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Chapter 14 - Acute Treatment of Subarachnoid Haemorrhage

from Part IV - Acute Treatment of Haemorrhagic Stroke

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 December 2020

Jeffrey L. Saver
Affiliation:
David Geffen School of Medicine, University of Ca
Graeme J. Hankey
Affiliation:
University of Western Australia, Perth
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Summary

Aneurysmal SAH is a severe disease, and the post-haemorrhage period fraught with potential complications that must be recognized and treated early for favourable outcome. While diagnosis of SAH is often straightforward from clinical history and initial CT, some patients will require cerebrospinal fluid evaluation. The aneurysm must be secured urgently to reduce rerupture and clinical worsening. Endovascular coiling is preferable when feasible, but surgical clipping is sometimes needed based on patient or aneurysmal characteristics, or presence of intraparenchymal haemorrhage requiring evacuation. Treatment of symptomatic hydrocephalus with CSF diversion is also crucial. Patients with aneurysmal SAH should be managed by a team of nurses and physicians with neurocritical care, neuroendovascular, and neurosurgical expertise, preferably in a dedicated neurosciences intensive care unit. Early complications include aneurysmal rebleeding, hydrocephalus, and neurogenic cardiopulmonary injury. In the subacute phase, delayed cerebral ischaemia and hyponatremia are more commonly seen. With optimal multidisciplinary management, many patients can return to their previous level of function only weeks after the aneurysm rupture. Still, most treatments in SAH are based on insufficient evidence, and more collaborative research from the bench to the bedside is necessary to continue improving patient outcomes.

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Stroke Prevention and Treatment
An Evidence-based Approach
, pp. 260 - 288
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

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