mellitus and the occurrence and outcome of intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology, 87(9), 870–8.Google Scholar
Brinjikji, W, Zhu, Y-Q, Lanzino, B, Cloft, HJ, Murad, MH, Wang, Z, Kallmes, DF. (2016). Risk factors for growth of intracranial aneurysms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AJNR, 37 (4), 615–20.Google Scholar
Broderick, JP, Brown, RD Jr, Sauerbeck, L, Hornung, R, Huston, J III, Woo, D, et al. (2009). Greater rupture risk for familial as compared to sporadic unruptured intracranial aneurysms. Stroke, 40(6), 1952–7.Google Scholar
Brown, RD. (2010). Unruptured intracranial aneurysms. Semin Neurol, 30(5), 537–44.Google Scholar
Brown, RD Jr, Flemming, KD, Meyer, FB, Cloft, HJ, Pollock, BE, Link, MJ, et al. (2005). Natural history, evaluation, and management of intracranial vascular malformations. Mayo Clin Proc, 80(2), 269–81.Google Scholar
Brown, RD Jr, Huston, J, Hornung, R, Foroud, T, Kallmes, DF, Kleindorfer, D, et al. (2008). Screening for brain aneurysm in the Familial Intracranial Aneurysm study: frequency and predictors of lesion detection. J Neurosurg, 108(6), 1132–8.Google Scholar
Bruins Slot, KM, Berge, E. (2018). Factor Xa inhibitors versus vitamin K antagonists for preventing cerebral or systemic embolism in patients with atrial fibrillation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 3. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008980.pub3.Google Scholar
Can, A, Rudy, RF, Castro, VM, Yu, S, Dligach, D, Finan, S, et al. (2018). Association between aspirin dose and subarachnoid hemorrhage from saccular aneurysms: a case-control study. Neurology, 91(12), e1175–e1181. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000006200.Google Scholar
Chang, TR, Kowalski, RG, Caserta, F, Carhuapoma, JR, Tamargo, RJ, Naval, NS. (2013). Impact of acute cocaine use on aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke, 44(7), 1825–9.Google Scholar
Chou, R, Dana, T, Blazina, I, Daeges, M, Jeanne, TL. (2016). Statins for prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults: evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA, 316(19), 2008–24.Google Scholar
Darke, S, Lappin, J, Kaye, S, Duflou, J (2018). Clinical characteristics of fatal methamphetamine-related stroke: a national study. J Forensic Sci, 63(3), 735–9.Google Scholar
Darsaut, TE, Findlay, JM, Magro, E, Kotowski, M, Roy, D, Weill, A, et al. (2017). Surgical clipping or endovascular coiling for unruptured intracranial aneurysms: a pragmatic randomised trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 88(8), 663–8.Google Scholar
Derdeyn, CP, Zipfel, GJ, Albuquerque, FC, Cooke, DL, Feldmann, E, Sheehan, JP, Torner, JC; American Heart Association Stroke Council. (2017). Management of brain arteriovenous malformations: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke, 48(8), e200–e224.Google Scholar
Ding, X, Liu, X, Tan, C, Yin, M, Wang, T, Liu, Y, et al. (2018). Resumption of antiplatelet therapy in patients with primary intracranial hemorrhage-benefits and risks: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. J Neurol Sci, 384, 133–8.Google Scholar
Etminan, N, Chang, HS, Hackenberg, K, de Rooij, NK, Vergouwen, MDI, Rinkel, GJE, Algra, A. (2019). Worldwide incidence of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage according to region, time period, blood pressure, and smoking prevalence in the population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol, 76(5), 588–97. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.0006. [Epub ahead of print]Google Scholar
Etminan, N, Brown, RD Jr, Beseoglu, K, Juvela, S, Raymond, J, Morita, A, et al. (2015). The unruptured intracranial aneurysm treatment score: a multidisciplinary consensus. Neurology, 85(10), 881–9.Google Scholar
Ettehad, D, Emdin, CA, Kiran, A, Anderson, SG, Callender, T, Emberson, J, et al. (2016). Blood pressure lowering for prevention of cardiovascular disease and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet, 387(10022), 957–67.Google Scholar
Feigin, V, Parag, V, Lawess, CMM, Rogers, A, Suh, II, Woodward, M, et al. (2005a). Smoking and elevated blood pressure are the most important risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage in the Asia-Pacific region: an overview of 26 cohorts involving 306,620 participants. Stroke, 36(7), 1360–5.Google Scholar
Feigin, VL, Rinkel, GJ, Lawes, CM, Algra, A, Bennett, DA, van Gijn, J, et al. (2005b). Risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage: an updated systematic review of epidemiological studies. Stroke, 36(12)., 2773–80.Google Scholar
Feldmann, E, Broderick, JP, Kernan, WN, Viscoli, CM, Brass, LM, Brott, T, et al. (2005). Major risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage in the young are modifiable. Stroke, 36(9), 1881–5.Google Scholar
Flaherty, ML, Kissela, B, Woo, D, Kleindorfer, D, Alwell, K, Sekar, P, et al. (2007). The increasing incidence of anticoagulant-associated intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology, 68(2), 116–21.Google Scholar
Flemming, KD, Graff-Radford, J, Aakre, J, Kantarci, K, Lanzino, G, et al. (2017). Population-based prevalence of cerebral cavernous malformations in older adults: Mayo Clinic Study of Aging. JAMA Neurol, 74, 801–05.Google Scholar
Greving, JP, Wermer, MJ, Brown, RD, Morita, A, Juvela, S, Yonekura, M, et al. (2014). Development of the PHASES score for prediction of risk of rupture of intracranial aneurysms: a pooled analysis of six prospective cohort studies. Lancet Neurol, 13(1), 59–66.Google Scholar
Guresir, E, Vatter, H, Schuss, P, Platz, J, Konczalla, J, de Rochement Rdu, M, et al. (2013). Natural history of small unruptured anterior circulation aneurysms: a prospective cohort study. Stroke, 44(11), 3027–31.Google Scholar
Hanger, HC, Wilkinson, TJ, Fayez-Iskander, N, Sainsbury, R. (2007). The risk of recurrent stroke after intracerebral haemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 78(8), 836–40.Google Scholar
Hanif, H, Belley-Cote, EP, Alotaibi, A, Dvirnik, N, Neupane, B, Beyene, J, et al. (2018). Left atrial appendage occlusion for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino), 59(1), 128–39.Google Scholar
Hankey, GJ, Stevens, SR, Piccini, JP, Lokhnygina, Y, Mahaffey, KW, Halperin, JL, et al. ROCKET AF Steering Committee and Investigators. (2014). Intracranial hemorrhage among patients with atrial fibrillation anticoagulated with warfarin or rivaroxaban: the rivaroxaban once daily, oral, direct factor Xa inhibition compared with vitamin K antagonism for prevention of stroke and embolism trial in atrial fibrillation. Stroke, 45, 1304–12.Google Scholar
Hart, RG, Diener, HC, Yang, S, Connolly, SJ, Wallentin, L, Reilly, PA, et al. (2012). Intracranial hemorrhage in atrial fibrillation patients during anticoagulation with warfarin or dabigatran: the RE-LY trial. Stroke, 43, 1511–17.Google Scholar
Hasan, DM, Mahaney, KB, Brown, RD, Meissner, I, Piepgras, DG, Huston, J, et al. (2011). Aspirin as a promising agent for decreasing incidence of cerebral aneurysm rupture. Stroke, 42(11), 3156–62.Google Scholar
Hasan, DM, Chalouhi, N, Jabbour, P, Dumont, AS, Kung, DK, Magnotta, VA, et al. (2013). Evidence that acetylsalicylic acid attenuates inflammation in the walls of human cerebral aneurysms: preliminary results. J Am Heart Assoc, 2(1), e000019. doi:10.1161/JAHA.112.000019.Google Scholar
Hemphill, JC 3rd, Greenberg, SM, Anderson, CS, Becker, K, Bendok, BR, Cushman, M, et al. (2015). Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke, 46(7), 2032–60.Google Scholar
Hitchcock, E, Gibson, WT. (2017). A review of the genetics of intracranial berry aneurysms and implications for genetic counseling. J Genet Couns, 26(1), 21–31.Google Scholar
Horne, MA, Flemming, KD, Su, IC, Stapf, C, Jeon, JP, Li, D, et al.; Cerebral Cavernous Malformations Individual Patient Data Meta-analysis Collaborators. (2016). Clinical course of untreated cerebral cavernous malformations: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Lancet Neurol, 15(2), 166–73.Google Scholar
Inohara, T, Xian, Y, Liang, L, Matsouaka, RA, Saver, JL, Smith, EE, et al. (2018). Association of intracerebral hemorrhage among patients taking non-vitamin K antagonist vs vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants with in-hospital mortality. JAMA, 319(5), 463–73. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.21917.Google Scholar
International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms Investigators. (1998). Unruptured intracranial aneurysms – risk of rupture and risks of surgical intervention. N Engl J Med, 339(24), 1725–33.Google Scholar
Kase, CS, Kurth, T. (2011). Prevention of intracerebral hemorrhage recurrence. Continuum (Minneap Minn), 17(6), 1304–17. doi:10.1212/01.CON.0000410037.64971.e3.Google Scholar
Kernan, WN, Viscoli, C. M., Brass, CM Broderick, LM Brott, JP Feldmann E, T, et al. (2000). Phenylpropanolamine and the risk of hemorrhagic stroke. N Engl J Med, 343(25), 1826–32.Google Scholar
Kim, H, Al-Shahi Salman, R, McCulloch, CE, Stapf, C, Young, WL; MARS Coinvestigators. (2014). Untreated brain arteriovenous malformation: patient level meta-analysis of hemorrhage predictors. Neurology, 83, 590–7.Google Scholar
Kleinloog, R, de Mul, N, Verweij, BH, Post, JA, Rinkel, GJE, Ruigrok, YM. (2018). Risk factors for intracranial aneurysm rupture: a systematic review. Neurosurgery, 82(4), 431–40.Google Scholar
Knopman, J, Stieg, PE. (2014). Management of unruptured brain arteriovenous malformations. Lancet, 383(9917), 581–3.Google Scholar
Korja, M, Lehto, H, Juvela, S. (2014). Lifelong rupture risk of intracranial aneurysms depends on risk factors: a prospective Finnish cohort study. Stroke, 45(7), 1958–63.Google Scholar
Kotowski, M, Naggara, O, Darsaut, TE, Nolet, S. (2013). Safety and occlusion rates of surgical treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature from 1990 to 2011. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 84(1), 42–8.Google Scholar
Krishnamurthi, RV, Moran, AE, Forouzanfar, MH, Bennett, DA, Mensah, GA, Lawes, CM, et al.; Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2010 Study Stroke Expert Group. (2014). The global burden of hemorrhagic stroke: a summary of findings from the GBD 2010 study. Glob Heart, 9(1), 101–6.Google Scholar
Lappin, JM, Darke, S, Farrell, M. (2017). Stroke and methamphetamine use in young adults: a review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 88(12), 1079–91.Google Scholar
Larsson, S C, Mannisto, S, Virtanen, MJ, Kontto, J, Albanes, D, Virtamo, J. (2008). Coffee and tea consumption and risk of stroke subtypes in male smokers. Stroke, 39(6), 1681–7.Google Scholar
Larsson, SC, Mannisto, S, Virtanen, MJ, Kontto, J, Albanes, D, Virtamo, J. (2009a). Dairy foods and risk of stroke. Epidemiology, 20(3), 355–60.Google Scholar
Larsson, SC, Mannisto, S, Virtanen, MJ, Kontto, J, Albanes, D, Virtamo, J. (2009b). Dietary fiber and fiber-rich food intake in relation to risk of stroke in male smokers. Eur J Clin Nutr, 63(8), 1016–24.Google Scholar
Larsson, SC, Wallin, A, Wolk, A, Markus, HS. (2016). Differing association of alcohol consumption with different stroke types: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med, 14(1), 178.Google Scholar
Lee, SM, Choi, NK, Lee, B-C, Cho, K-H, Yoon, B-W, Park, B-J. (2013). Caffeine-containing medicines increase the risk of hemorrhagic stroke. Stroke, 44(8), 2139–43.Google Scholar
Li, LM, Bulters, DO, Kirollos, R. (2012). A mathematical model of utility for single screening of asymptomatic unruptured intracranial aneurysms at the age of 50 years. Acta Neurochirurgica, 154(7), 1145–52.Google Scholar
Lloyd-Jones, DM, Hong, Y, Labarthe, D, Mozaffarian, D, Appel, LJ, Van Horn, L, et al., on behalf of the American Heart Association Strategic Planning Task Force and Statistics Committee. (2010). Defining and setting national goals for cardiovascular health promotion and disease reduction: the American Heart Association’s Strategic Impact Goal through 2020 and beyond. Circulation, 121, 586–613.Google Scholar
Lopes, RD, Guimarães, PO, Kolls, BJ, Wojdyla, DM, Bushnell, CD, Hanna, M, et al. (2017). Intracranial hemorrhage in patients with atrial fibrillation receiving anticoagulation therapy. Blood, 129(22), 2980–7.Google Scholar
McKinney, JS, Kostis, WJ. (2012). Statin therapy and the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage: a meta-analysis of 31 randomized controlled trials. Stroke, 43(8), 2149–56.Google Scholar
McNeil, JJ, Wolfe, R, Woods, RL, Tonkin, AM, Donnan, GA, Nelson, MR, et al.; ASPREE Investigator Group. (2018). Effect of aspirin on cardiovascular events and bleeding in the healthy elderly. N Engl J Med, 379(16), 1509–1518.Google Scholar
Mehan, WA Jr, Romero, JM, Hirsch, JA, Sabbag, DJ, Gonzalez, RG, Heit, JJ, et al. (2014). Unruptured intracranial aneurysms conservatively followed with serial CT angiography: could morphology and growth predict rupture? J Neurointerv Aurg, 6(10), 761–6.Google Scholar
Meschia, JF, Bushnell, C, Boden-Albala, B, Braun, LT, Bravata, DM, Chaturvedi, S, et al. (2014). Guidelines for the primary prevention of stroke: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke, 45(12), 3754–832.Google Scholar
Mohr, JP, Parides, MK, Staph, C, Moquete, E, Moy, CS, Overbey, JR, et al. (2014). Medical management with or without interventional therapy for unruptured brain arteriovenous malformations (ARUBA): a multicentre, non-blinded, randomised trial. Lancet, 383(9917), 614–21.Google Scholar
Morita, A, Kirino, T, Hashi, K, Aoki, N, Fukuhara, S, Hashimoto, N, et al. (2012). The natural course of unruptured cerebral aneurysms in a Japanese cohort. N Engl J Med, 366(26), 2474–82.Google Scholar
Morris, Z, Whiteley, WN, Longstreth, WT Jr, Weber, F, Lee, YC, Tsushima, Y, et al. (2009). Incidental findings on brain magnetic resonance imaging: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 339, b3016.Google Scholar
Naggara, ON, Lecler, A, Oppenheim, C, Meder, JF, Raymond, J. (2012). Endovascular treatment of intracranial unruptured aneurysms: a systematic review of the literature on safety with emphasis on subgroup analyses. Radiology, 263(3), 828–35.Google Scholar
O’Donnell, MJ, Chin, SL, Rangarajan, S, Xavier, D, Liu, L, Zhang, H, et al.; INTERSTROKE investigators. (2016). Global and regional effects of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with acute stroke in 32 countries (INTERSTROKE): a case-control study. Lancet, 388(10046), 761–75. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30506-2. Epub 2016 Jul 16.Google Scholar
Owens, AP 3rd, Mackman, N. (2014). The antithrombotic effects of statins. Annu Rev Med, 65, 433–45.Google Scholar
Pandit, AK, Kumar, P, Kumar, A, Chakravarty, K, Misra, S, Prasad, K (2016). High-dose statin therapy and risk of intracerebral hemorrhage: a meta-analysis. Acta Neurol Scand, 134(1), 22–8.Google Scholar
Poorthuis, MH, Klijn, CJ, Algra, A, Rinkel, GJ, Al-Shahi Salman, R. (2014). Treatment of cerebral cavernous malformations: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 85(12), 1319–23.Google Scholar
PROGRESS Collaborative Group. (2001). Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet, 358(9287), 1033–41.Google Scholar
Providência, R, Grove, EL, Husted, S, Barra, S, Boveda, S, Morais, J. (2014). A meta-analysis of phase III randomized controlled trials with novel oral anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation: comparisons between direct thrombin inhibitors vs. factor Xa inhibitors and different dosing regimens. Thromb Res, 134(6), 1253–64.Google Scholar
Raaymakers, TW. (1999). Aneurysms in relatives of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage: frequency and risk factors. MARS Study Group. Magnetic Resonance Angiography in Relatives of patients with Subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology, 53(5), 982–8.Google Scholar
Rapsomaniki, E, Timmis, A, George, J, Pujades-Rodriguez, M, Shah, AD, Denaxas, S, et al. (2014). Blood pressure and incidence of twelve cardiovascular diseases: lifetime risks, healthy life-years lost, and age-specific associations in 1·25 million people. Lancet, 383(9932), 1899–911.Google Scholar
Ravindra, VM, de Havenon, A, Gooldy, TC, Scoville, J, Guan, J, Couldwell, WT, et al. (2018). Validation of the unruptured intracranial aneurysm treatment score: comparison with real-world cerebrovascular practice. J Neurosurg, 129(1), 100–06. doi:10.3171/2017.4.JNS17548.Google Scholar
Raymond, J, Darsaut, TE, Molyneux, AJ; TEAM Collaborative Group. (2011). A trial on unruptured intracranial aneurysms (the TEAM trial): results, lessons from a failure and the necessity for clinical care trials. Trials, 12(64). doi:10.1186/1745-6215-12-64.Google Scholar
Ridker, PM. (2018). Should aspirin be used for primary prevention in the post-statin era? N Engl J Med, 379(16), 1572–4.Google Scholar
Rodriguez-Torres, A, Murphy, M, Kourkoulis, C, Schwab, K, Ayres, AM, Moomaw, CJ, et al. (2018). Hypertension and intracerebral hemorrhage recurrence among white, black, and Hispanic individuals. Neurology, 91(1), e37–e44.Google Scholar
Sacco, S, Marini, C, Toni, C, Olivieri, L, Carolei, A. (2009). Incidence and 10-year survival of intracerebral hemorrhage in a population-based registry. Stroke, 40(2), 394–9Google Scholar
Sabatine, MS, Giugliano, RP, Keech, AC, Honarpour, N, Wiviott, SD, Murphy, SA, et al.; FOURIER Steering Committee and Investigators. (2017). Evolocumab and clinical outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med, 376(18), 1713–22.Google Scholar
Saver, JL, Cushman, M. (2018). Striving for ideal cardiovascular and brain health: it is never too early or too late. JAMA, 320(7), 645–7.Google Scholar
Schurks, M, Glynn, RJ, Rist, PM, Tzourio, C, Kurth, T. (2010). Effects of vitamin E on stroke subtypes: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ, 341, c5702.Google Scholar
Shiue, I, Arima, H, Hankey, GJ, Anderson, C. (2012). Modifiable lifestyle behaviours account for most cases of subarachnoid haemorrhage: a population-based case-control study in Australasia. J Neurol Sci, 313(1–2), 92–4.Google Scholar
Spiegler, S, Rath, M, Paperlein, C, Felbor, U. (2018). Cerebral cavernous malformations: an update on prevalence, molecular genetic analyses, and genetic counselling. Mol Syndromol, 9(2), 60–9.Google Scholar
Steiner, T, Weitz, JI, Veltkamp, R. (2017). Anticoagulant-associated intracranial hemorrhage in the era of reversal agents. Stroke, 48(5), 1432–7.Google Scholar
Takao, H, Nojo, T, Ohtomo, K. (2008). Screening for familial intracranial aneurysms: decision and cost-effectiveness analysis. Acad Radiol, 15(4), 462–71.Google Scholar
Thompson, BG, Brown, RD Jr., Amin-Hanjani, S, Broderick, JP, Cockroft, KM, Connolly, ES Jr, et al. (2015). Guidelines for the management of patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke, 46(8), 2368–400.Google Scholar
Tulamo, R, Frösen, J, Hernesniemi, J, Niemelä, M. (2018). Inflammatory changes in the aneurysm wall: a review. J Neurointerv Surg, 10(Suppl 1), i58–i67.Google Scholar
Vergouwen, MD, de Haan, R, Vermeulen, M, Roos, YB. (2008). Statin treatment and the occurrence of hemorrhagic stroke in patients with a history of cerebrovascular disease. Stroke, 39(2), 497–502.Google Scholar
Villablanca, JP, Duckwiler, GR, Jahan, R, Tateshima, S, Martin, NA, Frazee, J, et al. (2013). Natural history of asymptomatic unruptured cerebral aneurysms evaluated at CT angiography: growth and rupture incidence and correlation with epidemiologic risk factors. Radiology, 269(1), 258–65.Google Scholar
Vlak, MH, Algra, A, Brandenburg, R, Rinkel, GJ. (2011). Prevalence of unruptured intracranial aneurysms, with emphasis on sex, age, comorbidity, country, and time period: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol, 10(7), 626–36.Google Scholar
Wang, X, Zhu, C, Leng, Y, Degnan, AJ, Lu, J. (2018). Intracranial aneurysm wall enhancement associated with aneurysm rupture: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acad Radiol, 26(5), 664–73. doi:10.1016/j.acra.2018.05.005.Google Scholar
Wermer, MJ, Koffijberg, H, van der Schaaf, I. (2008). Effectiveness and costs of screening for aneurysms every 5 years after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology, 70(22), 2053–62.Google Scholar
Wermer, MJ, van der Schaaf, IC, Algra, A, Rinkel, GJ. (2007). Risk of rupture of unruptured intracranial aneurysms in relation to patient and aneurysm characteristics: an updated meta-analysis. Stroke, 38(4), 1404–10.Google Scholar
Whelton, PK, Carey, RM, Aronow, WS, Casey, DE Jr, Collins, KJ, Dennison Himmelfarb, C, et al. (2018). 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Hypertension, 71(6), e13–e115.Google Scholar
Wiebers, DO, Whisnant, JP, Huston, J 3rd, Meissner, I, Brown, RD Jr, Piepgras, DG, et al. (2003). Unruptured intracranial aneurysms: natural history, clinical outcome, and risks of surgical and endovascular treatment. Lancet, 362(9378), 103–10.Google Scholar
Zhang, Y, Tuomilehto, J, Jousilahti, P, Wang, Y, Antikainen, R, Hu, G. (2011). Lifestyle factors on the risks of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Arch Intern Med, 171(20), 1811–18.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×